Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T06:27:11.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Culture and Communication among Cetaceans

from Part I - The Comparative Approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2020

By
Ellen C. Garland  and
Luke Rendell
Edited by
Lance Workman ,
Will Reader  and
Jerome H. Barkow
Lance Workman
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Will Reader
Affiliation:
Sheffield Hallam University
Jerome H. Barkow
Affiliation:
Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia
Get access

Summary

Cetaceans live in an environment that is alien to us. They are adapted to live in a three-dimensional fluid world that has exerted evolutionary pressures vastly different from those we are shaped by as terrestrial beings, yet they share our mammalian heritage. For these reasons, they are profoundly relevant to any comparative analysis of human behavior, particularly aspects in which both they and we represent relative peaks across the mammalian order. Humans are visual creatures; in contrast, cetaceans rely heavily on their acoustic sensory system because a profound reliance on sound in the ocean for everything from communication to navigation is essential given the very limited light that penetrates more than 100 m or so. Sound travels much faster and further in water than air, allowing communication to occur over tens of kilometers and sometimes across an entire ocean basin. Marine niches vary in time and space in quite different ways to those on land.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behavior , pp. 23 - 34
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, J. Z., Hernández-Lloreda, M. V., García, L., et al. (2018). Imitation of novel conspecific and human speech sounds in the killer whale (Orcinus orca). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285, 20172171.Google Scholar
Allen, J., Weinrich, M., Hoppitt, W., & Rendell, L. (2013). Network-based diffusion analysis reveals cultural transmission of lobtail feeding in humpback whales. Science, 340, 485–488.Google Scholar
Antunes, R., Schulz, T., Gero, S., et al. (2011). Individually distinctive acoustic features in sperm whale codas. Animal Behaviour, 81, 723–730.Google Scholar
Berta, A., & Sumich, J. L. (2006). Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology, 2nd ed. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bigg, M. A., Olesiuk, P. F., Ellis, G. M., Ford, J. K. B., & Balcomb, K. C. B. III (1990). Organization and genealogy of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 12, 383–405.Google Scholar
Bruck, J. N. (2013). Decades-long social memory in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20131726.Google Scholar
Caldwell, M. C., & Caldwell, D. K. (1965). Individualized whistle contours in bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Nature, 207, 434–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cato, D. H. (1991). Songs of humpback whales: The Australian perspective. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30, 277–290.Google Scholar
Christal, J., Whitehead, H., & Lettevall, E. (1998). Sperm whale social units: Variation and change. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 1431–1440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clapham, P. (2000). The humpback whale: Seasonal feeding and breeding in a baleen whale. In Mann, J., Connor, R. C, Tyack, P. L, & Whitehead, H, eds., Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 173–196.Google Scholar
Connor, R. C., & Krützen, M. (2015). Male dolphin alliances in Shark Bay: Changing perspectives in a 30-year study. Animal Behaviour, 103, 223–235.Google Scholar
Connor, R. C., Smolker, R. A., & Richards, A. F. (1992). Two levels of alliance formation among male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 89, 987–990.Google Scholar
Connor, R. C., Wells, R. S., Mann, J., & Read, A. J. (2000). The bottlenose dolphin: Social relationships in a fission-fusion society. In Mann, J., Connor, R. C, Tyack, P. L, & Whitehead, H, eds., Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 91–126.Google Scholar
Crance, J. L., Bowles, A. E., & Garver, A. (2014). Evidence for vocal learning in juvenile male killer whales, Orcinus orca, from an adventitious cross-socializing experiment. Journal of Experimental Biology, 217, 1229–1237.Google ScholarPubMed
Dalebout, M. L., Mead, J. G., Baker, C. S., Baker, A. N., & Helden, A. L. (2002). A new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini sp. n. (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) discovered through phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Marine Mammal Science, 18, 577–608.Google Scholar
Darling, J. D., Jones, M. E., & Nicklin, C. P. (2006). Humpback whale songs: Do they organize males during the breeding season? Behaviour, 143, 1051–1101.Google Scholar
Deecke, V. B., Ford, J. K. B., & Spong, P. (2000). Dialect change in resident killer whales: Implications for vocal learning and cultural transmission. Animal Behaviour, 40, 629–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deecke, V. B., Ford, J. K. B., & Slater, P. J. B. (2005). The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: Communicating with costly calls. Animal Behaviour, 69, 395–405.Google Scholar
Favaro, L., Neves, S., Furlati, S., et al. (2016). Evidence suggests vocal production learning in a cross-fostered Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus). Animal Cognition, 19, 847–853.Google Scholar
