View Index as PDF (328KB)
Index
Abbot, Edwin M., 426
Adams, John, 21
Adler, Felix, 413
Ahearn, John Francis, 265
Alabama
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 157
as unrepublican, 164
opposition to, 79
and convict-lease, 66, 95, 102, 110, 146
and integration of free and convict labor, 114
and interstate sale of convict-made goods, 459
revival of Ku Klux Klan in, 377
Albany Molders’ Union, 113
Allied Printing Trades, 265
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 157
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 326
American Brush Manufacturers’ Association, 462
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 459
and contract prison labor
as slavery, 162
federal legislation against, 185
and state-use system, 204, 232, 388, 389, 393
and support for William Sulzer, 296
and War Prison Labor bill, 423
on inter-state transport of convict-made goods, 233
organizing efforts of, 377
American Federationist, 233
American Prison Association (APA), See also National Prison Association
on military enlistment of convicts and ex-prisoners, 427
on urgency of prison labor problem, 326
opposition to abolition of contract prison labor, 204
report on treatment of criminal psychopaths, 402
report on veneral disease, 402
American system, See modes of legal punishment
Anderson v. Salant, 327
Anderson, William, 327
Annan, Robert, 39
Arizona
and voluntary incarceration of governor, 328
Ashurst-Sumners Act of 1935, 463
Atkinson, Alan, 29
Attica Prison
construction of, 458
Auburn Citizen, The, 329, 334
Auburn Picture Company, 373
Auburn plan, 12, 72
and fiscal self-sufficiency, 67
as “congregate system” of imprisonment, 57, 100
as national model, 54, 63, 85
criticism of, 81
development of, 54, 60
disciplinary system of, 58, 59, 68
effective abolition of, 173
labor ideology of, 58
opposition by organized labor, 72
support for, 68
Auburn Prison, 332, 376, 403. See also the following listings: National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor; new penology; Thomas Mott Osborne, 17
agricultural production of, 427
Americanization class, 404
and construction of Sing Sing Prison, 64
and contract prison labor
contractors, 58, 71
establishment of, 57, 60
prisoner idleness, 208
and investigation of state prisons, 298
and state-use system
classification of prisoners, 215
diversity of manufactures, 210
conditions at, 82, 274, 289, 456
construction and operation of, 55, 63
proposal for replacement of, 288
disciplinary practices at, 58, 129, 272
cellular incarceration by night, 56
perpetual isolation, 56
employment of ex-convicts from, 391
leasing of, 55
Mutual Welfare League, 378
and “Honor Camp,” 371
and disciplinary reform, 369
and recreational activities, 359, 372
and relationship with administration, 351, 366, 443
as national model, 421
Constitution and By-Laws of, 350
disciplinary tribunal of, 345
establishment of, 339, 340, 342, 356
Executive Committee of, 351, 357
grievance committees of, 349, 360, 362
investigations by, 374
policing power of, 343, 362, 369
privileges of, 342, 343, 347, 352
public attitudes toward, 364, 371, 373, 378
penal bureaucratic control of, 429
and managerialism, 441
reform efforts
cooperative model, 355
riots at, 44, 70, 82, 454
The Bulletin, 372, 373
transfer to, 280
transfers from Sing Sing Prison, 312
Auburn system. See Auburn plan
August Priesmeyer and Co., 143
Ayers, Edward, 146
Baker, Amos T., 446
Baker, Isaac V., 298
Baker, Newton D., 423
Baldwin, Stephen O., 384
Barrows, Samuel J., 288
Battle, George Gordon, 327
Baumes laws
and affect on prison discipline, 448
investigation of, 456
overcrowding caused by, 448
repeal of, 457, 458
Baumes, Caleb, 449, 471, 472
Bay State Shoe and Leather Company
and contract prison labor, 103, 108, 113, 173
integration of convict and free labor by, 114
Beardsley, William J., 289, 290, 291
Beattie, J.M., 27
Beaumont, Gustave de, 64, 313
and American system, 8, 16
and Eastern system, 62
on Sing Sing Prison, 60, 284
Beccaría, Cesare, 19, 21, 24, 33
Bedford Hills State Prison, 458
Bentham, Jeremy, 25, 107, 298
Bertillon, Alphonse, 217
Bigelow, Charles D., 107, 108
Blackstone, William, 25, 38
Blair, George, 164, 165, 205
Blair, Henry, 171
Blake, George, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 303, 304, 306, 316, 317, 327
Bleecker, Katherine Russell, 406
Blumenthal, Charles, 388
Boies, Henry, 244
Bookbinders’ Union, 265
Boot and Shoe Workers International Union, 388
Boston Prison Discipline Society (BPDS), 8, 45
and opposition to contract prison labor, 60
and opposition to Pennsylvania plan, 81
and support for Auburn plan, 54, 61, 67, 68
labor ideology of, 81
Boston Transcript, 338
Bradley, Joseph P., 14
Brian, Denis, 252
Brinkerhoff, Roeliff, 230
Brittin, William, 55
Brockway, Zebulon R., 88, 90, 123, 177, 188, 225
Broome, John Lloyd, 121, 125
Brown, Tom., See Osborne, Thomas Mott
Bryan, William Jennings, 406
Buckmaster, Samuel A., 68
Bulletin, The, See Auburn Prison
Burroughs Adding Machine, 390
Cable, George Washington, 170
California
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 5, 152
investigation of, 151
and penal managerialism, 448
and reform efforts
disciplinary practices, 93
and state-use system, 236, 321
San Quentin Prison
and piece-price contracts, 104
strike at, 146
Caminetti, Anthony, 423
Campbell, Elihu, 120
Cantor, Jacob, 265
capital punishment, See modes of legal punishment
Carnegie Steel, 390
Carter, James M., 415, 430, 436
Central Labor Union, 265
Century Illustrated Magazine, 170
Chamberlin, Rudolph, 337, 414
Chandler, George F., 456
Chapin, Charles, 247
Chauncey, George, 396
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, 117
Chicago House of Correction, 199, 425
and convict league, 421
as model program, 424
Chicago Trades Assembly, 163
Choate, Joseph H., 190, 407
Christian Science Monitor, 338
Christian, J., 117
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 15
Clancy, James M.
and bread riot of 1913, 308, 312, 315, 316, 317
and honor company, 317, 379
as warden of Sing Sing Prison, 314, 316, 380
resignation of, 381
Cleveland, Grover, 173, 184, 329
Clinton Prison, 299, 443
agricultural production at, 427
and contract prison labor
consolidation of prison industry, 100
diversity of manufactures, 210
iron industry in, 82
and new penology
disciplinary techniques of, 442
and public-account system, 84
and state-use classification system, 211, 212, 213, 216, 271
and written contributions to Star of Hope, 246
conditions at, 263, 274, 276
construction of, 80
disciplinary practices at, 128, 254, 453
escape attempts at, 82, 452
investigations of, 256, 299
nonmanufactory labor at, 172, 222
penal bureaucracy of, 261
political patronage at, 260
relationship between keepers and prisoners, 448
reputation of, 414, 442
riots at, 453, 454, 472
transfer to, 251, 273, 277, 280, 308, 310, 312, 397, 403, 411, 412, 438, 455
Clinton, DeWitt, 52, 54, 61
Collins, Cornelius V.
