Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T05:03:33.815Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CHAPTER III - Labour in Great Britain

from BRITAIN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Sidney Pollard
Edited by
Peter Mathias  and
M. M. Postan
Sidney Pollard
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
Get access

Summary

The Industrial Revolution: Economic Models of the Labour Market

In Britain, the hundred years or so between c. 1750 and c. 1850 saw the competition of what is conventionally called the industrial revolution, and with it the corresponding transformation of the labour force from its traditional structure into a modern industrial working class. These changes constituted a stage in an irreversible social evolution, the creation of modern industrial capitalism. The new character given to society included the emergence of new classes and of new relationships between classes.

The period as a whole has a certain unity and is marked off without much difficulty as the transitional link between relatively more stable economic relations that preceded it and a re-stabilized, but different, framework that followed. Economic theorists who lived through it, beginning with the ‘classics’ of Political Economy, as well as more recent writers on economic development, have been inclined to treat it as a particular and indeed unique phase with certain laws and characteristics of its own. As far as the market for labour in this period is concerned, there has been a remarkable and indeed striking unanimity among them and among all observers. The general axiom is that in this period as a whole the market operated against labour, and that wages tended therefore to be at or near subsistence levels.

The mercantilist writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had looked upon labour as merely a factor of production, which, in a competitive world in which most industry was highly labour-intensive, should be obtained at the lowest possible cost.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe , pp. 97 - 179
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, L. P., Agricultural Depression and Farm Relief in England, 1813-1852. 1932; repr. 1965.
Adams, W. E., Memoirs of a Social Atom. 1903; repr. 1968.
Aikin, John. A Description of the Country from Thirty to Forty Miles round Manchester. 1795.
Alison, William Pulteney. Observations on the Management of the Poor in Scotland. 2nd edn. 1840.
Alison, William Pulteney. Reply to the Pamphlet Entitled Proposed Alteration of the Scottish Poor Law. 1840.
Alison, William Pulteney. Reply to Dr Chalmers' Objections. 1841.
Anderson, J., Observations on the Means of Exciting a Spirit of National Industry, 1777.
Andrews, C. Bruyn (ed.). The Torrington Diaries. 4 vols. 1935–8.
[Arbuthnot, John]. An Inquiry into the Connection between the Present Price of Provisions and the Size of Farms. By a Farmer. 1773.
Ashton, T. S. ‘Some Statistics of the Industrial Revolution in Britain’, Manchester School, XVI (1948).Google Scholar
Ashton, T. S., An Economic History of England: The Eighteenth Century. 1955.
Ashton, T. S., Economic Fluctuations in England, 1700-1800. 1955.
Ashton, T. S., and Sykes, J.. The British Coal Industry in the Eighteenth Century. 1929.
Aspinall, A., Early English Trade Unions. 1949.
Baird, C. R. ‘On the Poorest Class of Operative in Glasgow in 1837’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, I (1838–9).Google Scholar
Bamford, Samuel. Autobiography. 2 vols. 1967 edn (first published 1839–41).
Barton, John. Observations on… the Condition of the Labouring Classes of Society. 1817; repr. 1934.
Barton, John. An Inquiry into the Causes of the Progressive Depreciation of Agricultural Labour in Modern Times. 1820.
Barton, John. In Defence of the Corn Laws. 1833.
Beales, H. L. ‘The Historic Context of the Essay on Population’, in Glass, D. V. (ed.), Introduction to Malthus. 1953.Google Scholar
Bienfeld, M. A., Working Hours in British Industry: An Economic History. 1972.
Blaug, M., Ricardian Economics: A Historical Study. 1958.
Blaug, M. ‘The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New’, Journal of Economic History, XXIII, 2 (1963).Google Scholar
Booth, Charles. Life and Labour of the People in London. 2 vols. 1889; and 17 vols. 1903.
Bowley, A. L. ‘The Statistics of Wages in the United Kingdom during the Last Hundred Years’, articles in various issues of Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, LXI-LXIII (1898–1900).Google Scholar
Bowley, A. L., Wages in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century. 1900.
Bowley, A. L., The Division of the Product of Industry. 1919.
Bowley, A. L., The Change in the Distribution of the National Income, 1880–1913. 1920.
Bowley, A. L., Wages and Incomes since 1860. 1937.
