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Chapter 15 - A Dialogic Perspective on Open Strategy

from Part IV - Theoretical Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2019

David Seidl
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Georg von Krogh
Affiliation:
Swiss Federal University (ETH), Zürich
Richard Whittington
Affiliation:
Saïd Business School, University of Oxford
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Summary

Open Strategy is a process that engages internal and external stakeholders in various degrees of transparency and inclusion (Whittington et al., 2011). It presupposes at minimum episodic information transfer among the parties involved, and for more meaningful inclusion, continuing dialogue (Heracleous et al., 2018). Dialogue, as an ongoing process of communication among actors who pursue a particular goal or set of goals, is integral to Open Strategy processes. As a way of linking an organization with its stakeholders, an effective dialogic process can provide generative diversity to the ideas that inform strategy and contribute to a strategic direction that has stakeholder and market relevance. There are costs, however, as dialogue can also fuel the undesirable side of the dilemmas outlined by Hautz, Seidl, and Whittington (2017) and various types of tensions noted by other authors (e.g., Baptista et al., 2017; Heracleous et al., 2018). Ongoing dialogue with little hierarchical, ideational, or temporal constraints, for example, can lead to conflict, inefficient decision making, wasteful use of resources, and pursuit of personal agendas, as pointed out by the dilemma of process (Hautz et al., 2017) and illustrated by ethnographies of a dialogical organization par excellence, Wikimedia (Jemielniak, 2014, 2016).

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

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References

References

Aten, K., & Thomas, G. F. (2016). Crowdsourcing strategizing: Communication technology affordances and the communicative constitution of organizational strategy. International Journal of Business Communication, 53, 148180.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. In Holquist, M. (Ed.), Emerson, C. & Holquist, M. (Transl.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Baptista, J., Wilson, A. D., Galliers, R. D., & Bynghall, S. (2017). Social media and the emergence of reflexiveness as a new capability for open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50, 322336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. NJ: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Beaudette, P. (2012). From Wikipedia to Wikimedia: How not to structure a movement. Presentation, 30 January. Personal communication.Google Scholar
Beech, N., MacIntosh, R., & MacLean, D. (2010). Dialogues between academics and practitioners: The role of generative dialogic encounters. Organization Studies, 31, 13411367.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1985). Unfolding meaning. London: Ark.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1992). Thought as a system. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1996). On dialogue. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buber, M. (1970). I and Thou. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.Google Scholar
Bunker, B., & Alban, B. (2006). Large group interventions and dynamics. In Gallos, J. V. (Ed.), Organization development (pp. 309321). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak, R. J. (Eds.). (2015). Dialogic organization development. Oakland: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak, R. J. (2009). Revisioning organization development: Diagnostic and dialogic premises and patterns of practice. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45, 348368.Google Scholar
Chaffee, E. E. (1985). Three models of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 10, 8998.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Kremser, W., Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2017). A communication perspective on open strategy and open innovation. Managementforschung, 27(1), 525.Google Scholar
ETUI (European Trade Union Institute). (2015). Worker board-level participation in the 31 European Economic Area countries. Available at www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Across-Europe/Board-level-Representation2/TABLE-Worker-board-level-participation-in-the-31-European-Economic-Area-countries, accessed on January 22, 2018.Google Scholar
Ezzamel, M., & Willmott, H. (2008). Strategy as discourse in a global retailer: A supplement to rationalist and intepretive accounts. Organization Studies, 29, 191217.Google Scholar
Ford, J. D. (1999). Organizational change as shifting conversations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 480500.Google Scholar
Forte, A., Larco, V., & Bruckman, A. (2009). Decentralization in Wikipedia governance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 26, 4972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gegenhuber, T., & Dobusch, L. (2017). Making an impression through openness: How open strategy-making practices change in the evolution of new ventures. Long Range Planning, 50, 337354.Google Scholar
Gergen, J. K., Gergen, M. M., & Barrett, F. J. (2004). Dialogue: Life and death of the organization. In Grant, D., Hardy, C., Oswick, C., & Putnam, L. (Eds.), Sage handbook of organizational discourse (pp. 3959). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Gergen, J. K., McNamee, S., & Barrett, F. J. (2001). Toward transformative dialogue. International Journal of Public Administration, 24, 679–70.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action. Volume 2. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, S. C., Anderson, R., & Cissna, K. N. (2003). Communication Yearbook, 27, 125157.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. J., & Ehrlich, S. (2002). The dialogic organization. The Transformative Power of Dialogue, 12, 107131.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50, 298309.Google Scholar