Filatova, O. A., & Miller, P. J. O. (2015). An agent-based model of dialect evolution in killer whales. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 373, 82–91.Google Scholar
Filatova, O. A., Samarra, F. I. P., Deecke, V. B., et al. (2015). Cultural evolution of killer whale calls: Background, mechanisms and consequences. Behaviour, 152, 2001–2038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foote, A. D., Griffin, R. M., Howitt, D., et al. (2006). Killer whales are capable of vocal learning. Biology Letters, 2, 509–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foote, A. D., Newton, J., Piertney, S. B., Willerslev, E., & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2009). Ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology, 18, 5207–5217.Google Scholar
Foote, A. D., Vijay, N., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., et al. (2016). Genome–culture coevolution promotes rapid divergence of killer whale ecotypes. Nature Communications, 7, 11693.Google Scholar
Ford, J. K. B. (1991). Vocal traditions among resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal waters of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 1454–1483.Google Scholar
Ford, J. K. B., Ellis, G. M., Barrett-Lennard, L. G., et al. (1998). Dietary specialization in two sympatric populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76, 1456–1471.Google Scholar
Fragaszy, D., & Perry, S. (2003). Towards a biology of traditions. In Fragaszy, D, & Perry, S, eds., The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar
Frère, C. H., Krutzen, M., Mann, J., et al. (2010). Social and genetic interactions drive fitness variation in a free-living dolphin population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 19949–19954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frumhoff, P. (1983). Aberrant songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): Clues to the structure of humpback songs. In Payne, R., ed., Communication and Behavior of Whales. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 81–127.Google Scholar
Galef, B. G. (2009). Culture in animals? In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds., The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 222–246.Google Scholar
Garland, E. C., Goldizen, A. W. W., Rekdahl, M. L. L., et al. (2011). Dynamic horizontal cultural transmission of humpback whale song at the ocean basin scale. Current Biology, 21, 687–691.Google Scholar
Garland, E. C., Lilley, M. S., Goldizen, A. W., et al. (2012). Improved versions of the Levenshtein distance method for comparing sequence information in animals’ vocalisations: Tests using humpback whale song. Behaviour, 149, 1413–1441.Google Scholar
Garland, E. C., Gedamke, J., Rekdahl, M. L., et al. (2013a). Humpback whale song on the southern ocean feeding grounds: Implications for cultural transmission. PLoS ONE, 8, e79422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garland, E. C., Noad, M. J., Goldizen, A. W., et al. (2013b). Quantifying humpback whale song sequences to understand the dynamics of song exchange at the ocean basin scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133, 560–569.Google Scholar
Garland, E. C., Goldizen, A. W., Lilley, M. S., et al. (2015). Population structure of humpback whales in the western and central South Pacific Ocean as determined by vocal exchange among populations. Conservation Biology, 29, 1198–1207.Google Scholar
Gero, S., Bøttcher, A., Whitehead, H., & Madsen, P. T. (2016a). Socially segregated, sympatric sperm whale clans in the Atlantic Ocean. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 160061.Google Scholar
Gero, S., Whitehead, H., & Rendell, L. (2016b). Individual, unit and vocal clan level identity cues in sperm whale codas. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 150372.Google Scholar
Glockner, D. A. (1983). Determining the sex of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in their natural environment. In Payne, R., ed., Communication and Behavior of Whales. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 447–464.Google Scholar
Hain, J. H. W., Carter, G. R., Kraus, S. D., Mayo, C. A., & Winn, H. E. (1982). Feeding behavior of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the Western North Atlantic. Fishery Bulletin, 80, 259–268.Google Scholar
Herman, L. M., & Tavolga, W. N. (1980). The communication systems of cetaceans. In Herman, L. M., ed., Cetacean Behaviour: Mechanisms and Functions. New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 149–209.Google Scholar
Janik, V. M. (2000). Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Science, 289, 1355–1357.Google Scholar
Janik, V. M. (2009). Acoustic communication in delphinids. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 40, 123–157.Google Scholar
Janik, V. M. (2014). Cetacean vocal learning and communication. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 28, 60–65.Google Scholar
Janik, V. M., & Slater, P. J. B. (1997). Vocal learning in mammals. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 26, 59–99.Google Scholar
Janik, V. M., & Slater, P. J. B. (1998). Context-specific use suggests that bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are cohesion calls. Animal Behaviour, 56, 829–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janik, V. M., & Slater, P. J. B. (2000). The different roles of social learning in vocal communication. Animal Behaviour, 60, 1–11.Google Scholar