Bowley, A. L., and Burnett-Hurst, A. R.. Livelihood and Poverty. 1915.
Bowley, Marian. Innovations in Building Materials. 1960.
Bowley, Marian. The British Building Industry: Some Studies in Response and Resistance to Change. 1966.
Brassey, Thomas (Lord Brassey). Work and Wages. 1894 edn (first published 1872).
Briggs, Asa, and Saville, J. (eds.). Essays in Labour History. 1960.
Brooke, D. ‘Railway Navvies on the Pennines, 1841–1871’, Journal of Transport History, n.s. III (1975).Google Scholar
Brothwell, J. F. ‘The Theoretical Basis for the Phillips Curve’, Bulletin of Economic Research, XXIV (1972).Google Scholar
Brown, E. H. Phelps. and Hart, P. E.. ‘The Share of Wages in National Income’, Economic Journal, LXII (1952).Google Scholar
Brown, E. H. Phelps. and Browne, Margaret H.. A Century of Pay. 1968.
Buckatzsch, E. J. ‘Places of Origin of a Group of Immigrants into Sheffield, 1624–1799’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser, II, 3 (1950).Google Scholar
Buckatzsch, E. J. ‘The Constancy of Local Populations and Migration in England before 1800’, Population Studies, V, I (1951).Google Scholar
Buret, Eugène. De la misère des classes laborieuses en Angleterre et en France. 2 vols. 1840.
Burness, W., Essay on the Elements of British Industry. 1848.
Burnett, J., Useful Toil: Autobiographies of Working People from the 1820's to the 1920's. 1974.
Burt, Roger (ed.). Industry and Society in the South-West. 1970.
Burt, Roger. Cornish Mining. 1969.
Butterworth, E., Historical Sketches of Oldham. 1856.
Bythell, Duncan. The Handloom Weavers. 1969.
Caird, J., English Agriculture in 1850–51. 2nd edn. 1968.
Cairncross, A. K. ‘Internal Migration in Victorian England’, Manchester School, XVII (1949).Google Scholar
Chalklin, C. W., The Provincial Towns of Georgian England. 1974.
Challinor, Raymond, and Ripley, Brian. The Miners' Association: A Trade Union in the Age of the Chartists. 1968.
Chalmers, Thomas. The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns. 3 vols. 1821–6.
Chaloner, W. H., The Skilled Artisans during the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. Historical Association pamphlet. 1969.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. D. ‘Enclosure and Labour Supply in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. V (1953).Google Scholar
Chambers, J. D., Nottinghamshire in the Eighteenth Century. 2nd edn. 1965.
Chambers, J. D., Population, Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial England, 1972.
Chambers, J. D., and Mingay, G. E.. The Agricultural Revolution, 1750–1880. 1966.
Chambers, William. Memoir of Robert Chambers with Autobiographical Reminiscences. 1872.
Chapman, S. D. ‘The Transition to the Factory System in the Midland Cotton Industry’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XVIII (1965).Google Scholar
Chapman, S. D., The Early Factory Masters. 1967.
Church, R. A. ‘Labour Supply and Innovation, 1800–1860: The Boot and Shoe Industry’, Business History, XII, I (January 1970).Google Scholar
Clapham, J. H., Economic History of Modern Britain. 3 vols. 1926–39; repr. 1964.
Clapham, J. H. ‘Work and Wages’, in Young, G. M. (ed.), Early Victorian England. 2 vols. 1934; repr. 1963.Google Scholar
Clegg, H. A., Fox, Alan, and Thomson, A. F.. A History of British Trade Unions since 1889, I: 1889–1910. 1964.
Coats, A. W. ‘Changing Attitudes to Labour in the Mid-Eighteenth Century’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XI (1958).Google Scholar
Cobden, John C., The White Slaves of England. 1853.
Cole, G. D. H., Attempts at General Union. 1953.
Cole, G. D. H., Studies in Class Structure. 1955.
Cole, G. D. H., and Filson, A. W. (eds.). British Working-Class Movements: Select Documents, 1789–1875. 1965 edn (first published 1951).
Collier, F., The Family Economy of the Working Class in the Cotton Industry, 1784–1833. 1964.
