Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Foundations of Anthropological Genetics
- Part 1 Theory
- Part 2 Methods
- Part 3 General Applications
- Chapter 9 Applications of Molecular Genetics to Forensic Sciences
- Chapter 10 Emerging Technologies: The Bright Future of Fluorescence
- Chapter 11 Mapping Genes Influencing Human Quantitative Trait Variation
- Part 4 Part IV The Human Diaspora
- Index
- References
Chapter 9 - Applications of Molecular Genetics to Forensic Sciences
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
Edited by
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Chapter 1 Foundations of Anthropological Genetics
- Part 1 Theory
- Part 2 Methods
- Part 3 General Applications
- Chapter 9 Applications of Molecular Genetics to Forensic Sciences
- Chapter 10 Emerging Technologies: The Bright Future of Fluorescence
- Chapter 11 Mapping Genes Influencing Human Quantitative Trait Variation
- Part 4 Part IV The Human Diaspora
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
There are many parallels between anthropological genetics and forensic science. Both have evolved as new useful human polymorphisms were found. Both have evolved as technology has advanced. See the excellent coverage of this in Chapter 7. The approaches of anthropological genetics to the study of human populations is described in Chapter 7. In contrast to anthropological genetics which usually looks at the population, forensic science uses the genetically useful markers found in populations to characterize or in forensic terminology ‘individualize’ evidence and individuals. In the ideal sense both would like to have genetic markers that will either individualize populations or evidence to a given population of geographical origin. In forensic science the area that tests biological testing of evidence is called forensic genetics. In forensic genetics there are two general ways in which evidence is individualized. The first is done by direct comparison of two genetic profiles; the second is done using Mendelian inheritance to establish the genetic relationship.
Forensic science uses a process of comparison in which an unknown sample is always compared to a known or reference sample. In the case of identification of drugs a white powder suspected of being a controlled substance is seized by a police officer and submitted to the crime laboratory for identification. The laboratory will do a presumptive test to see if the powder could be a controlled substance.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Anthropological GeneticsTheory, Methods and Applications, pp. 235 - 276Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2006
References
American Association of Blood Banks, Annual Report Summary for American Association of Blood Banks, Annual Report Summary for Testing in 2002, Parentage Testing Program Unit. aabb.org.
, , and (1989). Rapid typing of tandemly repeated hypervariable loci by polymerase chain reaction: Application to the apolipoprotein B 3′ hypervariable region. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 86, 212–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2002a). Characterization of heteroplasmy and hypervariable sites HV1: critique of D'Eustachio's interpretation. Forensic Science International, 130, 68–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2002b). Critique of interpretation of high levels of heteroplasmy in the human mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region I from hair. Forensic Science International, 126, 30–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2000). Long DOP-PCR of rare archival anthropological samplesHuman Biology, 72, 911–25Google ScholarPubMed
and (2005). Characterization of new MiniSTR loci to analysis of degraded DNA. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50, 43–53CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2003). An Overview of DNA Methods for the Identification and Individualization of Marijuana. CMJ, 44, 315–21Google Scholar
Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc (1993). No. 92–102 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT No. 92–102. Argued March 30, 1993. Decided June 28, 1993 U.S. Supreme Court.
, , and (1986). The use of biotinylated DNA probes for detecting single copy human restriction fragment length polymorphisms separated by electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 7, 278–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykes, D. D., Miller, S. A. and Schanfield, M. S. (1990a). Simultaneous DNA probing of paternity cases using non-Isotopic methods. In eds. and , Advance in Forensic Haemogenetics, 3, pp. 43–47.Google Scholar
, , , and (1990b). Two sources of error in size determinations of RFLP's using molecular weight standards. International Association of Forensic Sciences, August 1990, Adelaide, Australia.
, , , and (2004). Canine specific STR typing of saliva traces on dog bite wounds. In J. Leg. Med., 118, 337–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2005). DNA testing and the Frye standard. http://www.totse.com/en/law/justice_for_all/dnatest.html
Frye v. United States (1923). 54 App DC 46, 293 F. 1013, No. 3968, Court of Appeals of District of Columbia, submitted 7 November 1923, decided December 3, 1923.