Heath, R.G. (2007). Rethinking community collaboration through a dialogic lens. Management Communication Quarterly, 21, 145171.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L. (2006). Discourse, interpretation, organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L. (2017). Discourse theory. In Langley, A. & Tsoukas, H. (Eds.), Sage handbook of process organization studies (pp. 190203), London: Sage.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L., Goesswein, J., & Beaudette, P. (2018). Open strategy-making at the Wikimedia Foundation – A dialogic perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54, 535.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L., & Barrett, M. (2001). Organizational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of IT implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 755778.Google Scholar
Hutter, K., Nketia, B. A., & Fuller, J. (2017). Falling short with participation – Different effects of ideation, commenting, and evaluating behavior on open strategizing. Long Range Planning, 50, 355370.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W. N. (2001). Toward an action theory of dialogue. International Journal of Public Administration, 24, 709748.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W.N. (1993). Taking flight: Dialogue, collective thinking, and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 2439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, C., & Heracleous, L. (2005). Answers for questions to come: Reflective dialogue as an enabler of strategic innovation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18, 338352.Google Scholar
Jacobs, C., & Heracleous, L. (2001). Seeing without being seen: Toward an archaeology of controlling science. International Studies of Management and Organization, 31 (3), 113135.Google Scholar
Jemelniak, D. (2014). Common knowledge? An ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jemielniak, D. (2016). Wikimedia movement governance: The limits of a-hierarchical organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29, 361378.Google Scholar
Kersten, A. (2000). Diversity management: Dialogue, dialectics and diversion. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13, 235248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, E., Paroutis, S., & Heracleous, L. (2018). The power of PowerPoint: A visual perspective on meaning making in strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 894921.Google Scholar
Knights, D., & Morgan, G. (1995). Strategy under the microscope: Strategic management and IT in financial services. Journal of Management Studies, 32, 191214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornberger, M., & Clegg, S. (2011). Strategy as performative practice: The case of Sydney 2030. Strategic Organization, 9(2), 136162.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the premium cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50, 371384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Maccoby, M. (1996). Interactive dialogue as a tool for change. Research Technology Management, 39 (5), 5759.Google Scholar
Mack, D. Z., & Szulanski, G. (2017). Opening up: How centralization affects participation and inclusion in strategy making. Long Range Planning, 50, 385396.Google Scholar
Marshak, R. J. (2004). Generative conversations: How to use deep listening and transforming talk in coaching and consulting. OD Practitioner, 36(3), 2529.Google Scholar
Morell, M. F. (2011). The Wikimedia Foundation and the governance of Wikipedia’s infrastructure: Historical trajectories and its hybrid character. In Lovin, G. & Tkacz, N. (Eds.), Critical point of view. A Wikipedia reader (pp. 325341). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.Google Scholar
Oswick, C., Anthony, P., Keenoy, T., & Mangham, I. L. (2000). A dialogic analysis of organizational learning. Journal of Management Studies, 37, 887901.Google Scholar
Papachroni, A., Heracleous, L., & Paroutis, S. (2015). Organizational ambidexterity through the lens of paradox theory: Extending the research agenda. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51, 7193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paroutis, S., & Heracleous, L. (2013). Discourse revisited: Dimensions and employment of first-order strategy discourse during institutional adoption. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 935956.Google Scholar
Powley., E. H., Fry, R. E., Barrett, F. J., & Bright, D. S. (2004). Dialogic democracy meets command and control: Transformation through the appreciative inquiry summit. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3), 6780.Google Scholar
Pye, A. (1995). Strategy through dialogue and doing: A game of “Mornington Crescent”? Management Learning, 26, 445462.Google Scholar
Raelin, J. A. (2012). The manager as facilitator of dialogue. Organization, 20, 818839.Google Scholar
Raelin, J. A. (2008). Emancipatory discourse and liberation. Management Learning, 39, 519540.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. (1993). On dialogue, culture and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22, 4051.Google Scholar
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.Google Scholar
Skordoulis, R., & Dawson, P. (2007). Reflective decisions: The use of Socratic dialogue in managing organizational change. Management Decision, 45, 9911007.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Cailluet, C., & Yakis-Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22, 531544.Google Scholar