Collins, E. J. T. ‘Labour Supply and Demand in European Agriculture, 1800–1880’, in Jones, E. L. and Woolf, S. J. (eds.), Agrarian Change and Economic Development. 1969.Google Scholar
Collins, E. J. T. ‘Harvest Technology and Labour Supply in Britain, 1790–1870’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXII (1969).Google Scholar
Colquhoun, Patrick. A Treatise on Indigence. 1806.
Cooke-Taylor, R. W., The Modern Factory System. 1841.
Cooney, E. W. ‘The Origins of the Victorian Master Builders’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser.; VIII (1955).Google Scholar
Coontz, Sydney H., Population Theories and the Economic Interpretation. 1961.
Corry, B., and Laidler, D.. ‘The Phillips Relation: A Theoretical Explanation’, Economica, XXXIV, 134 (1967).Google Scholar
David, Paul A. ‘Labour Productivity in English Agriculture, 1850–1914: Some Quantitative Evidence on Regional Differences’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXIII, 3 (1970).Google Scholar
Deane, P. M., The First Industrial Revolution. 1965.
Deane, P., and Cole, W. A.. British Economic Growth, 1688–1959. 1962.
Derry, T. K. ‘The Repeal of the Apprenticeship Clause of the Statute of Apprentices’, Economic History Review, III (1931–2).Google Scholar
Desai, Ashok V., Real Wages in Germany, 1871–1913. 1968.
Devey, Joseph. The Life of Joseph Locke. 1962.
D'Haussez, Baron. Great Britain in 1833. 1833.
[Dodd, William]. The Labouring Classes of England. 1847.
Drake, Michael (ed.). Population in Industrialization. 1969.
Duckham, Baron F. ‘Serfdom in Eighteenth Century Scotland’, History, LIV (1969).Google Scholar
Dyer, G., Complaints of the People of England, 1793.
Edwards, J. K. ‘Norwich Bills of Mortality, 1707–1830’, Yorkshire Bulletin, XXI (1969).Google Scholar
Edwards, M. M., The Growth of the British Cotton Trade, 1780–1815. Manchester, 1967.
Engels, F., Condition of the Working Class in England. 1845; repr. 1958.
Fairlie, S. ‘The Corn Laws and British Wheat Production, 1829–76’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXII (1969).Google Scholar
Faucher, Léon. Manchester in 1844: Its Present Condition and Future Prospect. 1844.
Faucher, Léon. Etudes sur I'Angleterre. 2nd edn. 1856.
Fei, J. C. H., and Ranis, G.. Development of the Labor Surplus Economy. 1964.
Felkin, W. ‘The Labouring Classes in the Township of Hyde, Cheshire’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, I (1838–9).Google Scholar
Feynes, R., History of the Northumberland and Durham Miners. 1873; repr. 1923.
Fischer, J. C., Tagebücher. 1951.
Fischer, W. ‘Innerbetrieblicher und sozialer Status der frühen Fabrikarbeiterschaft’, Forschungen zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, VI (1964).Google Scholar
Fong, H. D., The Triumph of the Factory System. 1932.
Fraser, W. H., Trade Unions and Society: The Struggle for Acceptance, 1850–1880. 1974.
Furniss, E. S., The Position of the Labourers in a System of Nationalism. 1920; repr. 1957.
Fussell, G. E., and Compton, M.. ‘Agricultural Adjustment after the Napoleonic Wars’, Economic History, IV (1939).Google Scholar
Gash, N. ‘Rural Unemployment, 1815–1834’, Economic History Review, VI (1935).Google Scholar
Gaskell, P., The Manufacturing Population of England. 1833.
Gaskell, P., Artisans and Machinery. 1836; repr. 1968.
Gilboy, E. W., Wages in Eighteenth-Century England. 1934.
Gonner, E. C. K., Common Land and Enclosure. 2nd edn. 1965.
Greg, W. R. ‘English Socialism’ (1850), in Mistaken Aims and Attainable Ideals of the Artisan Class. 1876.Google Scholar
Guest, John. Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture. 1823; repr. 1968.
Habakkuk, H. J., American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century. 1962.
Habakkuk, H. J., Population Growth and Economic Development since 1750. 1971.
