Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- List of symbols
- 1 Basic principles and concepts
- 2 The nature and properties of foaming surfactants
- 3 Soap bubbles and thin films
- 4 Processes in foaming
- 5 Generation of bubbles and foams
- 6 Coalescence of bubbles in surfactant solutions
- 7 The stability/instability of bubbles and foams
- 8 Particle-stabilized foams
- 9 Foaming in non-aqueous liquids
- 10 Antifoaming and defoaming
- 11 Bubble size measurements and foam test methods
- 12 Bubble and foam chemistry - new areas of foam research
- Index
- References
1 - Basic principles and concepts
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 September 2016
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- List of symbols
- 1 Basic principles and concepts
- 2 The nature and properties of foaming surfactants
- 3 Soap bubbles and thin films
- 4 Processes in foaming
- 5 Generation of bubbles and foams
- 6 Coalescence of bubbles in surfactant solutions
- 7 The stability/instability of bubbles and foams
- 8 Particle-stabilized foams
- 9 Foaming in non-aqueous liquids
- 10 Antifoaming and defoaming
- 11 Bubble size measurements and foam test methods
- 12 Bubble and foam chemistry - new areas of foam research
- Index
- References
Summary
Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind.
Immanual Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, B25, 1781.Introduction
Foams can exist in the wet, dry or solid state and can be seen almost everywhere, in the home, in the surrounding natural environment and in numerous technological applications. In fact they are prevalent, and it is almost impossible to pass through an entire day without having contact with some type of liquid or solid foam. They have several interesting properties which enable them to fill an extremely wide range of uses; for example, they possess important mechanical, rheological and frictional characteristics which enable them to behave similar to solids, liquids or gases. Under low shear, wet (bubbly) foams exhibit elastic properties similar to solid bodies, but at high shear, they flow and deform in a similar manner to liquids. On the application of pressure or temperature to wet foams, the volume changes proportionately, and this behavior resembles that of gases. Interestingly, it is the elastic and frictional properties of wet foams which lead to their application in personal hygiene products such as body lotions, foaming creams and shaving foams. While shaving, foam is applied to the skin and the layer on the blade travels smoothly over the surface, reducing the possibilities of nicking and scratching. Another example is their use as firefighting foams, where properties such as low density, reasonably good mechanical resistance and heat stability are required in order to be effective in extinguishing gasoline fires. Essentially, they act by covering the flames with a thick semi-rigid foam blanket. The low density allows the water in the foam to float even though it is generally denser than the burning oils. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of these types of foams can be varied to optimize the firefighting utility.
Foams are also found in many food items, either in finished products or incorporated during some stage in food processing. They primarily provide texture to cappuccino, bread, whipped cream, ice-cream topping, bread, cakes, aerated desserts, etc. Surprisingly, several novel types of food foams have been recently produced from cod, mushroom and potatoes, using specially designed whipping siphons powered by pressurized gas with lecithin or gelatin as alternative foaming agents to replace egg and creams (1).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Bubble and Foam Chemistry , pp. 1 - 53Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016
References
(1) and , The Incredible Edible Foam, Scientific American, p. 10, December 2010.
(2) The Science Physics of Exotic Soap Bubbles, The Daily Telegraph, November 24, 2007.
(3) , Foam Breaking in Aqueous Solution, Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ed. , Chapter 8, pp. 143–157, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
(4) , and , Interfacial Separation of Particles, Studies in Interface Science, 20, Elsevier Publications, 2005.
(5) , , and , The Froth Stability Column Linking Froth Stability and Flotation Performance, Min. Eng., 18, 317–324, 2005.Google Scholar
(6) and , Surface Chemical Aspects of Flotation Deinking, Colloid Surf. A, 240, 111–130, 2004.Google Scholar
(7) , Foams: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry (Advances in Chemistry Series), Am. Chem. Soc., 242, 1994.Google Scholar
(8) , Running Shoe Case Study, Polymer Foam Handbook, Elsevier Publications, Chapter 13, p. 308, 2005.
(9) Foam that Stems Troops’ Wounds, Daily Mail, Tuesday, p. 26, June 18, 2013.
