The crisis in access to justice for low- and moderate-income Americans has been the subject of renewed attention by the federal government, states, and private groups in recent years. There is also a renaissance of access to justice research, a body of work that illuminates many dark corners of our system of civil justice. While people of means have ready access to lawyers, the courts, and the burgeoning system of private dispute resolution, most low- and moderate-income Americans with legal problems either do not use the civil justice system at all attempt to navigate it on their own without counsel.

Since the mid-1970s, surveys conducted by the American Bar Association (ABA) and the Legal Services Corporation (LSC) have shown that 80% of the legal needs of low-income Americans and more than 50% of the legal needs of moderate-income Americans remain unmet. Data also confirm that underfunded civil legal aid providers must turn away many Americans who seek representation for their civil legal problems.

But even as we learn more, there remain many gaps in our understanding of how the market, regulatory policy, legal rules, and social forces shape the supply of legal services. The first part of this chapter will present what we know about the need or demand for legal services among low- and moderate-income Americans, and the second part will describe the sectors of the legal profession that provide these services. Viewed from both demand and supply perspectives, the crisis in access to civil justice in America presents a clear challenge to our commitment to justice.