Hamilton, E. J. ‘Profit Inflation and the Industrial Revolution, 1751–1800’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, LVI (1942).Google Scholar
Hammond, J. L., and Hammond, B.. The Village Labourer, 1760–1832. 1912.
Hammond, J. L., and Hammond, B.. The Skilled Labourer, 1760–1832. 1920 edn.
Handley, J. E., The Irish in Scotland, 1798–1845. 2nd edn. 1945.
Harrison, R. J., Before the Socialists. 1965.
Hartwell, R. M. (ed.). The Industrial Revolution. 1970.
Hasbach, W., A History of the English Agricultural Labourer. 1908.
Hawke, G. R., Railways and Economic Growth in England and Wales, 1840–1870. 1970.
Hax, K., ‘Wandlungen der Gewinnvorstellungen’, in Gestaltwandel der Unternehmung (Berlin, 1954), 209.Google Scholar
Head, George Sir. A Home Tour through the Manufacturing Districts of England in the Summer of 1835. 1968 edn.
Henderson, W. O. (ed.). Industrial Britain under the Regency: The Diaries of Escher Bodmer, May and de Gallois. 1968.
Hicks, J. R., Value and Capital. 1946.
Hill, R. L., Toryism and the People, 1832–46. 1929.
Hill, Francis Sir. Georgian Lincoln. 1966.
Hilton, W. S., Foes to Tyranny: A History of the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers. 1963.
Hindmarsh, L. ‘Condition of the Agricultural Labourers in the Northern Division of Northumberland’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, I (1838–9).Google Scholar
Hines, A. G. ‘Trade Unions and Wage Inflation in the United Kingdom, 1893–1961’, Review of Economic Studies, XXXI (1964).Google Scholar
Hines, A. G. ‘Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1862–1963: A Reappraisal’, Review of Economics and Statistics, L, I (1968).Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. ‘The British Standard of Living, 1790–1850’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. X (1957).Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J., Labouring Men. 1964.
Hobsbawm, E. J., and Rudé, George. Captain Swing. 1969.
Holmes, J. M., and Smyth, D. J.. ‘The Relation between Unemployment and Excess Demand for Labour: An Examination of the Theory of the Phillips Curve’, Economica, XXXVII, 148 (1970).Google Scholar
House, J. W. ‘North-Eastern England: Population Movements and the Landscape since the Early 19th Century’ (cyclostyled). 1954.
Howell, George. The Conflicts of Capital and Labour. 1878.
Hughes, Edward. North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century. 2 vols. 1952.
Hughes, J. R. T., Fluctuations in Trade, Industry and Finance. 1960.
Hunt, E. H. ‘Labour Productivity in English Agriculture, 1850–1914’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XX (1967).Google Scholar
Hunt, E. H. ‘Quantitative and Other Evidence in Agriculture, 1850–1914’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXIII (1970).Google Scholar
Hunt, E. H., Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850–1914. 1973.
John, A. H., The Industrial Development of South Wales, 1750–1850. 1950.
Jones, E. L., and Mingay, G. E. (eds.). Land, Labour and Population in the Industrial Revolution. 1967.
Jones, E. L. ‘The Agricultural Labour Market in England’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XVII (1964).Google Scholar
Jones, E. L. ‘The Agricultural Origins of Industry’, Past and Present, no. 40 (1968).Google Scholar
Jungfer, V., ‘Wandlungen des Unternehmerbegriffs’, in Gestaltwandel der Unternehmung, Nürnberger Hochschulwoche 1953 (Berlin, 1954).Google Scholar
Kaldor, N. ‘Economic Growth and the Problem of Inflation, II’, Economica, XXVI, 104 (1959).Google Scholar
Kay, J. P. ‘Earnings of Agricultural Labourers in Norfolk and Suffolk’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, I (1838–9).Google Scholar
Keeling, Frederic. Child Labour in the United Kingdom. 1914.
Keynes, J. M. ‘Relative Movements of Real Wages and Output’, Economical Journal, XLIX (1939).Google Scholar
Kindleberger, C. P., Foreign Trade and the National Economy. 1962.
Kindleberger, C. P., Europe's Postwar Growth: The Role of Labor Supply. 1967.
Kingsford, P. W., Victorian Railwaymen. 1970.
