Element contents
Uncertainty and Emotion in the 1900 Sydney Plague
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 February 2024
Summary
When the third global plague pandemic reached Sydney in 1900, theories regarding the ecology and biology of disease transmission were transforming. Changing understandings led to conflicts over the appropriate response. Medical and government authorities employed symbols like dirt to address gaps in knowledge. They used these symbols strategically to compel emotional responses and to advocate for specific political and social interventions, authorising institutional actions to shape social identity and the city in preparation for Australia's 1901 Federation. Through theoretical and historical analysis, this Element argues that disgust and aversion were effectively mobilised to legitimise these actions. As an intervention in contemporary debates about the impact of knowledge on emotion and affect, it presents a case for the plasticity of emotions like disgust, and for how both emotion and affect can change with new medical information.
Keywords
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108908061Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 11 April 2024
References
Anderson, W. 1995. Excremental Colonialism: Public Health and the Poetics of Pollution. Critical Inquiry 21(3): 640–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, D. 1982. Touching the Body: Perspectives on Plague. Guha, R. (ed.). Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1900a. An Account of the Epidemic of Plague at Sydney. Public Health 13: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1900b. Map of Portion of Sydney and Suburbs Showing by Coloured Spots the Probable Place of Infection in 225 Cases of Plague [Cartographic Material]. Sydney: Dept. of Lands.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1900c. Report on an Outbreak of the Plague in Sydney New South Wales. In Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, 7–80. New South Wales Government Printer.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1901. A Contribution to the Aetiology of Plague. The Journal of Hygiene 1(2): 153–67. www.jstor.org/stable/4618399 [Accessed 8 October 2021].Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1903. On the Eitology of Bubonic Plague: An Epidemiological Contribution. The Lancet 162(4181): 1090–2.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1904. Plague at Sydney: To the Editor of Public Health. Public Health XVI(9): 45.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1906. On the Epidemiology of Plague. The Journal of Hygiene 6(5): 537–69.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1907a. Protection of India from Invasion by Plague. BMJ 2(2451): 1770–1.Google Scholar
Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1907b. The Mode of Spread and the Prevention of Plague in Australia. The Lancet 170(4390): 1104–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashmead, A. 1901. Original Communications: Synopsis of Dr. J. Ashburton Thompson’s Report of Plague in New South Wales. Missouri Medical and Surgical Journal LXXXI(1): 9–14.Google Scholar
Star, Australian. 1900a. Citizen’s Vigilance Committee. Australian Star. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229381266 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Star, Australian. 1900b. The Council and the Plague. Australian Star. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article229381267 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Baker, G. 1900. Inspector of Nuisances – Town Clerk: Annual Report for 1899. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/766854 [Accessed 14 December 2021].Google Scholar
Bashford, A. 1998. Quarantine and the Imagining of the Australian Nation. Health 2(4): 387–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bashford, A. 2004. Imperial Hygiene a Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bashford, A., & Strange, C. 2007. Thinking Historically about Public Health. Medical Humanities 33(2): 87–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boddice, R., & Hitzer, B. 2022. Emotion and Experience in the History of Medicine: Elaborating a Theory and Seeking a Method. In Boddice, R. & Hitzer, B. (eds.), Feeling Dis-Ease in Modern History: Experiencing Medicine and Illness, 3–19. History of Emotions, London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boddice, R., & Smith, M. M. 2020. Emotion, Sense, Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borthwick, F. 2000. Olfaction and Taste: Invasive Odours and Disappearing Objects. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 11(2): 127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carel, H. 2016. Phenomenology of Illness. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Classen, C., Howes, D., & Synnott, A. 1994. Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Collins, F. M. 1996. Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella. In Baron, S. (ed.), Medical Microbiology, Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7798/ [Accessed 23 September 2022].Google Scholar