and creation of penal bureaucracy, 294, 316
and disciplinary practices, 339
and Star of Hope, 228
and state-use system, 229, 264
indictment of, 294
replacement of Sing Sing and Auburn Prisons, 286, 288
resignation of, 292
colonial mode of punishment
“Great Law” of 1682, 24
and convict transportation system, 25, 26, 27, 28, 86
and corporal punishment, 23
and property crimes, 30
Great Britain
“royal,” 3
Bloody Code, 18, 23
Dock Yards bill, 26, 33
Penitentiary Act of 1779, 25
hard labor, 26
involuntary servitude, 23, 27
rejection of, 19, 21
severity of, 23
Colorado
and Good Roads Program, 268, 379
and investigation of contract prison labor, 152, 153
and riot at Territorial Correctional Facility, 454
Columbia University, 391, 428
Connecticut
and contract prison labor, 101, 154
Auburn plan, 63
investigation of, 151
opposition to, 79, 156
retention of, 236
and hard labor, 32
and prohibition on convict labor, 183
Wethersfield Prison
and contract prison labor, 65
and fiscal self-sufficiency, 67
contractual penal servitude, 155, 156. See also the following listings: Auburn plan; farmers and farm workers; individual prisons; individual states; miners
and attempts to preserve, 12
and benefits to contractors, 109
contract prison labor, 6
abolition of, 4, 6, 10, 11, 79, 92, 132, 137, 151, 155, 172, 182, 197, 262, 293, 318, 323, 325, 418, 443
and Civil War, 83
and idleness, 132, 133, 134, 165, 172, 174, 176, 180, 199, 206, 207, 208, 214
and large-scale contracting, 87, 101, 102, 105
and machinery, 119, 188, 199, 200
and training in mechanical trades, 78
and use against unions, 83, 112, 113
as anti-democratic symbol, 164
as cause of prison over-crowding, 165
Ashurst-Sumners Act of 1935, 463
attempts to revive, 322
consolidation of industrial contracts, 84, 87, 88, 99, 100, 105, 137
criticism of, 4, 60
decline of, 236
diversification of industries, 77, 93, 95, 98
dominance of, 11, 66, 88, 90, 105, 134
establishment of, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17, 53, 54, 58, 64, 81, 105
Hawes-Cooper Act, 460, 463
investigations of, 88, 92, 93, 121, 151, 165, 166, 233, 235
opposition by organized labor, 10, 11, 12, 69, 72, 91, 150
Pilsbury system, 100, 120
profitability of, 4, 8, 10, 58, 67, 84, 85, 88, 90, 105, 107, 108, 165, 184
public attitudes toward, 149
regulatory efforts, 11, 78, 80, 82, 171
contracting systems, 57
cancellation of contracts, 97
convict lease, 4, 65, 66, 95, 104, 170, 184, 237
factory system, 64, 89, 103, 105, 121, 200
piece-price, 90, 101, 103, 105, 145, 180, 188, 200
regulatory efforts, 78
relations of dependency, 10
studies on, 6
contractors
and illegal incentives, 71, 95
and subversion of discipline by, 60
initial reluctance of, 58
power of, 8, 11, 66, 90, 93, 106, 115, 119, 134, 139, 147
subversion of discipline by, 70
subversion of legal system by, 164
market relations, 4, 8, 11, 13, 90, 99, 134
and convict-made goods, 151, 155, 156, 157, 175, 182, 188, 189, 197, 199, 200, 202, 229, 235, 264
and dependence on market, 98
and state-use system, 204
and Tariff Act of 1890, 184
end of relationship, 10
financial crisis of 1873, 97
perception as system of slavery, 162, 194, 336
profit imperative, 87, 107, 116
and prison administration, 91
and public account system, 104
and state-use system, 325
influence of, 8, 11, 84, 88, 90, 95
removal of, 229
property crimes and, 30
convicts, 194
legal status of, See also prisoners, 17, 29, 30, 116, 135
and “civil death,” 117, 118
and Thirteenth Amendment, 16
as defined by Constitution, 15
disfranchisement, 55, 70, 85, 86, 186
self-education about, 244
under contractual penal servitude, 60
Cornell, E.L., 150
corporal punishment, See disciplinary practices
Cotton Duck Association, 462
Coxsackie Prison, 458
Crawford, William, 69
Cray, John D., 59
crisis-prone character of prison system, 1, 469
Cunningham v. Bay State Shoe and Leather Co., 474
Current Opinion, 338
Curtin, Mary Ellen, 102
Dannemora Hospital for the Insane, 211, 212, 273, 403
Darrow, Clarence, 450
Davis, Charles Henry, 268
Davis, Joseph, 103
Davis, Katharine Bement, 426, 437
Dawley, Alan, 377
Deidling, Rudolph, 411
Delaware
and retention of contract prison labor, 236
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 81
Democratic Party
and abolition of contract prison labor, 185, 187
and bureaucratic democracy, 241
Democratic Party of New York State, 281
and contract prison labor, 171
and investigation of Sing Sing Prison, 166
Independent Democrats, 282, 294, 328
and administrative control of Auburn Prison, 382
and administrative control of Sing Sing Prison, 384
Tammany Hall, 281, 282, 291, 329, 380
and administrative control of Sing Sing Prison, 382
and campaign against managerial reformers, 259, 283, 292, 303
and campaign against Osborne, 409
and charges of penal mismanagement, 281
and New York Prisons Department, 327
and Sing Sing Prison, 167
Dick, Frank M., 390
Dickens, Charles, 62, 66, 70, 72
disciplinary practices, 61, 213. See also the following listings: Eastern Penitentiary; state-use system, classification program
“Americanization” programs, 195, 224, 404, 443
and anti-riot technologies, 466
as barrier to rehabilitation, 335
cellular isolation, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 66, 274, 275, 285, 293, 301, 310, 312, 314, 337, 344, 369, 379
conduct marks, 71
corporal punishment, 17, 46, 59, 60, 119, 125, 135, 137, 142, 144, 146, 169, 254, 256, 257, 284, 287
abolition of, 37, 54, 276, 277
legality of, 61
public acceptance of, 228
deprivation, 37, 54, 56, 82, 130, 139, 144, 162, 241, 250, 251, 254, 272, 274, 298, 301, 303, 312, 317, 334, 335, 336, 337, 363, 367, 368, 383, 430, 453
and perpetual isolation, 56, 57, 61, 63, 69, 81
honor system, 379, 438
incentive-based, 214, 221, 325, 337
parole, 214, 218
industrial, 100, 111, 112, 120, 207, 226
and contractor overseers, 125
as foundation of prison order, 58, 126
influence of contractors on, 71
resistance to, 140, 147
rewards for overwork, 119
labor punishments, 127, 128
lock-down, 208, 286, 308, 310, 317
lockstep march, 59, 207, 270
abolition of, 194, 226, 276
military models of, 59, 60, 61, 189, 226, 337
privilege system, 95, 227, 317, 334, 383, 399
freedom-of-the-yard, 343, 360, 374
letter-writing, 71, 244
recreational activities, 372, 374, 443
restrictions on, 249
supplementary activities, 209, 326, 416
reform of, 93, 241, 337
shock-oriented, 126, 128, 129, 144, 272
abolition of, 194
silence rule, 58, 59, 61, 67, 70, 207, 208, 250, 337, 383
abolition of, 194, 226, 229, 276
evasion of, 69
transfer, 216, 271, 273, 308, 310, 311
Discovery of the Asylum (The), Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Rothman), 7
District of Columbia
and Auburn plan, 63
Dix, Dorothea, 284, 286
Dix, John A.
and Harlem Prison, 292, 294
and investigation of prison system, 292, 294
and reelection defeat, 295, 330
and rollback of civil service reform, 291, 294, 295
election of, 291, 294, 329
DuBois, W.E.B.