Knowles, K. G. J. C., and Robertson, D. J.. ‘Differences between the Wages of Skilled and Unskilled Workers, 1880–1950’, Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Statistics, XIII (1951).Google Scholar
Kuczynski, J., Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus. 40 vols. 1962–8.
Kuczynski, J., Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter in Deutschland, I, part 1 (1954), 89ff
Laslett, Peter. The World We Have Lost. 1971 edn (first published 1965).
Law, John. Money and Trade. 1705.
,Leeds Town Council. Statistical Committee. ‘Report upon the Condition of the Town of Leeds and of Its Inhabitants’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, II (1839–40).
Leifchild, J. R., Our Coal and Our Pits. 1856.
Lester, C. Edward, The Glory and Shame of England, 2 vols. (1866), II.
Lewis, J. Parry. Building Cycles and Britain's Growth. 1965.
Lewis, Richard A., Edwin Chadwick and the Public Health Movement, 1832–1854. 1952.
Lewis, W. A. ‘Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour’, Manchester School, XXII (1954).Google Scholar
Lewis, W. A., Socialism and Economic Growth. 1971.
Lipsey, R. G. ‘The Relation between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wages in the United Kingdom, 1862–1957’, Economica, XXVII, 105 (1960).Google Scholar
Lipsey, R. G., and Steuer, M. D.. ‘The Relations between Profits and Wage Rates’, Economica, XXVIII, 108 (1961).Google Scholar
Loftus, P. J. ‘Labour's Share in Manufacturing’, Lloyds Bank Review, XCII (1969).Google Scholar
Louis, Henry. ‘The Pitmen's Yearly Bond’, Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining, LXXX (1930).Google Scholar
Ludlow, J. M., and Jones, Lloyd. The Progress of the Working Class, 1832–1867. 1867.
MacAskill, Joy. ‘The Chartist Land Plan’, in Briggs, Asa (ed.), Chartist Studies. 1959.Google Scholar
Malthus, T. R., Essay on the Principle of Population. 2 vols. 3rd edn. 1806.
Malthus, T. R., Principles of Political Economy. 2nd edn. 1836; repr. 1936.
Marchal, Jean, and Ducros, Bernard (eds.). The Distribution of National Income. 1968.
Marshall, J. D. ‘The Lancashire Rural Labourer in the Early Nineteenth Century’, Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, LXXI (1961).Google Scholar
Marshall, W., A Review of the Reports to the Board of Agriculture for the Northern Department of England. 1808.
Marx, Karl. Capital, vol. I. Everyman edn. 2 parts. 1930; repr. 1957.
Marx, Karl. Capital, vol. III. Chicago edn. 1909.
Mather, F. C., After the Canal Duke, 1970.
Mathias, Peter. The First Industrial Nation: The Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914. 1969.
Matthews, R. C. O., Economic Fluctuations in Great Britain, 1833–1842, 1954.
Mayhew, H., London Labour and the London Poor. 4 vols. 1861.
McCormick, B. ‘Hours of Work in British Industry’, Industrial and Labour Relations Review, XII (1959).Google Scholar
McCormick, B., and Williams, J. E.. ‘The Miners and the Eight-Hour Day, 1863–1910’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XII (1959).Google Scholar
Mcculloch, J. R., A Statistical Account of the British Empire. 1837; 4th edn, 1854.
McCulloch, J. R., A Descriptive and Statistical Account of the British Empire. 2 vols. 3rd edn. 1847.
McCulloch, J. R., A Treatise on the Circumstances which Determine the Rate of Wages and the Condition of the Labouring Classes. 2nd edn. 1854; repr. 1963.
McKeown, T., and Brown, R. G.. ‘Medical Evidence relating to English Population Changes in the Eighteenth Century’, in Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. (eds.), Population in History. 1965.Google Scholar
M'Douall, P. M. ‘Statistics of the Parish of Ramsbottom, nr Bury, Lancashire’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, I (1838–9).Google Scholar
Meek, R. L., Marx and Engels on Malthus. 1953.
Mendels, F. F. ‘Proto-Industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process’, Journal of Economic History, XXXII (1972).Google Scholar
Merttens, F. ‘The Hours and Cost of Labour in the Cotton Industry at Home and Abroad’, Transactions of the Manchester Statistical Society, 1893–4.Google Scholar
Mingay, G. E. ‘The Size of Farms in the Eighteenth Century’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XIV (1962).Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. R., and Deane, P.. Abstract of British Historical Statistics, 1962.