Corbin, A. 1986. The Foul and the Fragrant Odor and the French Social Imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Argus, Cumberland. 1900. Infection and the Railways. Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85822028 [Accessed 25 November 2021].Google Scholar
Cummins, C. J. 2003. A History of Medical Administration in NSW 1788 – 1973. North Sydney: NSW Department of Health. www.health.nsw.gov.au/about/history/Publications/history-medical-admin.pdf.Google Scholar
Curson, P. 1985. Times of Crisis: Epidemics in Sydney 1788–1900. Sydney: Sydney University Press.Google Scholar
Curson, P., & McCracken, K. W. J. 1989. Plague in Sydney: The Anatomy of an Epidemic. Kensington: New South Wales University Press.Google Scholar
Curtis, V. A. 2007. Dirt, Disgust and Disease: A Natural History of Hygiene. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61(8): 660–4. https://jech-bmj-com.simsrad.net.ocs.mq.edu.au/content/61/8/660 [Accessed 13 April 2023].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telegraph, Daily. 1900. The City Council Startled. Daily Telegraph, 7. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article237173353 [Accessed 30 January 2023].Google Scholar
Dixon, T. 2003. From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, M. 1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Echenberg, M. 2002. Pestis Redux: The Initial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1894–1901. Journal of World History 13(2): 429–50. https://go-gale-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10456007&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA91271526&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs [Accessed 8 October 2021].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Echenberg, M. 2007. Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894–1901. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Engelmann, L., & Lynteris, C. 2020. Sulphuric Utopias: A History of Maritime Fumigation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
News, Evening. 1900a. Parramatta’s Sanitary Condition. Evening News. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article117031404 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
News, Evening. 1900b. The Plague. Evening News. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article117031347 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
News, Evening. 1900c. Those Filthy Bank Notes. Evening News. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article113710908 [Accessed 29 October 2021].Google Scholar
News, Evening. 1900d. The Plague, Mid Winter Sale, The Mutual Stores, Pitt Street. Evening News, 8. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article113716705 [Accessed 29 January 2023].Google Scholar
Fletcher, W. H. 1900. Manly M.C. Forwarding Copy of Letter Sent to Board of Health re Refuse Coming Ashore. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/770935 [Accessed 14 December 2021].Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1975. The Birth of the Clinic an Archaeology of Medical Perception. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Frevert, U. 2016. The History of Emotions. In Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (eds.), Handbook of Emotions, Fourth Edition, 49–65. New York: Guilford. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/mqu/detail.action?docID=4406910 [Accessed 14 June 2022].Google Scholar
Fuchs, T. 2013. Existential Vulnerability: Toward a Psychopathology of Limit Situations. Psychopathology 46(5): 301–8. www.proquest.com/docview/1464752916/abstract/8C60FDB8A2A84D70PQ/1 [Accessed 29 January 2023].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gell, A. 1975. Metamorphosis of the Cassowaries: Umeda Society, Language and Ritual. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Greenhough, B., Dwyer, A., Grenyer, R. Hodgetts, T., McLeod, C., & Lorimer, J. 2018. Unsettling Antibiosis: How Might Interdisciplinary Researchers Generate a Feeling for the Microbiome and to What Effect? Palgrave Communications 4(1): 1–12. www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0196-3 [Accessed 25 January 2023].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirst, J. B. 1988. The Strange Birth of Colonial Democracy: New South Wales 1848–1884. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Hitzer, B. 2020. The Odor of Disgust: Contemplating the Dark Side of 20th-Century Cancer History. Emotion Review 12(3): 156–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hitzer, B. 2022. History Before Corona: Memory, Experience and Emotions. In Boddice, R. & Hitzer, B. (eds.), Feeling Dis-Ease in Modern History: Experiencing Medicine and Illness, 61–84. History of Emotions, London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Irwin, R. 2010. Climate Change and Philosophy: Transformational Possibilities. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Isen, A. M., & Diamond, G. A. 1989. Affect and Automaticity. In Uleman, J. S. & Bargh, J. A. (eds.), Unintended Thought, 124–152. New York: The Guilford PressGoogle Scholar