(10) , , and , Hard Cellular Materials in the Human Body. Properties and Production of Foamed Polymers for Bone Replacement. In Foams and Emulsions, Ed. and , Kluwer Academic, pp. 193–206, 1999.
(11) , On Growth and Form, edn, Cambridge University Press, 1942.
(12) , A Search for Structure, Selected Essays in Science, Art and History, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1981.
(13) and , The Physics of Foams, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999.
(14) and , The Science of Foaming, Historical Perspective, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 222, 228–259, 2015.Google Scholar
(15) , The Surface Evolver, Exp. Maths, 1, 141–165, 1992, www.susqu.edu/brakke/evolver/.Google Scholar
(16) , and , Structure of Random Foams, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (20), 20830-1–208301-4, 2004.Google Scholar
(17) , Statique Experimentale et Theorique des Liquids Soumis aux Seules Forces Moleculaires, 2, Clemm, Belgium. 1873.
(18) , How to Blow Soap Bubbles That Last for Months or Even Years, Sci. Am., 220 (5), 128–132, 1969.Google Scholar
(19) and , New Foams: Fresh Challenges and Opportunities
Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 13, 141–149, 2008.Google Scholar
(20) , Foaming, Foam Films, Antifoaming and Defoaming, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 64, 67–142, 1996.Google Scholar
(21) , Foams, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1973.
(22) and , Current Concepts in the Theory of Foaming, Q. Rev., Chem. Soc., 13, 71–79, 1959.Google Scholar
(23) , An Essay on the Cohesion of Fluids, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 95, 65, 1805.Google Scholar
(24) , Statique Experimentale et Theorique des Liquides Soumis aux Seules Forces Moleculaires, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1873.
(25) , On the Division of Space with Minimum Partitional Area, Acta Math., 11, 121–134, 1887.Google Scholar
(26) and , The Elastic Behavior of Low-Density Cellular Plastics, Low Density Cellular Plastics, Ed. and Coworkers, Chapman and Hall, 1994.
(27) and , A Counter-Example to Kelvins Conjecture on Minimal Surfaces, Phil. Mag. Lett., 69, 107–110, 1994.Google Scholar
(28) , A Problem of Bubbles Frames an Olympic Design, New York Times, August 5, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/sports/olympics/05swim.html.
(29) , , , and , An Experimental Realization of the Weaire-Phelan Structure in Monodispersed Liquid Foam, Philos. Mag. Lett., 92 (1), 1–6, 2012.Google Scholar
(30) , Space Filling Polyhedron: Its Relation to Aggregates of Soap Bubbles, Plant Cells and Metal Crystallites, Science, 161, 276–277, 1968.Google Scholar
(31) and , Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, edn, John Wiley and Sons, 1997.
(32) , The Three Dimensional Shape of Bubbles in Foam – Analysis of the Role of Surface Forces in Three Dimensional Cell Shape Determination, Am. J. Bot., 33 (1), 58–80, 1946.Google Scholar
(33) , and , Characterization of Foam Stability by the Use of Foam Models, Part 1 Models and Derived Lifetimes, Colloid Surf., 68, 267–273, 1992
Google Scholar
Part 2, Results and Discussion, Colloid Surf., 68, 275–282, 1992.
(34) and , A Dynamic Model of a Crystal Structure, Proc. Royal Soc., London, A190, 474–481, 1947.Google Scholar
(36) , and , Size Dependent Brittle to Ductile Transitions in Bubble Rafts, Colloids Surf., A, 382, 36–41, 2011.Google Scholar
(37) , , and , The Crystal Structure of Bubbles in the Wet Foam State, Soft Matter, 2, 129–134, 2006.Google Scholar
(38) , , and , Building the Pyramids; Perfect Bubble Crystals, Phil. Mag., 93, 31–33, 2013.Google Scholar
(39) , , , and , Ordered Polyhedral Foams in Tubes with Circular, Triangular and Square Cross Section, Colloids Surf., A, 322, 24–31, 2011.Google Scholar
(40) and , Antifoam Effects of Solid Particles, Oil Droplets and Oil Solid Compounds in Aqueous Foams. In Colloidal Particles at Liquid Interfaces, Ed. and , Chapter 10, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
(41) , , , and , Effect of Alkyl Tail Length of Quaternary Ammonium Gemini Surfactants on Foaming Properties, Colloids Surf., A, 384, 164–171, 2011.Google Scholar
(43) , Water: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1975.