and convict lease system, 87
Dwight, Louis, 61, 62, 67, 84, 109, 136
Dwight, Theodore, 84, 92, 95
Early Republic
competition between free and convict labor, 6
hard labor, 6, 21
wheelbarrow law, 34, 47
wheelbarrowmen, 17, 33
house of repentance (penitentiary-house), 3, 4, 45, 70, 137
and distrust of freemen, 41
and involuntary servitude, 9, 10
as Christian institution, 11
as model, 38
criticisms of, 38, 39
establishment of, 17, 37, 48
failure of, 50
moral legitimacy of, 3
replacement by contractual prison labor, 54
sequestration of prisoners, 37, 40, 47
stability of, 43, 82
labor ideology of, 6
revision of penal code, 32
East New York Shoe Company, 113
Eddy, Thomas, 37, 239
Eden, William, 25, 28
Edmonds, John W., 80
Eliot, Charles, 413
Elmira Reformatory for Boys, 88, 177
and contract prison labor, 179, 180
and hard labor, 123
and Pilsbury system, 179
disciplinary practices at, 188, 215
self-policing of, 348
strike at, 145
Emerson Drug, 390
Enquiry into the Effects of Public Punishments Upon Criminals, and Upon Society (Rush), 36, 39
Evening Mail, 413
Fallon, William, 412
farmers and farm workers
and opposition to contract prison labor, 137, 158, 160, 164, 186, 469
Farmers Alliances, 186
Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works
and ban on convict labor, 462
Federal Laboratories, Inc., 467
Federation of the Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU), 151, 156, 157, 162, 184. See also American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Federation of Trade Unions, 163
Felton, Charles E., 199
Fencer, Thomas, 93
Fielding, Henry, 26
fiscal politics of punishment, 5, 81, 262
and Auburn plan, 63, 67, 68
and contract prison labor, 10, 54, 70, 93
dependence on large-scale industrial contracts, 131
profit imperative of, 90
profitability for state, 154
and funding self-sufficiency, 54, 55, 57, 58, 75, 99, 102, 132, 234
and state-use system, 201, 210
penitentiary system, 51
Florida
and sanguinary punishment, 67
Foner, Eric, 15, 75
Ford Motor Company
and post-release employment, 389, 390, 393, 425
and training programs at Sing Sing Prison, 389
Sociology Department
and screening of convicts, 390
Ford, Henry, 389, 390, 392, 408
Fortune, T, Thomas, 170
Foucault, Michel, 8, 135
Fox Film Corporation, 443
Franklin, Benjamin, 19, 31, 470
Franklin, George W., 427
Frawley, James J., 304
Frayne, Hugh, 388, 389, 393, 423
Gabler, Neal, 434
Garment Manufacturers’ Association, 460
General Trades Union, 77
George Junior Republic, 330
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 330, 394
as model for prisoner self-government, 340
George, William R., 330, 331, 376
Georgia
and contract prison labor, 63
opposition to, 79
and convict lease, 66, 95, 157, 186
and Good Roads Program, 268
Gilded Age, 3. See also Progressive Era
and contract prison labor, 105
abolition of, 4, 5
as competitive edge in business, 115
disciplinary practices, 127, 131
expansion of contractor power, 119
large-scale prison contracts, 11, 100, 134
piece-price system, 103
prison factories, 103, 121
profit imperative, 87, 88, 90
resistance and rebellion, 139, 142
use against unions, 113
and creation of managerial class, 161
and integration of convict and free labor, 114
and reformatory penology, 225
and revival of organized labor, 112
organizing principle of, 88
popular protest movements during, 10
Gildemeister, Glen A., 6, 134, 151
Glueck, Bernard, 431, 439, 447, 458
and psychiatric study of convicts, 401, 402
and Sing Sing Prison as clearinghouse, 403
Glynn, Martin, 384, 385
Goetz, Frederick, 389
Goldsmith, Larry, 6
Gompers, Samuel, 232, 233, 296, 423, 429
Good Roads Program, See individual states
Good Words, 338, 353
Graves, Ezra, 98
Great Meadows Prison, 272, 297, 298, 403, 413
and agricultural production, 427
and construction costs, 306
and transfers from Sing Sing Prison, 312
as low-security facility, 452
Green, William, 459
Grover, La Fayette, 93
Hafford, George J., 432
Hall, Earl, 391
Hall, George W., 176
Hamilton, Alexander, 34
hard labor, 4, 35. See also the following listings: contractual penal servitude; Early Republic; labor ideology, 4
alternatives to, 374
and state-use system, 276
as alternative to capital punishment, 21
as contract prison labor, 64, 85, 89
as deterrent, 32, 33
as foundation of system, 53, 54
concept of, 70
colonial development, 26
in British system, 89
legal requirement for, 197, 202, 232, 266, 323
regulation of, 95
Hardin, Charles Henry, 143
Harding, Warren, 416
Harlem Prison, 294
Harriman, Mary W., 291
Hart, Hastings Hornell, 253
Haskell, J., 74, 75, 76, 81
Hatters’ Association of the United States, 149
Hayden, Peter, 103
Hayes, Patrick J., 208, 224
Haynes, Gideon, 68, 84
Hearst, William Randolph, 329
Hennessy, John A., 381
high Progressive Era, 378. See the following listings; Thomas Mott Osborne; new penology, 378
reform efforts, 12
Hirsch, Adam Jay, 9
Hockaday, John A., 143
Hoffman, John T., 93
Hoover, Herbert
and investigation of prison industries, 459, 460
house of repentance, See Early Republic
Hubbell, Charles, 439
Hughes, Charles Evans, 329, 420
Hunter, Wallace B., 306
Idaho
and state-use system, 203
Illinois
and contract prison labor
amendment against, 182
and Auburn plan, 63
federal use in Peoria, 165
investigation of, 151
large-scale contracting, 101
lease of Alton State Prison, 65
prison factories, 103
profitability of, 68, 90
and penal managerialism, 448
and public account system, 84, 441
State Prison at Joliet
integration of convict and free labor, 114
Illinois Railroad Company, 464
Independent, The, 338
Indiana
and contract prison labor
financial crisis of 1873, 98
idleness, 98
large-scale contracting, 101
sale of convict-made goods, 183
and convict-lease system, 65
Industrial Workers of the World, 244, 377
International Harvester, 390
International Labor Organization (ILO), 429
involuntary servitude, 32, 85. See also the following listings: colonial mode of punishment; contractual penal servitude, 5, 28
and Fourteenth Amendment, 86
and National Committee on Prison Labor, 325
and Northwest Ordinance, 31, 85
and Rhode Island Constitution of 1847, 327
and Thirteenth Amendment, 14, 85, 198
collapse of contractual penal servitude, 325, 326, 336
convict servants, 29, 41, 42, 86
establishment of, 8
indentured servants, 42
legality of, 14
penitentiary system, 41
Iowa
and investigation of contract prison labor, 151
J.S, Hamilton and Associates, 102
Jacksonian Era
and establishment of contract prison labor, 54, 138
Jaeckel, John P., 287
Jarrett, John, 157
Jefferson, Thomas, 19, 21, 22
Jenkins, George, 312, 381
Jenkins, John F., 311
Jennings, Edgar S., 443, 452, 454
John Pratt’s Coal and Coke Company, 102, 114
Johnson, Hiram, 236
Johnson, Hugh, 463
Johnson, I.G., 83, 112
Johnston, Robert, 240
Joint Committee on Prison Reform (JCPR)
and educational programs at Sing Sing Prison, 391
and public education efforts, 386, 406, 413
and relationship with Thomas Mott Osborne, 415
objectives of, 386
Kansas
and contract prison labor
investigation of, 152, 153
and public account system, 133
riot at Leavenworth Prison, 454
State Prison, 130
Kansas Pacific Railway, 133
Kansas Wagon Company, 133
Kaplan, Nathan, 414
Kelley, James J., 405
Kellogg, G.C., 294
Kennedy, John S.