Jenner, M. S. R. 2011. Follow Your Nose? Smell, Smelling, and Their Histories. The American Historical Review 116(2): 335–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.2.335 [Accessed 21 November 2021].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, M. O. 2000. What’s Disgusting, Why, and What Does It Matter? Journal of Folklore Research 37(1): 53–71.Google Scholar
Jütte, R. 2018. Reodorizing the Modern Age. In Smith, M. M. (ed.), Smell and History: A Reader, 170–186. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.Google Scholar
Kaster, B. 2001. The Dynamics of Fastidium and the Ideology of Disgust. Transactions of the American Philological Association 113: 143–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, M. 1981. Plague Sydney 1900: A Photographic Introduction to a Hidden Sydney, 1900. Sydney: Doak Press.Google Scholar
Kiechle, M. 2016. Navigating by Nose: Fresh Air, Stench Nuisance, and the Urban Environment, 1840–1880. Journal of Urban History 42(4): 753–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. 1993. Healing and the Invention of Metaphor: The Effectiveness of Symbols Revisited. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 17(2): 161–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristeva, J. 1982. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, I. M. 1977. Symbols and Sentiments: Cross-Cultural Studies in Symbolism. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Leys, R. 2011. The Turn to Affect: A Critique. Critical Inquiry 37(3): 434–72. www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/659353 [Accessed 30 January 2023].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leys, R. 2017. The Ascent of Affect: Genealogy and Critique. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226488738/html [Accessed 10 August 2022].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, R. B. 1902. Reports and Papers on Bubonic Plague, by R. Bruce Low: With an Introduction by the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board. An Account of the Progress and Diffusion of Plague Throughout the World, 1898–1901, and of the Measures Employed in Different Countries for Repression of this Disease. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Manderson, D. 1997. Substances as Symbols: Race Rhetoric and the Tropes of Australian Drug History. Social & Legal Studies 6(3): 383–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massumi, B. 2002. Parables for the Virtual Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mayne, A. J. C. 1993. The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation in Three Cities, 1870–1914. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, W. I. 1997. The Anatomy of Disgust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New South Wales ed. 1883. Report of the Royal Commission, appointed on the 20th November, 1882, to Inquire into the Nature and Operations of, and to Classify Noxious and Offensive Trades, Within the City of Sydney and its Suburbs, and to Report Generally on Such Trades, Together with the Minutes of Evidence and Appendices. Sydney: Government Printer.Google Scholar
New South Wales Board of Health, & Ashburton-Thompson, J. 1902. Report of the Board of Health on a Second Outbreak of Plague at Sydney, 1902. Sydney: Government Printer.Google Scholar
New South Wales Parliament. 1860 . Condition of the Working Classes of the Metropolis, report from the Select Committee on the Condition of the Working Classes of the Metropolis: together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence and Appendix. Sydney: Thomas Richards, Government Printer.Google Scholar
New South Wales Parliament. 1900a. Parliamentary Debates / Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly. Sydney: Government Printer. www.sl.nsw.gov.au/research-and-collections-how-guides/how-use-special-collections [Accessed 1 December 2021].Google Scholar
New South Wales Parliament. 1900b. Parliamentary Debates / Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly. Sydney: Government Printer. www.sl.nsw.gov.au/research-and-collections-how-guides/how-use-special-collections [Accessed 1 December 2021].Google Scholar