Janik, V. M., Sayigh, L. S., & Wells, R. S. (2006). Signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 8293–8297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, S. L., & Janik, V. M. (2013). Bottlenose dolphins can use learned vocal labels to address each other. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 13216–13221.Google Scholar
King, S. L., Sayigh, L. S., Wells, R. S., Fellner, W., & Janik, V. M. (2013). Vocal copying of individually distinctive signature whistles in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280, 20130053.Google Scholar
King, S. L., Harley, H. E., & Janik, V. M. (2014). The role of signature whistle matching in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Animal Behaviour, 96, 79–86.Google Scholar
King, S. L., Guarino, E., Keaton, L., Erb, L., & Jaakkola, K. (2016). Maternal signature whistle use aids mother–calf reunions in a bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Behavioural Processes, 126, 64–70.Google Scholar
King, S. L., Friedman, W. R., Allen, S. J., et al. (2018). Bottlenose dolphins retain individual vocal labels in multi-level alliances. Current Biology, 28, 1993–1999.e3.Google Scholar
Kopps, A. M., Ackermann, C. Y., Sherwin, W. B., et al. (2014). Cultural transmission of tool use combined with habitat specializations leads to fine-scale genetic structure in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20133245.Google Scholar
Krützen, M., Mann, J., Heithaus, M. R., et al. (2005). Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 8939–8943.Google Scholar
Krützen, M., Kreicker, S., Macleod, C. D., et al. (2014). Cultural transmission of tool use by Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) provides access to a novel foraging niche. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20140374.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. (1992). A theoretical investigation of the role of social transmission in evolution. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 87–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laland, K. N., & Galef, B. G. (2009). The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., & Janik, V. M. (2006). The animal cultures debate. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 21, 542–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laland, K. N., Kendal, J. R., & Kendal, R. L. (2009). Animal culture: Problems and solutions. In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds., The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 174–197.Google Scholar
LeDuc, R. G., Robertson, K. M., & Pitman, R. L. (2008). Mitochondrial sequence divergence among Antarctic killer whale ecotypes is consistent with multiple species. Biology Letters, 4, 426–429.Google Scholar
Mann, J., & Sargeant, B. (2003). Like mother, like calf: The ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). In Fragaszy, D & Perry, S, eds., The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 236–266.Google Scholar
Miller, P. J. O., & Bain, D. E. (2000). Within-pod variation in the sound production of a pod of killer whales, Orcinus orca. Animal Behaviour, 60, 617–628.Google Scholar
Morin, P. A., Scott Baker, C., Brewer, R. S., et al. (2017). Genetic structure of the beaked whale genus Berardius in the North Pacific, with genetic evidence for a new species. Marine Mammal Science, 33, 96–111.Google Scholar
Noad, M. J., Cato, D. H., Bryden, M. M., et al. (2000). Cultural revolution in whale songs. Nature, 408, 537.Google Scholar
Oliveira, C., Wahlberg, M., Silva, M. A., et al. (2016). Sperm whale codas may encode individuality as well as clan identity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139, 2860–2869.Google Scholar
Payne, K., & Payne, R. (1985). Large scale changes over 19 years in songs of humpback whales in Bermuda. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 68, 89–114.Google Scholar
Payne, K., Tyack, P. L., & Payne, R. (1983). Progressive changes in the songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): A detailed analysis of two seasons in Hawaii. In Payne, R., ed., Communication and Behavior of Whales. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 9–57.Google Scholar
Payne, R., & Guinee, L. N. (1983). Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, songs as an indicator of “stocks”. In Payne, R., ed., Communication and Behavior of Whales. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 333–358.Google Scholar
Payne, R. S., & McVay, S. (1971). Songs of humpback whales. Science, 173, 587–597.Google Scholar
Rendell, L. E., & Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 309–382.Google Scholar
Rendell, L. E., & Whitehead, H. (2003). Vocal clans in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science, 270, 225–231.Google Scholar
Rendell, L., Mesnick, S. L., Dalebout, M. L., Burtenshaw, J., & Whitehead, H. (2012). Can genetic differences explain vocal dialect variation in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus? Behavior Genetics, 42, 332–343.Google Scholar
Richards, D. G., Wolz, J. P., & Herman, L. M. (1984). Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labelling of objects by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for vocal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 98, 10–28.Google Scholar
Ridgway, S., Carder, D., Jeffries, M., & Todd, M. (2012). Spontaneous human speech mimicry by a cetacean. Current Biology, 22, R860–R861.Google Scholar