, , and (2003). Identification of human remains by immobilized sequence specific oligonucleotides probe analysis of mtDNA hypervariable regions I and II. Croatian Medical Journal, 44, 293–8Google Scholar
(2001). Application of low copy number DNA profiling. Croatian Medical Journal, 42, 229–32Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , et al. (1994). Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis: Nature Genetics, 6, 130–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2004). A high-performance multilane microdevice system designed for the DNA forensics laboratory. Electrophoresis, 25, 1678–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (1992). Association between mutations and a VNTR in the human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase gene. American Journal of Human Genetics, 51, 627–36Google Scholar
, , , , et al. (1990). HLA-DQα allele and genotype frequencies in various human populations, determined by using enzymatic amplification and oligonucleotides probes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 47, 515–23Google Scholar
, and (1989). Amplification of a highly polymorphic VNTR segment by the polymerase chain reaction. Nuceleic Acids Research, 17, 2140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanov, P. L., Abramov, S. S., Gill, P., Sullivan, K. M., Kimpton, C. P., Ewett, I. W. and Plaksin, V. O. (1996a). Authentication of the skeletal remains of the last Russian Tsar and royal family. In eds. , , and , International Methods of Forensic DNA Analysis: Proceedings of the First Forensic Experts Conference, Dubai, Emirates 1994, pp. 21–35.Google Scholar
, , , , and (1996b). Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II. Nature Genetics, 12, 417–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1985). Individual-specific ‘fingerprints’ of human DNA. Nature, 316, 76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2005). DNA assays for the detection, identification and individualization of select agent microorganisms. Croatian Medical Journal (in press).Google Scholar
, , , , et al. (2004). Toward increased utility of mtDNA in forensic identification. Forensic Science International, 146 (suppl S), (S147–S149)CrossRef
, and (1990). Amplification of a variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) locus (pMCT118) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application to forensic science. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 35, 1196–2000CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2003). Whole genome amplification: Abundant supplies of DNA from precious samples or clinical specimens. Trends in Biotechnology, 21, 531–5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1994). Characterization of human AFLP systems Apolipoprotein B, Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, and D1S80. PCR Methods and Applications, 3, 351–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1989). High-resolution analysis of a hypervariable region in the human Apolipoprotein B gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 45, 458–64Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1996). DNA inter-population variation in Siberian indigenous population: The mountain Altai. Amer. J. Hum. Biol., 8, 599–6073.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (1995). VNTR DNA variation in Siberian Indigenous populations. Hum. Biol., 67, 217–29Google ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2003). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based assay for estimating DNA yield extracted from domestic cat specimens. CMJ, 44, 327–33Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (1986). Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: The polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 51, 263–73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2004). Use of human lice in forensic entomology. J. Med. Entomol., 41, 803–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NRC (1992). DNA Technology in Forensic Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy.
NRC (1996). The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academy.
, , , , and (2000). Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucus. Nature, 404, 490–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2002). Canine STR analysis in forensic practice. Observation of a possible mutation in a dog hair. Int. J. Leg. Med., 116, 286–8Google Scholar
(1999). The evolution of quality standards for forensic DNA analysis in the United States. Profiles in DNA/September 1999. http://www.promega.com/Google Scholar
, , , , , , , , and (1996). Identification of war victims from mass graves in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina by the use of standard forensic methods and DNA typing. J. Forensic Sciences, 41, 891–4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2000). Application of forensic DNA testing in the legal system. CMJ, 41, 32–46Google ScholarPubMed
(2000a). Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Basic principles. In eds. , and , Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. London: Academic Press, pp. 479–85.Google Scholar
Schanfield, M. (2000b). Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Parentage Testing. In eds. , and , Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences.London: Academic Press, pp. 504–15.Google Scholar
Schanfield, M. (2000c). Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Polymerase Chain Reaction. In eds. , and , Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences.London: Academic Press, pp. 515–25.Google Scholar
Schanfield, M. (2000d). Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Polymerase Chain Reaction –Short Tandem Repeats. In eds. , and , Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences.London: Academic Press, pp. 526–35.Google Scholar
, , , , , and (2002). Allele frequencies for the 13 CODIS STR loci in a sample of Southern Croatians. J. For. Sci., 47, 669–70Google Scholar
, , , , , et al. (2003). Evaluation of a whole-genome amplification method based on adaptor-ligation PCR of randomly sheared genomic DNA. Genes Chromosomes & Cancer, 38, 68–176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Von Beroldingen, C. H., Blake, E. T., Higuchi, R., Sensabaugh, G. and Ehrlich, H. (1989). Application of PCR to the analysis of biological evidence. In ed. , PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification. New York: Stockton Press, pp. 209–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1991). Chelex® 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR based typing from forensic material. BioTechniques, 10, 506–13Google Scholar
and (1989). An abundant class of human DNA polymorphism which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. American Journal of Human Genetics, 44, 388–96Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , , , , and (1985). Construction of linkage maps with DNA markers for human chromosomes. Nature, 313, 192–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1976). Likelihood of parentage. In ed. , Paternity Testing by Blood Grouping, 2nd edn. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 124–31.Google Scholar
and (1980). A highly polymorphic locus in human DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 77, 6754–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , and (2004). Genetic identification of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera Sarcophagidae). Int. J. Leg. Med., 118, 245–7Google Scholar