Whittington, R, Yakis-Douglas, B., Ahn, K., & Cailluet, L. (2017). Strategic planners in more turbulent times: The changing job characteristics of strategy professionals, 1960–2003. Long Range Planning, 50, 108119.Google Scholar
Zoller, H. M. (2000). “A place you haven’t visited before”: Creating the conditions for community dialogue. Southern Communication Journal, 65 (2–3), 191207.Google Scholar
Aten, K., & Thomas, G. F. (2016). Crowdsourcing strategizing: Communication technology affordances and the communicative constitution of organizational strategy. International Journal of Business Communication, 53, 148180.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. In Holquist, M. (Ed.), Emerson, C. & Holquist, M. (Transl.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Baptista, J., Wilson, A. D., Galliers, R. D., & Bynghall, S. (2017). Social media and the emergence of reflexiveness as a new capability for open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50, 322336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. NJ: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Beaudette, P. (2012). From Wikipedia to Wikimedia: How not to structure a movement. Presentation, 30 January. Personal communication.Google Scholar
Beech, N., MacIntosh, R., & MacLean, D. (2010). Dialogues between academics and practitioners: The role of generative dialogic encounters. Organization Studies, 31, 13411367.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1985). Unfolding meaning. London: Ark.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1992). Thought as a system. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1996). On dialogue. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buber, M. (1970). I and Thou. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.Google Scholar
Bunker, B., & Alban, B. (2006). Large group interventions and dynamics. In Gallos, J. V. (Ed.), Organization development (pp. 309321). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak, R. J. (Eds.). (2015). Dialogic organization development. Oakland: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak, R. J. (2009). Revisioning organization development: Diagnostic and dialogic premises and patterns of practice. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45, 348368.Google Scholar
Chaffee, E. E. (1985). Three models of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 10, 8998.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Kremser, W., Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2017). A communication perspective on open strategy and open innovation. Managementforschung, 27(1), 525.Google Scholar
ETUI (European Trade Union Institute). (2015). Worker board-level participation in the 31 European Economic Area countries. Available at www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Across-Europe/Board-level-Representation2/TABLE-Worker-board-level-participation-in-the-31-European-Economic-Area-countries, accessed on January 22, 2018.Google Scholar
Ezzamel, M., & Willmott, H. (2008). Strategy as discourse in a global retailer: A supplement to rationalist and intepretive accounts. Organization Studies, 29, 191217.Google Scholar
Ford, J. D. (1999). Organizational change as shifting conversations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 480500.Google Scholar
Forte, A., Larco, V., & Bruckman, A. (2009). Decentralization in Wikipedia governance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 26, 4972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gegenhuber, T., & Dobusch, L. (2017). Making an impression through openness: How open strategy-making practices change in the evolution of new ventures. Long Range Planning, 50, 337354.Google Scholar
Gergen, J. K., Gergen, M. M., & Barrett, F. J. (2004). Dialogue: Life and death of the organization. In Grant, D., Hardy, C., Oswick, C., & Putnam, L. (Eds.), Sage handbook of organizational discourse (pp. 3959). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Gergen, J. K., McNamee, S., & Barrett, F. J. (2001). Toward transformative dialogue. International Journal of Public Administration, 24, 679–70.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action. Volume 2. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, S. C., Anderson, R., & Cissna, K. N. (2003). Communication Yearbook, 27, 125157.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. J., & Ehrlich, S. (2002). The dialogic organization. The Transformative Power of Dialogue, 12, 107131.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50, 298309.Google Scholar
Heath, R.G. (2007). Rethinking community collaboration through a dialogic lens. Management Communication Quarterly, 21, 145171.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L. (2006). Discourse, interpretation, organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L. (2017). Discourse theory. In Langley, A. & Tsoukas, H. (Eds.), Sage handbook of process organization studies (pp. 190203), London: Sage.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L., Goesswein, J., & Beaudette, P. (2018). Open strategy-making at the Wikimedia Foundation – A dialogic perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54, 535.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L., & Barrett, M. (2001). Organizational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of IT implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 755778.Google Scholar
