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1 - Introduction: from colonies to Third World

Frederick Cooper
Affiliation:
New York University
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Summary

On April 27, 1994, black South Africans, for the first times in their lives, voted in an election to decide who would govern their country. The lines at polling stations snaked around many blocks. It had been over thirty years since African political movements had been banned, and the leader of the strongest of them, Nelson Mandela, had spent twenty-seven of those years in prison. Most activists and observers inside and outside South Africa had thought that the “apartheid” regime, with its explicit policy promoting white supremacy, had become so deeply entrenched and its supporters so attached to their privileges that only a revolution would dislodge it. In a world that, some thirty to forty years earlier, had begun to tear down colonial empires and denounce governments which practiced racial segregation, South Africa had become a pariah, subject to boycotts of investment, travel, and trade. Now it was being redeemed, taking its place among nations which respected civil rights and democratic processes. This was indeed a revolution – whose final act was peaceful.

Three weeks earlier, a part of the vast press corps assembled to observe the electoral revolution in South Africa had been called away to report on another sort of event in another part of Africa. On April 6, what the press described as a “tribal bloodbath” began in Kigali, capital of Rwanda. It started when the plane carrying the country's President, returning from a peace discussions in Arusha, Tanzania, was shot down.

Type
Chapter
Information
Africa since 1940
The Past of the Present
, pp. 1 - 19
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2002

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References

Freund, Bill. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800. 2nd edn. Boulder: Rienner, 1998CrossRef
Mazrui, Ali, ed. General History of Africa: Africa since 1935. Berkeley: University of California Press for UNESCO, 1993
Middleton, John, ed. Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. New York: Scribner's, 1997. 4 vols
Des Forges, Alison. “Leave None to Tell the Story”: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999
Newbury, Catherine. The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988
Prunier, Gérard. The Rwanda Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996
Evans, Ivan. Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997
Lodge, Tom. Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1983
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994
Posel, Deborah. The Making of Apartheid, 1948–1961: Conflict and Compromise. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991CrossRef
Seidman, Gay. Manufacturing Militance: Workers' Movements in Brazil and South Africa, 1970–1985. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994
Freund, Bill. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800. 2nd edn. Boulder: Rienner, 1998CrossRef
Mazrui, Ali, ed. General History of Africa: Africa since 1935. Berkeley: University of California Press for UNESCO, 1993
Middleton, John, ed. Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara. New York: Scribner's, 1997. 4 vols
Des Forges, Alison. “Leave None to Tell the Story”: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999
Newbury, Catherine. The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988
Prunier, Gérard. The Rwanda Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996
Evans, Ivan. Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997
Lodge, Tom. Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1983
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994
Posel, Deborah. The Making of Apartheid, 1948–1961: Conflict and Compromise. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991CrossRef
Seidman, Gay. Manufacturing Militance: Workers' Movements in Brazil and South Africa, 1970–1985. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994

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