activities during bread riot of 1913, 314
dismissal of, 308, 312
indictment of, 303
investigation of Sing Sing Prison, 300
wardenship of Sing Sing Prison, 299, 301, 303, 308, 379, 380, 397
Kentucky
and contract prison labor, 63, 66
opposition to, 79, 164
profitability of, 108
prohibition of, 171
use against unions, 159
Kentucky Whip and Collar Company, 464
Kirchheimer, Otto, 482
Kirchwey, George W., 403
and Anderson v. Salant, 327
as acting warden of Sing Sing, 412, 416
national efforts of, 328
Knights of Labor, 164, 165
and state-use system, 204, 232
boycott against convict-made goods, 156
Declaration of Principles, 151
impact of contract prison labor on wages, 184
national campaign against contract prison labor, 159
proposal for establishment of penal colony, 157
support for third political party by, 186
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
revival of, 377
labor ideology, See also fiscal politics of punishment
and attempts to preserve, 11, 12
and funding of prisons, 99
and George Junior Republic, 331
and Progressive Era, 197, 235
as foundational concept, 5, 6, 53, 174, 180
persistence of, 10, 322, 419, 425
labor market, 77. See also contractual penal servitude
and convict labor
proximity to free labor, 47
and integration of convict and free labor, 114
convict labor and, 6, 10, 107, 108, 235
competition with free labor, 149, 160, 164
depression of wages, 160, 184
equal compensation, 92
insulation from free labor, 200
public-account system, 201
restrictions on competition, 79
Labor, U.S, Commissioner of
study of convict labor systems (1887), 105, 109
Lathrop, Austin
and creation of penal bureaucracy, 316
and creation of state-use system, 205, 209, 229
self-sufficiency of, 210, 262
and supplementary disciplinary activities, 222
labor ideology of, 198
Lawes, Lewis E., See also penal managerialism
and Baumes laws, 451, 453
and Sing Sing as reform model, 457
and wardenship of Sing Sing Prison, 252, 443, 455, 457
managerialist approach, 448, 466
Leeds, Henry, 306
legitimation crisis of prison systems. See crisis-prone character of prison systems
Lewis, Burdette G., 426
Lewis, W, David, 55, 82
Lewis, Warren E., 123
Lewisohn, Adolphe, 413
Lichtenstein, Alex, 113
Lombroso, Cesare, 244
Loomis, C.W., 95, 96
Los Angeles Times, 375
Louisiana
and contract prison labor
Auburn plan, 63
contractor control of prison, 66
petition against, 158
profitability of, 108
and convict lease, 95, 187
Lovely, Collis, 233, 388, 389
Lowrie, Donald, 330
Lynds, Elam
and Auburn plan, 69
and creation of contract prison labor system, 61
recruitment of contractors, 57, 58
and disciplinary practices, 59, 71, 82
as critic of contract prison labor system, 60
Lyon, F, Emory, 321
M.D. Wells and Company, 114
Madison, James, 22
Maine
and Auburn plan, 63
and perpetual isolation system, 57
and public-account system, 84
Man, The
and competition between free and convict labor, 77
opposition to contract prison labor, 73, 74, 75
managerialism, See penal managerialism
Manning, John J., 423
Maryland
and Auburn plan, 63, 64
and contract prison labor
large-scale contracts, 103
opposition to, 79
retention of, 236
and convict transportation system, 28, 29
registration of transported convicts, 29
and penal colonization, 54
and penitentiary-house, 38, 44
failure of, 51
and property crimes, 30
Mason and Goach, 117
Massachusetts, 65
1879 study on labor practices, 153
and capital punishment, 32
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 5
attempts to revive, 197
Auburn plan, 63
Democratic Party on, 171
factory system, 200
financial crisis of 1873, 98
idleness, 98
investigation of, 151
large-scale contracting, 101
motivational tools, 71
opposition to, 79, 156
piece-price system, 200
profitability of, 68
and hard labor
at Castle Island, 32
and penal colonization, 54
and property crimes, 30
and public-account system, 441
and state-use system, 231, 234, 236, 321
Charlestown rebellion, 43, 44
Department of Education, 445
Early Republic and sanguinary punishments, 32
involuntary servitude in, 32
reform efforts, 11
disciplinary practices, 93
hybrid system, 199, 200, 231
revision of penal code, 32
State Prison, 6, 67, 140, 144, 231
workhouse, 23
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 392
Massie, Joseph, 26
Mather, Cotton, 24
McCann, Henry J., 357
McCormick, Thomas
and “Golden Rule Brotherhood,” 383
and disciplinary reform, 383
and films at Sing Sing Prison, 432
and wardenship of Sing Sing Prison, 382, 384
McDonough Amendment, 194, 198, 262
debate on, 190
enforcement of, 264
opposition to, 202, 223, 230
ratification of, 200, 206, 232
McDonough, John T., 189, 190, 194
McDowell, John G., 296, 297
McEnnis, John T., 162
McGuire, James C., 417
McLogan, P.H., 163
Meranze, Michael, 32, 45
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 443
Michigan
and contract prison labor
Auburn plan, 64
investigation of, 151
prison factories, 103
Detroit House of Correction, 179
miners
and opposition to contract prison labor, 157, 159, 164, 187, 469
Minnesota
and contract prison labor
ban on competition with free industry, 182
and penal managerialism, 448
and public account system, 182
and state-account system, 200
Stillwater State Prison, 144, 248
Mississippi
and contract prison labor
as unrepublican, 164
consolidation of contracts, 102
and convict lease, 66, 102, 186
restrictions on franchise by, 186
Missouri
and contract prison labor, 66
Auburn plan, 63
consolidation of contracts, 102
criticism of, 95
and state-use system, 236
Jefferson City Prison, 145, 421
State Prison, 102, 142
modes of legal punishment, 5, 81, 385, 420, 466. See also the following listings: colonial mode of punishment; contractual penal servitude; Early Republic; National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor; penal managerialism; state-use system, 3, 5
American system, 16, 53, 54
capital punishment
and colonial practice, 23
and property crimes, 30
attitudes toward, 19
biblical requirement for, 40
Early Republic use of, 32
life-long servitude as alternative to, 24
limitations on use, 18, 20
conflicts over, 238
cooperative, 430
deterrence system, 34, 81
development of, 17
enforced idleness, 56
non-laboring, 416
penal colonization, 54
advocacy of, 52, 157
principle of proportionality, 21
reformatory approach, 92, 93, 95, 126, 142, 177, 331
abandonment of, 134, 142
rehabilitation, 214, 221, 244, 325, 376
abandonment of, 441, 447
and disciplinary practices, 335
and prison conditions, 245
workhouse, 23, 24
Montana
adoption of state-use system, 203
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de, 19, 25
Montgomery, David, 162
moral politics of punishment, 36. See also Early Republic, house of repentance
abolition of contract prison labor, 10
alternative disciplinary activities, 225
American Revolution and, 18
and advocacy of workhouse system, 24
and high Progressive Era, 322
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 336
as Christian institution, 11
contract prison labor
opposition to, 73
contractual penal servitude
as unrepublican institution, 73
debate on, 10, 293
Early Republic and, 3, 7
Gilded Age
large scale industrial contracts, 107
opposition to contract prison labor, 160
hard labor as mandate, 198
house of repentance, 17
Sing Sing Prison as symbol of barbarity, 287
Morris, Benjamin W., 290
Morton, Levi P., 202, 204
Moyer, William, 417, 429, 438
Murphy, Charles F., 295, 304, 318, 330, 378, 380, 381
Murphy, Jack, 337, 340, 363
My Life in Prison (Lowrie), 330
National Bank of Auburn, 374
National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 401, 403, 420
National Committee on Prison Labor
and 1913 convention, 326
and abolition of involuntary penal servitude, 328, 337
and prison labor system as slavery, 336
and reform efforts, 323, 326
and Sing Sing Prison, 322
influence of, 322, 328, 329
legal challenge to contract prison labor by, 327
use of publicity by, 328, 333, 334
National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor (NCPPL), 359, 378, 397. See also the following listings: National Committee on Prison Labor; Thomas Mott Osborne
and coalitional efforts, 420
and consultation with Roosevelt, 454
and contract prison labor
effective end of, 465