Hutter, K., Nketia, B. A., & Fuller, J. (2017). Falling short with participation – Different effects of ideation, commenting, and evaluating behavior on open strategizing. Long Range Planning, 50, 355370.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W. N. (2001). Toward an action theory of dialogue. International Journal of Public Administration, 24, 709748.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W.N. (1993). Taking flight: Dialogue, collective thinking, and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 2439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, C., & Heracleous, L. (2005). Answers for questions to come: Reflective dialogue as an enabler of strategic innovation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18, 338352.Google Scholar
Jacobs, C., & Heracleous, L. (2001). Seeing without being seen: Toward an archaeology of controlling science. International Studies of Management and Organization, 31 (3), 113135.Google Scholar
Jemelniak, D. (2014). Common knowledge? An ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jemielniak, D. (2016). Wikimedia movement governance: The limits of a-hierarchical organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29, 361378.Google Scholar
Kersten, A. (2000). Diversity management: Dialogue, dialectics and diversion. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13, 235248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, E., Paroutis, S., & Heracleous, L. (2018). The power of PowerPoint: A visual perspective on meaning making in strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 894921.Google Scholar
Knights, D., & Morgan, G. (1995). Strategy under the microscope: Strategic management and IT in financial services. Journal of Management Studies, 32, 191214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornberger, M., & Clegg, S. (2011). Strategy as performative practice: The case of Sydney 2030. Strategic Organization, 9(2), 136162.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the premium cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50, 371384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Maccoby, M. (1996). Interactive dialogue as a tool for change. Research Technology Management, 39 (5), 5759.Google Scholar
Mack, D. Z., & Szulanski, G. (2017). Opening up: How centralization affects participation and inclusion in strategy making. Long Range Planning, 50, 385396.Google Scholar
Marshak, R. J. (2004). Generative conversations: How to use deep listening and transforming talk in coaching and consulting. OD Practitioner, 36(3), 2529.Google Scholar
Morell, M. F. (2011). The Wikimedia Foundation and the governance of Wikipedia’s infrastructure: Historical trajectories and its hybrid character. In Lovin, G. & Tkacz, N. (Eds.), Critical point of view. A Wikipedia reader (pp. 325341). Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.Google Scholar
Oswick, C., Anthony, P., Keenoy, T., & Mangham, I. L. (2000). A dialogic analysis of organizational learning. Journal of Management Studies, 37, 887901.Google Scholar
Papachroni, A., Heracleous, L., & Paroutis, S. (2015). Organizational ambidexterity through the lens of paradox theory: Extending the research agenda. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 51, 7193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paroutis, S., & Heracleous, L. (2013). Discourse revisited: Dimensions and employment of first-order strategy discourse during institutional adoption. Strategic Management Journal, 34, 935956.Google Scholar
Powley., E. H., Fry, R. E., Barrett, F. J., & Bright, D. S. (2004). Dialogic democracy meets command and control: Transformation through the appreciative inquiry summit. Academy of Management Executive, 18(3), 6780.Google Scholar
Pye, A. (1995). Strategy through dialogue and doing: A game of “Mornington Crescent”? Management Learning, 26, 445462.Google Scholar
Raelin, J. A. (2012). The manager as facilitator of dialogue. Organization, 20, 818839.Google Scholar
Raelin, J. A. (2008). Emancipatory discourse and liberation. Management Learning, 39, 519540.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. (1993). On dialogue, culture and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22, 4051.Google Scholar
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.Google Scholar
Skordoulis, R., & Dawson, P. (2007). Reflective decisions: The use of Socratic dialogue in managing organizational change. Management Decision, 45, 9911007.Google Scholar
Whittington, R., Cailluet, C., & Yakis-Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22, 531544.Google Scholar
Whittington, R, Yakis-Douglas, B., Ahn, K., & Cailluet, L. (2017). Strategic planners in more turbulent times: The changing job characteristics of strategy professionals, 1960–2003. Long Range Planning, 50, 108119.Google Scholar
Zoller, H. M. (2000). “A place you haven’t visited before”: Creating the conditions for community dialogue. Southern Communication Journal, 65 (2–3), 191207.Google Scholar
Aten, K., & Thomas, G. F. (2016). Crowdsourcing strategizing: Communication technology affordances and the communicative constitution of organizational strategy. International Journal of Business Communication, 53, 148180.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. In Holquist, M. (Ed.), Emerson, C. & Holquist, M. (Transl.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Baptista, J., Wilson, A. D., Galliers, R. D., & Bynghall, S. (2017). Social media and the emergence of reflexiveness as a new capability for open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50, 322336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. NJ: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Beaudette, P. (2012). From Wikipedia to Wikimedia: How not to structure a movement. Presentation, 30 January. Personal communication.Google Scholar
Beech, N., MacIntosh, R., & MacLean, D. (2010). Dialogues between academics and practitioners: The role of generative dialogic encounters. Organization Studies, 31, 13411367.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1985). Unfolding meaning. London: Ark.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1992). Thought as a system. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. (1996). On dialogue. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buber, M. (1970). I and Thou. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.Google Scholar