Morgan, Valerie. ‘Agricultural Wage Rates in Late Eighteenth-Century Scotland’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXIV (1971).Google Scholar
Morris, Max (ed.). From Cobbett to the Chartists, 1815–1848. 1948.
,National Association For The Promotion Of Social Science. Trades' Societies and Strikes. 1860.
Neale, R. S. ‘Class and Class Consciousness in Early Nineteenth-Century England: Three Classes or Five’, Victorian Studies, XII (1968–9).Google Scholar
Nurkse, R., Capital Formation. 1953.
Ohkawa, K., and Minami, R.. ‘The Phase of Unlimited Supplies of Labour’, Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, V, I (1964).Google Scholar
Owen, R., Life of Robert Owen, by Himself. 1920 edn.
Owen, R., On the Employment of Children in Manufactories (1818), repr. in New View of Society, ed. Cole, G. D. H.. 1927.Google Scholar
Peacock, A. J., Bread or Blood. 1965.
Pelling, Henry. Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain. 1968.
Perkin, Harold. The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780–1880. 1969.
Phillips, A. W. ‘The Relation between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861–1957’, Economica, XXV, 100 (1958).Google Scholar
Pimlott, J. A. R., The Englishman's Holiday: A Social History. 1947.
Pinchbeck, Ivy. Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. 1930.
Pole, William. The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart. 1877.
Pollard, S. ‘Trade Unions and the Labour Market, 1870–1914’, Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, XVII (1965).Google Scholar
Pollard, S., and Crossley, D. W.. The Wealth of Britain, 1085–1966. 1968.
Porter, G. R., Progress of the Nation. 3rd edn. 1851.
Postgate, R. W., The Builders History. 1923.
Pressnell, L. S. (ed.). Studies in the Industrial Revolution. 1960.
Prest, A. R. ‘National Income of the United Kingdom, 1870–1946’, Economic Journal, LVIII (1948).Google Scholar
Prest, J., The Industrial Revolution in Coventry. 1960.
Prothero, I. J. ‘Chartism in London’, Past and Present, no. 44 (1969).Google Scholar
Prothero, I. J. ‘London Chartists and the Trades’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXIV, 2 (1971).Google Scholar
Radcliffe, William, Origin of the New System of Manufacture. 1828.
Redford, A., Labour Migration in England, 1800–1850. 2nd edn. 1964.
Ricardo, D., The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, ed. Sraffa, P. and Dobb, M. H.. II vols. 1951–73.
Richardson, C. ‘Irish Settlement in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Bradford’, Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, XX (1968).Google Scholar
Rimmer, W. G. ‘Working-Men's Cottages in Leeds, 1770–1840’, Thoresby Society, XLVI (1960).Google Scholar
Robinson, J., An Essay on Marxian Economics. 1942; repr. 1947.
Rogers, J. E. Thorold. Six Centuries of Work and Wages. 1894.
Routh, Guy. Occupation and Pay in Great Britain, 1906–1960. 1965.
Rowntree, B. Seebohm. Poverty: A Study of Town Life. 1901.
Salin, E., ‘Manager’, in Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften, VIII (Stuttgart, 1961).Google Scholar
Schroder, E., ‘Alfred Krupp’, in Rheinisch-westfälische Wirtschaftsbiographien, I (Miinster, 1953).Google Scholar
Schumpter, J., ‘Unternehmer’, in Handivörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, VIII (Jena, 1928).Google Scholar
Scott, Hylton. ‘The Miners Bond in Northumberland and Durham’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 4th ser. XI (1947).Google Scholar
Shaw, A. G. L. (ed.). Great Britain and the Colonies, 1815–1865. 1970.
Sigsworth, E. M. ‘A Provincial Hospital in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries’, College of General Practitioners, Yorkshire Faculty Journal, June 1966.Google Scholar
Simond, L., Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain during the Years 1810 and 1811. 2 vols. 1815.
Simpson, J. B., Capital and Labour in Coal Mining. 1900.
Smelser, Neil J., Social Change in the Industrial Revolution. 1959.
Smith, Adam. Wealth of Nations, ed. McCulloch, J. R.. 1863 edn.