and contravention of penal bureaucracy, 408
and convict leagues, 421
and creation of prison farms, 427
and employment bureau, 388, 394
and funding of activities, 392, 396
and Good Roads Program, 384, 424
and Hawes-Cooper Act, 460
and innovations adopted as federal policy, 425
and international efforts, 428
and labor reform in prisons, 389
and relationship with Thomas Mott Osborne, 415
and Sage bill, 420
and Sing Sing Prison
as laboratory of social justice, 379
as showpiece for new penology, 385
educational programs at, 385, 391
inspection tour of, 431
restructuring of prison industries, 388
and state-use system, 12
and wartime levels of prison employment, 422, 425
influence of, 440
National Conference of Charities and Corrections, 174, 176
National Federation of Women’s Clubs, 324
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
and federal prohibition on use of convict labor, 462
National Labor Union, 92
National Prison Association, 98, 234
and Declaration of Principles, 92, 178
and Gilded Age, 134
and identification techniques, 217
and post-abolition convict labor question, 174
and reformatory approach, 93
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 331
as national political coalition, 188
revival of, 174
National Reconstruction Administration (NRA), 463
National Society of Penal Information, 421, 457
Nebraska
and convict lease, 104
Nevada
and partial state-use system, 202
New Deal, See also the following listings: penal managerialism; Lewis E, Lawes, 5
and end of state prison industries, 466
and exclusion of prisoners from federally-funded projects, 462
formation of penal state, 3, 12
legislation of, 5, 13
New Hampshire, 26
and Auburn plan, 63
and contract prison labor, 65
and penitentiary system, 51
New Jersey
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 182
damage to free labor wages, 152, 154
financial crisis of 1873, 98
investigation of, 151
and convict-made goods, 459
and Eastern plan, 63
and Good Roads Program, 268
and prison strike, 145
and state-use system, 236
construction of penitentiary, 37
State Prison, 67, 421
New Jersey Reformatory for Women
and self-government, 421
New Mexico
and convict-lease, 101, 104
and Good Roads Program, 268
new penology, 347, 371, 379, 385, 412, 419. See also the following listings: Auburn Prison, Mutual Welfare League; National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor; Thomas Mott Osborne, 195, 221, 323
abandonment of, 467
and disciplinary regime, 221, 399, 442
and importance of cooperation, 368
and Sing Sing Prison, 385, 443
ascendancy of, 431
public attitudes toward, 386, 413, 420, 449
New York (state), 269. See also the following listings: contractual penal servitude; individual prisons; state-use system, 54, 63
“Americanization” program in, 195, 443
Albany County Penitentiary, 100, 113, 120, 121, 179
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 5, 13, 171, 172, 183, 187, 281, 293, 294, 318
and financial crisis of 1873, 98
attempts to revive, 197
Auburn plan, 57
constitutional amendment against, 190, 191
investigations of, 93, 151, 153, 165
motivational tools, 71
opposition to, 169
piece-price system, 188
profitability of, 90
and corporal punishment
abolition of, 37
and development of prison farms, 427
and Fassett Law, 188
and Gilded Age
strikes and riots in prison system, 145
and Good Roads Program, 268, 371, 383, 407
and public account system, 187, 209
and Yates Law, 188
Assembly Committee on State Prisons, 98
Asylum for Juvenile Delinquents, 108
Bear Mountain
as site for Sing Sing Prison replacement, 289, 290, 292, 298
Board of Classification, 205, 209
Brooklyn County Penitentiary, 113
Buffalo mechanics, 73
Central Labor Union, 151
Civil Service Commission
and penal employees, 219
Commission on New Prisons, 289
and Sing Sing Prison replacement, 291
request for resignation of commissioners, 292
Commission on Prison Administration and Construction, 458
Commission on Prison Improvement, 288
and design for new prison, 289
calls for termination of, 290
charges of cronyism, 290
Committee of Manufacturing, 76
Committee of Mechanics, 72, 76
contractual penal servitude
establishment of, 53
Cunningham v. Bay State Shoe and Leather Co., 474
disfranchisement of convicts by, 55, 70
Frawley Committee, 304
Grand Jury Association of
commendation of Thomas Mott Osborne, 412
Harlem Prison, 292, 294
Joint Committee on Prisons, 100, 405
Kings County Grand Jury
commendation of Osborne, 412
Kings County Penitentiary, 114, 145, 208
Legislature
and contract prison labor, 77, 78, 79, 82
Monroe County Penitentiary, 179
Northern New York Institution for Deaf-Mutes, 264
penitentiary system, 50, 51, 53, 54
Prison Reform Commission, 307, 317, 320, 332
and creation of penal bureaucracy, 259
and reform of penal system, 328
classification law of 1897, 213
formation of, 187, 327
investigation of prison system, 317
reform efforts by, 5, 11, 12, 75, 194, 229, 322, 328, 385
alternative disciplinary activities, 221, 223, 227
alternatives to hard manufactory labor, 374
as national model, 12, 419
disciplinary practices, 93
Moreland Act of 1907, 283, 296
penal bureaucracy, 209, 241, 281, 282
piece-price system, 181
reformatory practices, 225
state-use system, 200, 209
Select Committee on State Prisons, 76
State Assembly
investigation of Sing Sing Prison, 166
State Assembly Committee on Prisons, 100
State Prison Commission, 242, 287, 411
and 1896 Prison Labor Law, 214
and consultation with organized labor, 266
and creation of parole board, 214
and creation of penal bureaucracy, 202, 209, 219, 229
and legal protection of prisoners, 228
establishment of, 241
investigation of prison labor systems, 201
removal of out-of-state prisoners, 212
Training School for Guards at Wallkill Prison, 458
Valatie State Farm for Women, 427
Westchester County Grand Jury
and investigation of bread riot of 1913, 312, 317
and investigation of Sing Sing Prison, 300, 301, 307
and investigation of Thomas Mott Osborne, 411
Westchester County Penitentiary, 421
women prisoners in, 70, 211
Workingman’s Assembly, 205
New York City
stonecutters
opposition to contract prison labor, 72, 76
New York Clothing Company, 173
New York Garden Magazine, 387
New York Giants, 444
New York Herald, 166
New York Journal, 320
New York Prison Association (NYPA), 80, 288, 293
and opposition to abolition of contract prison labor, 204
and prisoner trades education, 230
and support for Auburn plan, 81
New York Star, 166, 168
New York State Mechanic, 78, 81
New York State Prison Council, 399
New York Times
and American Federation of Labor, 393
and Baumes laws, 451
and conditions at Auburn Prison, 149, 153
and convict labor problem, 321
and Ford Motor Company, 391
and Frawley Committee, 304
and idleness in state-use system, 204
and James M, Clancy, 382
and Sing Sing Prison, 167, 311, 315
bread riot of 1913, 1, 2, 309
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 320, 338, 385, 413
and William Sulzer, 305, 306, 307
on contract labor referendum, 172
New York Tribune
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 338
on Carnegie Rally, 413
New York Yankees, 444
Newgate Prison, 70
as penitentiary, 37, 38
rebellion, 44, 45, 52
Nordau, Max, 244
North Carolina
and contract prison labor, 95, 182
and reform efforts, 96
North Western Manufacturing and Car Company, 144
Nott, Charles C, Jr., 418
O’Farrell, Val, 414
O’Neill, J.J., 185
Ohio, 70
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 5, 174, 182
Auburn plan, 63
investigation of, 151, 165
opposition to, 79
profitability of, 90
and reform efforts
disciplinary practices, 93
and restrictions on convict-made goods, 183
and state-use system, 236
Democratic Party
and contract prison labor, 171
Oregon
and contract prison labor, 183
and disciplinary practices, 93
and Good Roads Program, 268, 379
organized labor, 12
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 156
abolition of in New York, 173
as industrial slavery, 162
easing of opposition to, 80
national campaign against, 150, 155. See also individual states
opposition to, 69, 150, 159, 161
use against unions, 113
and contract prison labor in France, 89
and federal legislation, 150
and post-Civil War revival of unions, 91
organized labor (cont.)