Bunker, B., & Alban, B. (2006). Large group interventions and dynamics. In Gallos, J. V. (Ed.), Organization development (pp. 309321). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak, R. J. (Eds.). (2015). Dialogic organization development. Oakland: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak, R. J. (2009). Revisioning organization development: Diagnostic and dialogic premises and patterns of practice. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45, 348368.Google Scholar
Chaffee, E. E. (1985). Three models of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 10, 8998.Google Scholar
Dobusch, L., Kremser, W., Seidl, D., & Werle, F. (2017). A communication perspective on open strategy and open innovation. Managementforschung, 27(1), 525.Google Scholar
ETUI (European Trade Union Institute). (2015). Worker board-level participation in the 31 European Economic Area countries. Available at www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Across-Europe/Board-level-Representation2/TABLE-Worker-board-level-participation-in-the-31-European-Economic-Area-countries, accessed on January 22, 2018.Google Scholar
Ezzamel, M., & Willmott, H. (2008). Strategy as discourse in a global retailer: A supplement to rationalist and intepretive accounts. Organization Studies, 29, 191217.Google Scholar
Ford, J. D. (1999). Organizational change as shifting conversations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 480500.Google Scholar
Forte, A., Larco, V., & Bruckman, A. (2009). Decentralization in Wikipedia governance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 26, 4972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gegenhuber, T., & Dobusch, L. (2017). Making an impression through openness: How open strategy-making practices change in the evolution of new ventures. Long Range Planning, 50, 337354.Google Scholar
Gergen, J. K., Gergen, M. M., & Barrett, F. J. (2004). Dialogue: Life and death of the organization. In Grant, D., Hardy, C., Oswick, C., & Putnam, L. (Eds.), Sage handbook of organizational discourse (pp. 3959). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Gergen, J. K., McNamee, S., & Barrett, F. J. (2001). Toward transformative dialogue. International Journal of Public Administration, 24, 679–70.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action. Volume 1. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action. Volume 2. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, S. C., Anderson, R., & Cissna, K. N. (2003). Communication Yearbook, 27, 125157.Google Scholar
Hatch, M. J., & Ehrlich, S. (2002). The dialogic organization. The Transformative Power of Dialogue, 12, 107131.Google Scholar
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50, 298309.Google Scholar
Heath, R.G. (2007). Rethinking community collaboration through a dialogic lens. Management Communication Quarterly, 21, 145171.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L. (2006). Discourse, interpretation, organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L. (2017). Discourse theory. In Langley, A. & Tsoukas, H. (Eds.), Sage handbook of process organization studies (pp. 190203), London: Sage.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L., Goesswein, J., & Beaudette, P. (2018). Open strategy-making at the Wikimedia Foundation – A dialogic perspective. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54, 535.Google Scholar
Heracleous, L., & Barrett, M. (2001). Organizational change as discourse: Communicative actions and deep structures in the context of IT implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 755778.Google Scholar
Hutter, K., Nketia, B. A., & Fuller, J. (2017). Falling short with participation – Different effects of ideation, commenting, and evaluating behavior on open strategizing. Long Range Planning, 50, 355370.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W. N. (2001). Toward an action theory of dialogue. International Journal of Public Administration, 24, 709748.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W.N. (1993). Taking flight: Dialogue, collective thinking, and organizational learning. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 2439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, C., & Heracleous, L. (2005). Answers for questions to come: Reflective dialogue as an enabler of strategic innovation. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 18, 338352.Google Scholar
Jacobs, C., & Heracleous, L. (2001). Seeing without being seen: Toward an archaeology of controlling science. International Studies of Management and Organization, 31 (3), 113135.Google Scholar
Jemelniak, D. (2014). Common knowledge? An ethnography of Wikipedia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jemielniak, D. (2016). Wikimedia movement governance: The limits of a-hierarchical organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29, 361378.Google Scholar
Kersten, A. (2000). Diversity management: Dialogue, dialectics and diversion. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 13, 235248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, E., Paroutis, S., & Heracleous, L. (2018). The power of PowerPoint: A visual perspective on meaning making in strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 39(3), 894921.Google Scholar
Knights, D., & Morgan, G. (1995). Strategy under the microscope: Strategic management and IT in financial services. Journal of Management Studies, 32, 191214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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