NSW Government. 1900. Darling Harbour Wharves Resumption Act 1900 No 10 – NSW Legislation. https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/whole/html/repealed/current/act-1900-010 [Accessed 30 January 2023].Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. 2007. Criteria for Basic Emotions: Is Disgust a Primary ‘Emotion’? Cognition & Emotion 21(8): 1819–28. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699930701334302 [Accessed 14 June 2022].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pedwell, C. 2020. Affect Theory’s Alternative Genealogies – Review Symposium on Leys’s The Ascent of Affect. History of the Human Sciences 33(2): 134–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plumwood, V. 2009. Nature in the Active Voice. Australian Humanities Review (46): 111–27.Google Scholar
Reddy, W. M. 1997. Against Constructionism: The Historical Ethnography of Emotions. Current Anthropology 38(3): 327–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, A. 2017. Animal Agents? Historiography, Theory and the History of Science in the Anthropocene. British Journal for the History of Science Themes 2: 1–10.Google Scholar
Reinarz, J. 2014. Past Scents: Historical Perspectives on Smell. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse, G. B. 2015. Driven by Fear: Epidemics and Isolation in San Francisco’s House of Pestilence. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rottman, J., DeJesus, J. M., & Gerdin, E. 2020. The Social Origins of Disgust. In Strohminger, N. & Kumar, V. (eds.), The Moral Psychology of Disgust, London: Rowman & Littlefield International.Google Scholar
Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. 1987. A Perspective on Disgust. Psychological Review 94(1): 23–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. 2016. Disgust. In Barrett, L. F., Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones, J. M. (eds.), Handbook of Emotions, Fourth Edition, 815–34. New York: Guilford. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/mqu/detail.action?docID=4406910 [Accessed 14 June 2022].Google Scholar
Savin, C., Criscuolo, A., Guglielmini, J., Le Guern, A., Carniel, E., Pizarro-Cerda, J., & Brisse, S. 2019. Genus-wide Yersinia Core-genome Multilocus Sequence Typing for Species Identification and Strain Characterization. Microbial Genomics 5(10): e000301. www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/mgen/10.1099/mgen.0.000301 [Accessed 24 January 2023].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schober, S.-M. 2020. Muck, Mummies and Medicine: Disgust in Early Modern Science. Emotions 4(1): 43–65.Google Scholar
Secretary, Dept. of Public Health. 1900. Secretary, Dept. of Public Health – Town Clerk. Reconstruction of sewerage at premises 47–51 Sussex. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/767441 [Accessed 14 January 2022].Google Scholar
Simmonds, A. 2019. Sex Smells: Olfaction, Modernity and the Regulation of Women’s Bodies 1880–1940 (Or How Women Came to Fear Their Own Smells). Australian Feminist Studies 34(100): 232–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simond, M., Godley, M. L., & Mouriquand, P. D. E. 1998. Paul-Louis Simond and His Discovery of Plague Transmission by Rat Fleas: A Centenary. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 91(2): 101–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689809100219 [Accessed 19 October 2021].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simond, P. L., & Yersin, A. 1900. Les épidémies de peste en Extrême-Orient. In XIIIe Congrès International de Médecine, 1–60. Paris. https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00442144 [Accessed 19 October 2021].Google Scholar
Smith, M. M. 2018a. Editor’s Introduction: Smelling the Past. In Smith, M. M. (ed.), Smell and History: A Reader, ix–xxiv. Morgantown: West Virginia University PressGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. M. 2018b. Making ‘Others’ Smell. In Smith, M. M. (ed.), Smell and History: A Reader, 187–201. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.Google Scholar
Solomon, R. C. 2003. Not Passion’s Slave: Emotions and Choice. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Times, Sunday. 1900a. Clergymen at Quarantine Ground. Sunday Times. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126288067 [Accessed 19 November 2021].Google Scholar
Times, Sunday. 1900b. Here and There. Sunday Times. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126287918 [Accessed 30 January 2023].Google Scholar
Times, Sunday. 1900c. Pyrmont’s Risks Added To. Sunday Times. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126287922 [Accessed 15 January 2022].Google Scholar
Times, Sunday. 1900d. The Plague and Lending Libraries. Sunday Times. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126279777 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900a. The Bubonic Plague. No Further Developments. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14296543 [Accessed 10 December 2021].Google Scholar