and post-laboring prison system, 416
and revival of unions, 112, 149
and state-use system
constriction of scope, 12
opposition to, 263, 265, 278
support for, 232, 236
use of prisoners in road building, 462
and Tariff Act of 1890, 184
and union organizing at Sing Sing Prison, 389, 393
Osborne, D.M., 329
Osborne, Thomas Mott, 387, 388, 418. See also the following listings: Auburn Prison, Mutual Welfare League; National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor; Sing Sing Prison, Mutual Welfare League
and Auburn Prison, 322
and damage to reputation, 416
and disregard for penal bureaucracy, 408, 415
and Empire State Democracy, 330
and eradication of sexual relations at Sing Sing Prison, 396
and George Junior Republic, 330
and leadership role, 321
and penal reform, 195
cooperative model of, 355
managerial, 307
role of guards, 253, 404
and prison labor problem, 323
and Prison Reform Commission, 300, 327, 332
and prisoner self-government, 331, 336, 337
as Mutual Welfare League, 339
and Prisons and Commonsense, 398
and psychiatric testing at Sing Sing Prison, 400
and Sing Sing Prison, 12, 322
appointment as warden, 375, 384
and socialization of prisoners, 376, 378
and support of business leaders, 389, 392
and Tammany Hall, 295
and use of publicity, 337, 350, 353, 371, 375, 386, 406
and voluntary incarceration at Auburn Prison, 319, 328, 332, 334, 375
and wardenship of Naval Prison, 421
and Within Prison Walls, 334, 336, 337, 407
background of, 329
campaign of support for, 412
cooperation with organized labor, 388
dismissal of charges against, 414
indictment of, 412
influences on, 330, 331
investigation of, 409
resignation of, 415
Outlook
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 337
Outside Branch of the Mutual Welfare League (OBMWL), 396
and post-release employment, 393, 425, 430
Guard’s Widow Fund, 405
Packard Motor Car Co., 390
Paine, Thomas, 19
Parkhurst, Charles, 413
Parkman, Francis, 282
Peck, Charles F., 173
penal managerialism, See also Lewis E, Lawes, 447, 457
and facilitation of consolidation, 456
and use of psychology, 458
as national model, 466
Penal Servitude (Whitin), 325
penal state
clerical workers
and resistance to reform, 260, 278
creation of bureaucracy, 209, 215, 229, 242, 276, 277, 293, 316, 408, 409
and expulsion of patronage system, 219
and Moreland Act of 1907, 255
Civil Service Laws, 219
guards and keepers, 254
and Civil Service Laws, 219, 257, 260, 381
and contraband smuggling, 71
and relationship to contractors, 125
fraternization with prisoners, 60
resistance to reform, 48, 253, 278, 404
status of, 254
patronage system of, 259, 281
performance of accountability, 250
prisoner records, 216, 251
Bertillonage, 217
purging of Republicans in, 292
wardenship, 258
and resistance to reform, 278
limitation of authority, 257, 276, 277, 381
penitentiary, See also Early Republic
penitentiary system, 67
Eastern Penitentiary, 61
reinvention of, 61
Penn, William, 24
Pennsylvania
“Great Law” of 1682, 24
abolition of capital crimes, 17
and contract prison labor
attempts to revive, 197
discrediting of, 176
rejection of, 67
and convict transportation system, 28
and proportionality, 22
and state-use system, 231, 236
and workhouse, 24
Democratic Party
and contract prison labor, 171
Eastern Penitentiary, 61, 63
and disciplinary reform, 422
and piece-price system, 101, 104
and voluntary labor, 62
isolation system at, 54, 61, 69, 81
post-Civil War, 140
penitentiary system, 51
health crisis in, 50
reinvention of, 61
public account system, 104
abandonment of, 231
as alternative to contract prison labor, 199
reform efforts, 11
restriction on sanguinary and capital punishment, 20
revision of penal code, 32
State Prison Commission, 231
Walnut Street Jail, 37
as penitentiary, 38, 48, 63, 70
rebellion at, 43, 44
Western Penitentiary, 101, 104
Pennsylvania plan, 68. See also Pennsylvania, Eastern Penitentiary, 63
and fiscal self-sufficiency, 67, 68
cost of construction, 63
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 390
Perkins, Francis, 463
Perry and Co., 173
Perry, John Sherwood, 111, 135
and contract prison labor
and Pilsbury system, 121
and Sing Sing Prison, 100, 145, 166, 284
defense of, 154
disciplinary practices, 144
industrial discipline, 112
large-scale contracting, 160, 191
profit imperative of, 107
use against unions, 156
and integration of convict and free labor, 114
Philadelphia Prison Society, 176
Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, 37, 39
Pilsbury system, 120
and contractor-administration relationship, 131
and disciplinary practices, 127
as national model, 101
defense of, 154
effective abolition of, 173
Pilsbury, Amos, 100, 179
Pilsbury, Louis, 98, 101, 135, 153, 160, 166, 173, 191
Pilsbury, Moses, 100
Pisciotta, Alexander, 177, 178
Pittsburgh Coal Co., 390
Platt, Thomas C.
and Republican Party, 259
politics of punishment, 12. See also the following listings: fiscal politics of punishment; moral politics of punishment
legal punishment and, 5, 7, 10
political power struggles, 5, 12
popular protest movements, 4. See also the following listings: farmers and farm workers; miners
against contract prison labor, 4, 5, 10, 11, 171
Pound, M.W.F., 204
Powderly, Terence, 157, 165
Powers, Gershom, 60
Pratt, Charles R., 190
Priesmeyer, August, 102
prison factories, See contractual penal servitude, contracting systems
prison labor problem, See also National Committee on Prison Labor, 235, 325
and abolition of contract prison labor, 5
and central place in legal punishment, 419
and federal legislation, 419
and new penology, 321, 322, 323, 326, 440
and New York, 12
and organized labor, 13, 233
and productive labor, 11, 196, 213, 226, 288, 325
and Progressive Era, 11
and state efforts, 199, 236
and state-use system, 234, 237, 321
as basis for reform efforts, 5, 196, 322
discourse on, 294, 321
investigation of, 324
prisoners, 336. See also the following listings: Auburn Prison, Mutual Welfare League; convicts; individual prisons; National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor, 3
and idleness, 206, 220, 221
and literacy, 243, 249, 416, 442
prisoners (cont.)