Somerville, Alexander. The Autobiography of a Working Man. 1848; repr. 1967.
Sotiroff, G. (ed.). Economic Writings. 2 vols. 1962–3.
,Statistical Society Of London, Committee of. ‘State of the Working Classes in the Parishes of St Margaret and St John, Westminster’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, III (1840–1).
,Statistical Society Of Manchester, ‘Report on the Condition of the Population in Three Parishes in Rutlandshire’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, II (1839–40).
Steffen, G., Studien zur Geschichte der englischen Lohnarbeiter. 3 vols. 1901.
Steuart, James Sir. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Œconomy. 2 vols. 1767; repr. 1966.
Styles, Philip. ‘The Evolution of the Law of Settlement’, University of Birmingham Historical Journal, IX (1963).Google Scholar
Symons, Jelinger C., Arts and Artisans at Home and Abroad. 1839.
Taylor, James Stephen. ‘The Mythology of the Old Poor Law’, Journal of Economic History, XXIX (1969).Google Scholar
Thackrah, C. Turner. The Effects of Arts, Trades and Professions… on Health and Longevity. 1832.
Thomas, R. L., and Stoney, P. M.. ‘Unemployment Dispersion as a Determinant of Wage Inflation in the U. K. 1926–1966’, Manchester School, XXXIX (1971).Google Scholar
Thomas, W. E. S. ‘Francis Place and Working-Class History’, Historical Journal, V (1962).Google Scholar
Thomis, M. I., Politics and Society in Nottingham, 1785–1835. 1969.
Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class. 1963.
Thompson, E. P. ‘Time, Work Discipline and Industrial Capitalism’, Past and Present, no. 38 (1967).Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P., and Yeo, Eileen. The Unknown Mayhew. 1971.
Treble, J. H. ‘Irish Navvies in the North of England, 1830–1880’, Transport History, VI (1973).Google Scholar
Treue, W., ‘Erfinder und Untemehmer’, Tradition, VIII (1963).Google Scholar
Tucker, Josiah. Reflections on the Present Low Price of Coarse Wools. 1782.
Turnbull, G., A History of Calico Printing in Great Britain. 1939.
Umemura, Mataji. ‘Agriculture and Labour Supply in Japan in the Meiji Era’, The Developing Economies, III, 3 (1965).Google Scholar
Unwin, Mrs Cobden (ed.). The Hungry Forties: Life under the Bread Tax. 1904.
Vanderkamp, J. ‘The Phillips Relation: A Theoretical Explanation – A Comment’, Economica, XXXV, 138 (1968).Google Scholar
Vester, M., Die Entstehung des Proletariats als Lernprozess. 1970.
[Wade, John]. History of the Middle and Working Classes. 1833.
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon. England and America. 2 vols. 1833.
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon. The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, ed. Lloyd Pritchard, M. F.. 1968.
Walker, F. A., The Wages Question. 1887.
Wallas, G., Francis Place, 1771–1854. 1908.
Ward, J. T., The Factory System. 2 vols. 1970.
Ward, J. T., The Factory Movement, 1830–1855. 1962.
Ward, James. Workmen and Wages at Home and Abroad. 1868.
Webb, S., and Webb, B.. History of Trade Unionism. 1902 edn.
Weber, A. F., The Growth of Cities in the 19th Century. 1899.
Wiles, R. C. ‘The Theory of Wages in Later English Mercantilism’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. XXI (1968).Google Scholar
Williams, J. E., The Derbyshire Miners. 1962.
Wing, Charles. Evils of the Factory System, Demonstrated by Parliamentary Evidence. 1837; repr. 1967.
Woodward, J. H. ‘Before Bacteriology – Deaths in Hospitals’, College of General Practitioners, Yorkshire Faculty Journal, Autumn 1969.Google Scholar
Wootton, Barbara. The Social Foundations of Wage Policy. 1955.
[Wright, Thomas]. Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes, by a Journeyman Engineer. 1867; repr. 1967.
Young, Arthur. A Farmer's Tour through the East of England. 4 vols. 1771.
Young, Arthur. Political Arithmetic. 1774.
Young, G. M. (ed.). Early Victorian England. 2 vols. 1934; repr. 1963.
Youngson, A. J., The Making of Classical Edinburgh, 1750–1850. 1966.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×