(44) and Coworkers, Diffraction and IR/Raman Data Do Not Prove Tetrahedral Water, J. Chem. Phys., 129 (8), 2008.Google Scholar
(45) , Surface-Chemical Purity of Surfactants: Phenomena, Analysis, Results, and Consequences. Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, edn, Taylor and Francis, NewYork, pp. 5879–5906, 2006.
(46) and , Foam and Foam Films Stabilized by Influence of Chain Length and Impurities, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 286, 710–718, 2005.Google Scholar
(48) and , Scale Dependence of Bubble Creation Mechanisms in Breaking Waves, Nature, 418, 839–844, August 22, 2002.Google Scholar
(49) Sea Foam Blizzard in England. Courtesy of Jason Samenow, Weather Editor, The Washington Post, DC, December 30, 2011.
(50) , Collected Works, Vol. 1, Longmans Green, NewYork, 1931.
(51) and , Relationship between Surface Tension and Coverage, Langmuir, 27, 13975–13977, 2011.Google Scholar
(52) , Disjoining Pressure and Film Stability of Alkylmethylammonium Bromide Foam Films, Langmuir, 13 (13), 3474–3482, 1997.Google Scholar
(53) , On the Principle of Surface Viscosity of Liquids by Mr. J. Plateau, Il Nuovo Cimento, Ser. 2 (5), 1872.Google Scholar
(54) and , Soluble Effects of Bubble Coalescence, J. Phys. Chem., 99 (25), 10420, 1995.Google Scholar
(55) , Surface Rheology and Practical Behaviour of Foams and Thin Liquid Films, Chem. Ing. Tech., 64 (1), 73, 1992.Google Scholar
(56) , and , Dynamics of Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces, Studies in Interfacial Science Series, Vol. 1, Elsevier Publications, 1995.
(57) , and , Aqueous Solutions of Ethyl (Hydroxyl Ethyl) Cellulose and Hydrophobic Modified Ethyl (Hydroxyl Ethyl) Cellulose Polymer; Dynamic Surface Tension Measurements, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 193, (1), 41–49, 1997.Google Scholar
(58) , The Stagnant Surface Behavior and its Effect on Foam and Film Stability, Colloids Surf., A, 149, 467–473, 1999.Google Scholar
(59) and , Dynamic Surface Props in relation to the Dispersion Stability and Mechanical Properties, Food Colloids and Polymer stability, Ed. and , Cambridge, 1993.
(60) , Foams in Scientific Papers by Lord Rayleigh, Cambridge University Press, 1902.
(61) , and , Dynamic Surface Tension Measurements of Molten Sn/Pb solder Using Oscillating Slender Elliptical Jets, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 25, 91–102, 2004.Google Scholar
(62) and , An Apparatus for Comparison of Foaming Properties of Soaps and Detergents, Oil and Soap, 18, 99–102, May 1942.Google Scholar
(63) Personal Communication, Ed. , YKI, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009.
(64) and Coworkers, On the Long-term Stability of Foams Stabilised by Mixtures of Nano-particles and Oppositely Charged Short Chain Surfactants, Soft Matter, 43, 11085–11097, 2012.Google Scholar
(65) , and , Study of Foaming Properties and Effect of the Isomeric Distribution of Some Anionic Surfactants, J. Surfactants Deterg., 11, 279–286, 2008.Google Scholar
(66) , and , Dynamic Surface Tension and Foaming Properties of Aqueous Polyoxyethylene n-Dodecyl Ether Solutions, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 173, 493–499, 1995.Google Scholar
(67) , and , Foam Production – Ratio between Foaminess and Rate of Foam Decay, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 379, 144–147, 2012.Google Scholar
(68) , Measurements of Foaminess, Chapter 3, Foams, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1973.
(69) and , Structure and Dynamics of Confined Foams; A Recent Progress Report, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 137 (1), 20–26, 2008.Google Scholar
(70a) , Large Scale Structures in the Universe, Wiley, Chichester, 1998
(b) , Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foams, A Lifetime in Physics, 2000.
- 2
- Cited by