prison libraries, 243, 248
and living conditions, 66, 274
convict lease camps, 87
efforts to alter, 71
and race relations, 349, 373, 403
and religious worship, 243, 269
and self-government, 336
good-conduct leagues, 337
self-censoring recordkeeping, 342
and sexual activity, 302, 380, 396, 400, 402
and skills training, 249
classification of, 55, 56, 260
composition of
post-Civil War, 140
legal status of
and master-servant relationship, 123, 124, 125
as wards of the state, 196, 229, 243, 314, 417, 418, 455, 469
perception of rights, 43, 45, 61, 67, 70, 71, 111, 314, 434, 444
public sympathy for, 44, 47, 80, 314
riots, strikes and rebellions, 6, 43, 70, 249, 280, 309, 369, 435, 449, 454, 455, 456, 459, 466, 469, 472
and contract prison labor, 139
and Gilded Age, 142
and house of repentance, 10, 43
and industrial discipline, 137
bread riot at Missouri State Prison, 142
decline of, 60
Sing Sing Prison, 1, 5, 82, 98
use of media during, 2, 149, 280, 309
use of militia to control, 1, 44, 311, 315, 454, 455
women, 211
Prisons and Commonsense (Osborne), 398
Progressive Era, 12, 192, 325, 418. See also the following listings: new penology; state-use system
and creation of penal bureaucracy, 209
and labor ideology, 198, 235
and new penology, 195, 221
and prison labor problem, 11
and reinvention of prison labor, 215
focus on stable prison labor force, 212
Good Roads Program, 268
high Progressive Era, 322, 325, 418
and socialization of prisoners, 376
idealism of, 378
scope of reform, 322
paternalism of, 469
reform ideology of, 3, 5, 11, 195, 293
Progressive Party
and abolition of contract prison labor, 237
Proskauer, Joseph M., 456
public account system, 66, 133
and Minnesota, 182
and Pennsylvania, 101
and principle industries, 104
as alternative to contract prison labor, 176, 199
conversion from, 84
nature of, 104
profitability of, 88, 90
rejection of, 201
use by states, 84
public attitudes, See also National Committee on Prison Labor
shaping of, 325, 326, 333, 371, 406
toward Mutual Welfare League, 359
Pullman, 390
Punishment and Social Structure (Rusche, Kirchheimer), 482
Ransom, J.B., 276
Rattigan, Charles F., 390
and communication with prisoners, 372
and ex-convict employment, 390
and Mutual Welfare League, 354, 357
and prisoner self-government, 339
and prohibition on political organizing, 369
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 334, 335
as warden of Auburn Prison, 296, 332
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 462
reform efforts, See also Progressive Era
and abolition of contract prison labor, 93
and attitudes toward hard labor, 198
and bureaucratic democracy, 241
and financial crisis of 1873, 97
and hard labor, 7
and labor ideology, 81
demise of, 11
and public-account, 181
and reformatory approach, 92
and state-use system
recreation of convict identities, 218
and support for involuntary servitude, 9
and the “new penology,” 321
Auburn and Eastern systems
as rival models, 62
Early Republic, 32
establishment of state prison systems, 7
federal penal labor reform, 419
Gilded Age
and contract prison labor, 134
post-Civil War, 90
post-independence, 22
progressive
legacy of, 12
Reconstruction Era, 90
reformatory methods, 95, 102
support for Auburn system, 59, 67, 68
Report on the Prisons and Reformatories of the United States and Canada (Wines, Dwight), 92
Republican Party
1928 platform plank on convict-made goods, 460
and bureaucratic democracy, 241
and regulation of convict labor, 189, 190
and state opposition to contract prison labor, 158
and tariff reform, 190
Republican Party of New York State
and “machine boss” politics, 282
and “Platt machine,” 259, 282
and campaign against Thomas Mott Osborne, 409
and charges of penal mismanagement, 281
and contract prison labor, 189
and Independent Republicans, 294
and resistance to managerial restructuring, 259
and support of tariffs, 189
attempts to preserve contract prison labor by, 173
attempts to restore public-account system by, 202
Independent Republicans, 282
Reynolds, John B., 130
Rhode Island, See also Anderson v, Salant
and constitutional prohibition on slavery, 327
and contract prison labor
large-scale contracting, 101, 113
and Eastern plan, 63
and perpetual isolation system, 63
Riis, Jacob, 230
Riley, John B., 329
and communication with prisoners, 372
and disciplinary reform, 374
and guards training school, 405
and Prison Reform Commission, 300
and prisoner self-government, 339, 340
and resignation of James M, Clancy, 382
and Sing Sing Prison, 317, 375
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 384, 407, 408, 409
and transfer of prisoners to Clinton Prison, 397
as Superintendent of Prisons, 296, 299
dismissal of, 415
Rising Fawn Mines, 146
Rochester Union, 338
Rockefeller Foundation, 401
Rockfeller, John D., 389
Rodgers, Daniel T., 240
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 419, 421, 453, 456, 457
and Empire State Democracy, 330
and federal legislation, 420
and reform efforts, 13
and Tammany Hall, 295
Roosevelt, Theodore, 291, 467
and convict labor problem, 267, 321
and new penology, 326
and reform efforts, 195, 319
and support for state-use system, 237
defeat of, 296
Root, Elihu
and convict-made goods, 190
Rothman, David J., 7, 8, 62, 278
Ruffin v, Virginia, 116
Ruffin, Woody, 116
Ruggles-Brice, Evelyn, 331
Rules and Regulations for Inmates of the New York State Prisons, 319
Rusche, Georg, 482
Rush, Benjamin, 19, 35, 36, 37, 49, 62, 107, 239, 470
Russell Sage Foundation, 413
Russell, James, 392
Sage, Omer
and prisoner idleness, 208, 223
and Star of Hope, 228, 244
Salmon, Thomas W., 401
Saturday Evening Post, 338
Scott, Joseph, 306
and conditions at Auburn Prison, 298
and Harlem Prison, 292
and Tammany Hall, 297
dismissal of, 296, 297
Sears Roebuck and Co., 390
Selz, Schwab, and Company, 114
Servan, Joseph, 25
Seward, W.H., 77
Shapiro, Karen, 112, 159, 164
Sigerson, Michael H., 167
Sing Sing Prison. See also the following listings: contractual penal servitude, contract prison labor; Lewis E, Lawes; National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor; new penology; prisoners; Thomas Mott Osborne; state-use system
“Bastille on the Hudson,” 1, 2, 12, 275, 280, 283, 378, 413
and alternatives to manufactory labor, 227
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 208, 209
and disciplinary practices, 120, 126, 129
consolidation of industries, 100
contractor-keeper relationship, 125
large-scale contract prison labor, 101, 113
Pilsbury system, 120, 129
voiding of contracts at, 79
and escape attempts, 98
and industrial training programs at, 389
and John Sherwood Perry, 110, 112, 113
and movie industry, 432
and new penology
recreational activities, 431
socialization of convicts, 394
and Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915, 407
and Paris Exposition of 1900, 193, 237
and penal psychiatric clinic, 400
and post-release employment, 390
and prevalence of veneral disease, 400, 402
and race relations, 403
and religious services, 269
and Star of Hope, 243, 277, 286, 372
as administrative communications tool, 244, 250
censorship of, 247
contributions from other prisons, 246
establishment of, 227
merger with MLW Bulletin, 430
and state-use system
classification of prisoners, 215
diversity of manufactures, 210
and women prisoners, 70
as clearinghouse, 403, 420
as laboratory of social justice, 12, 13, 322, 376, 378, 385, 416
as model of reform, 457
Aurora Band of, 392, 393, 417, 431, 436
bread riot of 1913, 1, 5, 280, 307, 308, 320, 328, 379
and media attention to, 313, 317
conditions at, 66, 82, 122, 168, 274, 276, 280, 285, 289, 293, 299, 301, 307, 311, 313, 315, 317, 379, 383, 398, 400, 401, 408, 431, 445
construction of, 48, 64, 65
demolition of, 418, 437
educational programs at, 391, 392
Golden Rule Brotherhood
comparison with Mutual Welfare League, 383
transformation of, 387
investigation of, 2, 168, 380
Mutual Welfare League, 342
and training in personal financial responsibility, 394
as national model, 421
attitude of penal state toward, 429
establishment of, 387
establishment of employment bureau, 388
penal state, 427, 429
and managerialism, 441
printing industry at, 265
proposal for replacement of, 288, 293, 307
recreational activities at, 387
reform efforts
fields of action, 386
fundraising for, 386
progressive, 284
reputation of, 283, 287
Sing Sing Bulletin, 247
Star-Bulletin, 432, 433, 435, 436, 437