Sydney, Morning Herald. 1900b. To the Editor of the Herald. Sydney Morning Herald, 8. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14298003 [Accessed 30 January 2023].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900c. The Bubonic Plague. Discovery of Three More Cases. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14298675 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900d. The Bubonic Plague. Another Household Isolated. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14299528 [Accessed 24 October 2022].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900e. The influence in the Western Suburbs. Sydney Morning Herald, 10. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28247114 [Accessed 30 January 2023].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900f. The Bubonic Plague. A Clean Sheet. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14306853 [Accessed 10 December 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900g. Chinese Dwellings at Botany. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14307324 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900h. The Bubonic Plague. Cases and Deaths for Two Days. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14307326 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900i. Citizen’s Vigilance Committee and the Plague. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14310239 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1900j. Citizen’s Vigilance Committee. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14317221 [Accessed 22 October 2021].Google Scholar
Morning Herald, Sydney. 1901. Sanitation of the City. Sydney Morning Herald. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14415948 [Accessed 15 January 2022].Google Scholar
The Bulletin. 1900a. Vol. 21 No. 1049 (24 March 1900). The Bulletin. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-661986628 [Accessed 19 November 2021].Google Scholar
The Bulletin. 1900b. Vol. 21 No. 1050 (31 March 1900). The Bulletin. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-661986644 [Accessed 19 November 2021].Google Scholar
The Bulletin. 1900c. Vol. 21 No. 1053 (21 April 1900). The Bulletin. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-661986703 [Accessed 19 November 2021].Google Scholar
The Truth. 1900a. Sydney’s Baneful Bubo. The Truth: The People’s Paper. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168000437 [Accessed 19 November 2021].Google Scholar
The Truth. 1900b. The Bubonic ‘Black Death’. The Truth. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article168005840 [Accessed 19 November 2021].Google Scholar
Thearle, J., Jeffs, D., & Heagney, B. 1994. Plague Revisited: The Black Death: An Account of Plague in Australia, 1900–1923: Prepared for the RACP Annual Scientific Meeting, Hobart May 1994 Rev. ed. Sydney: Royal Australasian College of Physicians.Google Scholar
Town Clerk’s Correspondence Folders. 17 July 1900a. Inspector of Nuisances. [Insanitary State of Premises Nos 1, 2 & 3 Washington Lane; Nos 33–37. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/775514 [Accessed 15 January 2022].Google Scholar
Town Clerk’s Correspondence Folders. 25 July 1900b. City Surveyor. Letter to Town Clerk Re Rubbish Carts Tipping on Sand Covering at Moore Park. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/775363 [Accessed 15 January 2022].Google Scholar
Town Clerk’s Correspondence Folders. 26 July 1900c. Citizen’s Vigilance Committee – Town Clerk. Filthy state of Belmore markets. Requires Daily. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/775418 [Accessed 15 January 2022].Google Scholar
Town Clerk’s Correspondence Folders. 27 July 1900d. Citizen’s Vigilance Committee – Town Clerk. Condition of Premises at 191 Elizabeth St, rats at. https://archives.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/nodes/view/775711 [Accessed 15 January 2022].Google Scholar
Turner, V. W. 1967. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual [by Victor Turner]. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Tybur, J. M., Molho, C., & Balliet, D. 2020. Moralized Disgust versus Disgusting Immorality: An Adaptationist Perspective. In Strohminger, N. & Kumar, Victor (eds.), The Moral Psychology of Disgust, 11–25. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.Google Scholar
Waldby, C. 1996. AIDS and the Body Politic: Biomedicine and Sexual Difference. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Watts, S. J. 1997. Epidemics and History: Disease, Power, and Imperialism. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Yersin, A., & Treille, G.-F. 1894. La peste bubonique à Hong Kong. In 310–311. Budapest, Hungary: VIIIe Congres international d’hygiene et de demographie. https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00442093 [Accessed 19 October 2021].Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this element is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.