Riesch, R., Barrett-Lennard, L. G., Ellis, G. M., Ford, J. K. B., & Deecke, V. B. (2012). Cultural traditions and the evolution of reproductive isolation: Ecological speciation in killer whales? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 106, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutz, C., Bluff, L. A., Reed, N., et al. (2010). The ecological significance of tool use in New Caledonian crows. Science, 329, 1523–1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargeant, B. L., & Mann, J. (2009). From social learning to culture: Intrapopulation variation in bottlenose dolphins. In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds., The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 152–173.Google Scholar
Sayigh, L. S., Tyack, P. L., Wells, R. S., & Scott, M. D. (1990). Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus: Stability and mother–offspring comparisons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26, 247–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayigh, L. S., Tyack, P. L., Wells, R. S., Scott, M. D., & Irvine, A. B. (1995). Sex difference in signature whistle production of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 36, 171–177.Google Scholar
Schulz, T. M., Whitehead, H., Gero, S., & Rendell, L. (2011). Individual vocal production in a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) social unit. Marine Mammal Science, 27, 149–166.Google Scholar
Smith, J. N., Goldizen, A. W., Dunlop, R. A., & Noad, M. J. (2008). Songs of male humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, are involved in intersexual interactions. Animal Behaviour, 76, 467–477.Google Scholar
Stimpert, A. K., Wiley, D. N., Au, W. W. L., Johnson, M. P., & Arsenault, R. (2007). “Megapclicks”: Acoustic click trains and buzzes produced during night-time foraging of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Biology Letters, 3, 467–470.Google Scholar
Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementz, M. T., Bajpai, S., & Tiwari, B. N. (2007). Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India. Nature, 450, 1190–1194.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2009). The question of chimpanzee culture, plus postscript (chimpanzee culture, 2009). In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds., The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 198–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, W. A., & Schevill, W. E. (1977). Sperm whale codas. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62, 1486–1490.Google Scholar
Watwood, S. L., Tyack, P. L., & Wells, R. S. (2004). Whistle sharing in paired male bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55, 531–543.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (1998). Cultural selection and genetic diversity in matrilineal whales. Science, 282, 1708–1711.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (2003). Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (2005). Genetic diversity in the matrilineal whales: Models of cultural hitchhiking and group-specific non-heritable demographic variation. Marine Mammal Science, 21, 58–79.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H. (2009). How might we study culture: A perspective from the ocean. In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds., The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 125–151.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H., & Rendell, L. (2014). The Cultural Lives of Whales and Dolphins. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H., & Weilgart, L. (1991). Patterns of visually observable behaviour and vocalizations in groups of female sperm whales. Behaviour, 118, 275–296.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H., & Weilgart, L. (2000). The sperm whale: Social females and roving males. In Mann, J., Connor, R. C, Tyack, P. L, & Whitehead, H, eds., Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 154–172.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H., Dillon, M., Dufault, S., Weilgart, L., & Wright, J. (1998). Non-geographically based population structure of South Pacific sperm whales: Dialects, fluke-markings and genetics. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67, 253–262.Google Scholar
Whitehead, H., Antunes, R., Gero, S., et al. (2012). Multilevel societies of female sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Atlantic and Pacific: Why are they so different? International Journal of Primatology, 33, 1142–1164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiten, A. (2009). The identification and differentiation of culture in chimpanzees and other animals: From natural history to diffusion experiments. In Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds., The Question of Animal Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 99–124.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (2015). Experimental studies illuminate the cultural transmission of percussive technologies in Homo and Pan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Science, 370, 169–177.Google Scholar
Winn, H. E., & Winn, L. K. (1978). The song of the humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae in the West Indies. Marine Biology, 47, 97–114.Google Scholar
Wrangham, R. W. (2009). Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. London: Profile Books Ltd.Google Scholar
Yurk, H., Barrett-Lennard, L., Ford, J. K. B., & Matkin, C. O. (2002). Cultural transmission within maternal lineages: Vocal clans in resident killer whales in southern Alaska. Animal Behaviour, 63, 1103–1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×