‘Business Borrowing from Banks “Up Fivefold” amid Coronavirus’ BBC News, 2 November 2020.Google Scholar

‘Covid: UK Seeing Second Wave, Says Boris Johnson’ BBC News, 18 September 2020.Google Scholar

‘Dairy Farmers Rally in London’ BBC News, 15 March 2000.Google Scholar

‘English Wine: Working on Sunshine – Weather Trends Are in Growers’ Favour and Help to Explain the Surge in Vines Planted’ Financial Times, 11 August 2018.Google Scholar

‘Food Supply Problems in NI Clearly a Brexit Issue – Coveney’ BBC News, 21 January 2021.Google Scholar

‘Milk Protests Continue across Wales’ BBC News, 9 March 2000.Google Scholar

‘Northern Ireland Secretary Admits New Bill Will “Break International Law”’ BBC News, 8 September 2020.Google Scholar

‘Timeline: The Northern Rock Crisis’ The Guardian, 26 March 2008.Google Scholar

Ahlborn, Christian and Daniel, Piccinin, ‘The Great Recession and Other Mishaps: The Commission’s Policy of Restructuring Aid in a Time of Crisis’ in Szyszczak, Erika (ed.) Research Handbook on European State Aid Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012) pp. 124–175.Google Scholar

Allam, Zaheer, ‘The First 50 Days of COVID-19: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic’ in Allem, Zaheer, Surveying the Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Implications: Urban Health, Data Technology and Political Economy (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2020) pp. 1–7.Google Scholar

Alter, Karen J. and Steinberg, David, ‘The Theory and Reality of the European Coal and Steel Community’ in Meunier, Sophie and McNamara, Kathleen R. (eds.) Making History: European Integration and Institutional Change at Fifty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) pp. 89–104.Google Scholar

Ambrose, Jillian, ‘One of England’s Last Coalmines to Close near Durham’ The Guardian, 16 August 2020.Google Scholar

Ashcraft, Adam B. and Schuermann, Til, ‘Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit’ Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, no. 318 (March 2008).Google Scholar

Autoriteit Consument en Markt, ‘ACM’s Analysis of the Sustainability Arrangements concerning the “Chicken of Tomorrow”’ ACM/DM/2014/206028 (January 2015).Google Scholar

Autoriteit Consument en Markt, Barriers to Entry into the Dutch Retail Banking Sector (The Hague: Autoriteit Consument En Markt, 2014).Google Scholar

Bailey, David and John, Laura Elizabeth (eds.), Bellamy and Child: European Union Law of Competition, 8th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar

Bailey, Elizabeth E. and Baumol, William J., ‘Deregulation and the Theory of Contestable Markets’ (1983) 1 Yale Journal on Regulation 111.Google Scholar

Ball, John A., Canadian Anti-trust Legislation (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1934).Google Scholar

Bank of England, Financial Stability Report: June 2009 (London: Bank of England, 2009).Google Scholar

Barrell, Ray and Philip Davis, E., ‘The Evolution of the Financial Crisis of 2007–8’ (2008) 208 National Institute Economic Review 5.Google Scholar

Baumol, William J., Panzar, John C. and Willig, Robert D., Contestable Markets: The Theory of Industry Structure (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982).Google Scholar

Bernanke, Ben, ‘Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression (1983) 73 American Economic Review 257.Google Scholar

Black, John, Hashimzade, Nigar and Myles, Gareth (eds.), ‘Shock’: A Dictionary of Economics, 3rd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar

Black, William K., ‘When Liar’s Loans Flourish’ New York Times (30 January 2011).Google Scholar

Blair, Roger D. and Daniel Sokol, D., ‘The Rule of Reason and the Goals of Antitrust: An Economic Approach’ (2012) 78 Antitrust Law Journal 471.Google Scholar

BNP Paribas, ‘BNP Paribas Investment Partners Temporarily Suspends the Calculation of the Net Asset Value of the Following Funds: Parvest Dynamic ABS, BNP Paribas ABS EURIBOR and BNP Paribas ABS EONIA’ Press Release, 9 August 2007.Google Scholar

Bork, Robert, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (New York: Basic Books; revised edition, 1993).Google Scholar

Bos, Jacqueline M., den Belt, Henk van and Feindt, Peter H., ‘Animal Welfare, Consumer Welfare, and Competition Law: The Dutch Debate on the Chicken of Tomorrow’ (2018) 8 Animal Frontiers 20.Google Scholar

Boshoff, Willem H., ‘The Competition Economics of Excessive Pricing and Its Relation to the Covid-19 Disaster Period’ SSRN=3593292.Google Scholar

Broadberry, Stephen and Leunig, Tim, The Impact of Government Policies on UK Manufacturing since 1945 (London: UK Government Office for Science, 2013).Google Scholar

Brock, William A., ‘Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure: A Review Article’ (1983) 91 Journal of Political Economy 1055.Google Scholar

Brook, Or, ‘Struggling with Article 101(3) TFEU: Diverging Approaches of the Commission, EU Courts, and Five Competition Authorities’ (2019) 56 Common Market Law Review 121.Google Scholar

Bryner, Jenna, ‘1st Known Case of Coronavirus Traced Back to November in China’ (2020); www.livescience.com/first-case-coronavirus-found.html.Google Scholar