strikes and riots at, 82, 98, 144, 145, 167
training programs at, 392
slavery, 233. See the following; South; Sellin, Slavery and the Penal System
Sloss Coal Company, 114
Smith, Eugene, 230
Smith, Larry, 43
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, 184
Sohmer, William A., 300
Some Ethical Phases of the Labor Question (Wright), 234
South, See also contractual penal servitude, contracting systems
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 138
attempts to regulate, 93, 94
diversification of contracts, 95
integration of convict and free labor, 114
opposition to as unrepublican, 164
regulation of, 95
strikes and riots, 146
and lynchings, 377
antebellum prison, 7, 15, 16, 65
chattel slavery
law and ideology of, 9, 14, 29, 94, 470
revival of, 74
convict lease, 87, 93, 94, 95, 102, 104, 116, 138, 170
extraction of federal prisoners, 184
New South
and profit imperative, 87
rate of prisoner mortality, 118
Redeemer Democrats
and contract prison labor, 101
and convict lease, 87
state penal farm systems, 196
South Carolina
and proportionality, 22
and sanguinary punishment, 20, 67
convict lease, 95
South Dakota
and state-use system, 203
Squire, Amos, 402
St. Paul Trades and Labor Association, 182
Star of Hope. See Sing Sing Prison
State Service, 427
state-use system, See also the following listings: individual states; Lewis E, Lawes, 55, 194, 205, 209, 210, 212, 216, 221, 226, 229, 243, 263, 269, 275, 276, 317
alternatives to manufactory labor, 267
Good Roads Program, 317
and constriction of scope, 12
and expulsion of out-of-state prisoners, 276
and federal legislation, 235, 419
and idleness, 206
and organized labor, 232, 236, 263, 265
and state needs, 205, 206, 262, 263
as national model, 12, 13, 204, 230, 233, 237, 242, 440, 460
British model of, 175
classification of prisoners in, 251, 252, 276
and Bertillonage, 252
criticism of, 204
establishment of, 5, 172, 188, 191, 200, 209, 237, 239, 241, 249, 276
failure of, 277, 321, 323, 441
health conditions in, 275, 276
industries of, 209, 264, 441, 449, 459
reorganization of, 325
self-sufficiency of, 210, 262, 267
Stewart, Lispenard, 201, 254. See also New York State Prison Commission
and consultation with organized labor, 232, 266
and non-manufactory labor, 267
and penal bureaucracy, 219, 294
and state-use system, 408
Stillwell, Stephen, 381
Stimson, Henry L., 291
Sullivan, David A., 384
Sullivan, James A., 32
Sulzer, William, 2, 280, 297, 299, 304
and charges of mismanagement, 281
and Frawley Committee, 305
and investigation of state prison system, 317
and penal bureaucracy, 296
and Prison Reform Commission, 300, 327
and Sing Sing Prison, 307, 316
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 329
election of, 295, 332
impeachment of, 317, 328, 380, 381
Swats, Lewis F., 117
Taft, William Howard, 296, 338
Tannenbaum, Frank, 283
Tennessee
and Auburn plan, 63
and contract prison labor
abolition of, 160
as unrepublican, 164
diversification of contracts, 95
opposition to, 79
and convict lease, 102, 186, 187
and investigation of prison system
and voluntary incarceration of governor, 328
city contracts
and convict labor, 187
free mine workers
and opposition to contract prison labor, 159
Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company (TCIRC), 102, 103, 112, 159, 259
Texas
and contract prison labor
diversification of contracts, 95
investigation of, 152, 153
opposition to, 158
regulatory efforts, 171
and penal managerialism, 448
convict lease, 158
Huntsville Prison, 66
Thomson, George W., 432, 433
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Freud), 398
Tilden, Samuel, 282, 295, 306
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 64, 313, 470
and American system, 4, 8, 16
and Eastern system, 62
Democracy in America, 81
on Sing Sing Prison, 60, 284
Tompkins, Daniel D., 51
Trachtenberg, Alan, 240
Tweed, William “Boss,” 282
Typographical Union, 265
U.S. Congress
and abolition of contract prison labor, 174, 183
and ban on convict labor, 267
and construction of federal prisons, 184
and convict-made goods, 423
and federal prisoners, 121, 184, 185
and legislation concerning use of hard labor, 37, 38
and national convict labor study, 184
and report on prison labor practices, 88
and restriction on scope of state-use industries, 449
Civil Rights Act of 1866
and involuntary servitude, 15
Tariff Act of 1890, 184
U.S. Constitution
Fourteenth Amendment, 15, 16
Thirteenth Amendment, 9, 14, 16, 84, 198
U.S. Government. See also War Industries Board
and use of contract prison labor
Peoria, Illinois, 164
prohibition on convict labor, 279
U.S. Industrial Commission, 197, 235
U.S. Industrial Relations Committee, 389
U.S. Navy
and new penology reforms, 421
U.S. Senate
Committee on Relations Between Capital and Labor, 157, 158, 170
U.S. Supreme Court
and involuntary servitude, 9, 14
Kentucky Whip and Collar Co, v, Illinois Central Railroad, 464
Whitfield v, Ohio, 463
Union of Iron Molders, Local 00011
lock-out of, 83, 112
United Mine Workers of America, 159
Van Ness, A.W., 435, 436
Vaux, Richard, 176
Vermont
and Auburn plan, 63
and contract prison labor, 65
large-scale contracting, 101
retention of, 236
hard labor
as alternative to capital punishment, 21
restriction on sanguinary and capital punishment, 20
Virginia
and Auburn plan, 63
and capital punishment, 20, 22
and convict transportation system, 28, 29
and legal status of convict servants, 29
and penitentiary-house, 38
and perpetual isolation system, 57
and proportionality, 21
and Ruffin v, Virginia, 116
State Penitentiary at Richmond, 117
Virginia Colored Farmers’ Alliance, 158
Vitagraph, 443
Wald, Lillian, 413
Wallkill Prison, 458
Walsh, Michael J., 310
Walsh-Healy Act, 462
War Industries Board, 440
War Prison Labor and National Waste-Reclamation Section, 423, 424, 425, 427
Ware, Franklin B., 291, 298
Warner Brothers, 434, 443
Washington, 101, 104
Weeks, Frederick E., 414
West Virginia
and abolition of contract prison labor, 157
West, Stephen, 40
Western and Atlantic Railroad, 66
Western Union Telegraph Co., 390, 393
wheelbarrowmen. See Early Republic
White, James, 380, 397, 399
Whitfield v, Ohio, 465
Whitin, E, Stagg, 324, 359, 423
and appointment to Prison Reform Commission, 327
and concept of penal servitude, 327
and legislative efforts, 326
and National Committee on Prison Labor, 324
and Penal Servitude, 325
and prison labor reform, 389
and prison labor system as slavery, 336
and public educational efforts, 420
and Sing Sing Prison, 385
and support of business leaders, 389
and war economy, 422
Whitman, Charles S., 410, 416, 429, 436
and demolition of Sing Sing Prison, 417
and duty to prisoners, 417
and Sage bill, 420
and Thomas Mott Osborne, 407, 415
election of, 384
Whitman, James Q., 9
Whitman, Walt, 66
Wickersham, George, 417, 418
William Fox Film Corporation, 434
Wilson, Margaret, 300
Wilson, Woodrow, 419, 434
and adoption of state-use system, 236
and executive order on convict-made goods, 423
election of, 296
on convict labor problem, 321
Wiltse, Robert, 64
Winchester Repeating Arms Co., 390
Wines, Enoch O., 84, 92, 93, 95, 109
and labor ideology, 178
and National Prison Association, 92
and power of contractors, 136
Wingdale
as site for Sing Sing Prison replacement, 291, 293, 298
Wingdale Prison
and agricultural production, 427
fate of, 291
scandal surrounding, 292
Wisconsin
and contract prison labor
consolidation of industrial contracts, 101
financial crisis of 01873, 98
large-scale contracting, 101
and Good Roads Program, 268
public-account system, 84
State Prison at Waupun
integration of convict and free labor, 114
Within Prison Walls (Osborne), 322, 334
Women’s Department of the National Civic Federation, 386
Woodburne Prison, 458
Workingman’s Advocate, 72, 78
Workingman’s Union, 93
World War I, See War Industries Board
and agricultural production by prison labor, 427
and conscription of prisoners, 426
and integration of convicts into war effort, 425
and investigation on wartime role of prisons, 423
and penal policy planning on a nationwide basis, 423
and penological reform, 440
Wright, Carroll D., 233
and contract prison labor, 88, 90, 200
investigation of, 109, 153, 184
and federal legislation, 185
and fiscal politics of punishment, 171
and state-use system, 203, 205, 233
opposition to public account system, 177
Wyoming
and state-use system, 236
Yates, Robert, 57
Printer friendly version
Email a colleague