Buccirossi, Paolo (ed.) Handbook of Antitrust Economics (Cambridge MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Buelens, Christian et al., ‘The Economic Analysis of State Aid: Some Open Questions’ European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Economic Paper No. 286 (September 2007).Google Scholar

Buhart, Jacques and Henry, David, ‘COVID-20: The Comfort Letter Is Dead – Long Live the Comfort Letter?’ (2020) 43 World Competition 305.Google Scholar

Bundeskartellamt, ‘Crisis Management Measures in the Automotive Industry – Bundeskartellamt Supports the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) in Developing Framework Conditions under Competition Law Aspects’ 9 June 2020.Google Scholar

Burgess, Kate, ‘BNP Reopens Funds that Sparked Crisis’ Financial Times, 23 August 2007.Google Scholar

Butler, Sarah, ‘JD Sports Says Blocking Footasylum Merger Is “Absurd” amid Covid 19 Crisis’ The Guardian, 7 May 2020.Google Scholar

Christie, Agatha, ‘The Yellow Iris’ ITV Adaptation (first broadcast 31 January 1993).Google Scholar

Cini, Michelle, ‘From Soft Law to Hard Law? Discretion and Rule Making in the State Aid Rule Regime’ European University Working Papers, RSC No. 2000/35 (Badia Fiesolana: Italy, 2000).Google Scholar

Clark, Nicola, ‘German State-Run Bank, Caught in Subprime Mess, Is Sold’ New York Times (26 August 2007).Google Scholar

Coal Industry Commission, Coal Industry Commission Act 1919. Second Stage. Reports Cmd 210 (HMSO: London, June 1919).Google Scholar

Coal Industry Commission, Reports and Minutes of Evidence on the First Stage of the Inquiry, v 1, Cmd 359 (HMSO: London, March 1919).Google Scholar

Coase, Ronald, ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ (1962) 3 Journal of Law and Economics 1.Google Scholar

Coffee, John C Jr., ‘What Went Wrong? An Initial Inquiry into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis’ (2009) 9 Journal of Corporate Law Studies 1.Google Scholar

Cole, Harold L. and Ohanian, Lee E., ‘New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis’ (2004) 112 Journal of Political Economy 779.Google Scholar

Collinson, Patrick, ‘Government Guarantees Northern Rock Deposits’ The Guardian, 17 September 2007.Google Scholar

Comite Intergouvernemental, Rapport des Chefs de Delegation aux Ministres des Affaires Etrangeres (Bruxelles, 21 avril 1956); https://web.archive.org/web/20080227172535/ www.unizar.es/euroconstitucion/library/historic%20documents/Rome/preparation/Spaak%20report%20fr.pdf.Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, Anticipated Acquisition by Amazon of a Minority Shareholding and Certain Rights in Deliveroo Final Report (4 August 2020).Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, Anticipated Acquisition by Amazon of a Minority Shareholding and Certain Rights in Deliveroo Provisional Findings Report (16 April 2020).Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, Completed Acquisition by JD Sports Fashion plc of Footasylum plc Provisional Report on the Case Remitted to the Competition and Markets Authority by the Competition Appeal Tribunal (3 September 2021).Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, ‘Hand Sanitiser Products: Suspected Excessive and Unfair Pricing’ Case Page; www.gov.uk/Competition and Markets Authority-cases/hand-sanitiser-products-suspected-excessive-and-unfair-pricing.Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, ‘Greenwashing: CMA Puts Businesses on Notice’ Press Release (20 September 2021).Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, Lloyds TSB Group plc and Abbey National plc: A Report on the Proposed Merger (July 2001).Google Scholar

Competition and Markets Authority, ‘Summary of CMA’s Position on Mergers Involving “Failing Firms”’ Annex to Guidance on Merger Assessments During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic (22 April 2020).Google Scholar

Competition Commission, Arla Foods amba and Express Dairies plc, A Report on the Proposed Merger, Cmd 5983 (October 2003).Google Scholar

Congressional Research Service Report, U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones: Background and Issues for Congress, 2013.Google Scholar

Conner, Ian, ‘On ‘Failing’ Firms – and Miraculous Recoveries’ FTC Blog: Competition Matters (27 May 2020).Google Scholar

Constable, Simon, ‘What Is “Economic Shock”? to Qualify As an Economic Shock, an Event Needs to Have a Major Economic Impact – and Be a Surprise’ The Wall Street Journal, 6 October 2019.Google Scholar

Cook, John et al., ‘Quantifying the Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Scientific Literature’ (2013) 8 Environmental Research Letters 8024024.Google Scholar

Coppi, Lorenzo, ‘The Role of Economics in State Aid Analysis and the Balancing Test’ in Szyszczak, Erika (ed.) Research Handbook on European State Aid Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012) pp. 64–89.Google Scholar

Corbyn, Jeremy, ‘Britain after Brexit’ 26 February 2018; https://labour.org.uk/press/jeremy-corbyn-full-speech-britain-brexit/.Google Scholar

Costa-Cabral, Francisco et al., ‘EU Competition Law and Covid-19’ TILEC Discussion Paper, No. DP2020–007 (22 March 2020), University of Tilburg, Tilburg; (SSRN = 3561438).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Court, W. H. B., ‘Problems of the British Coal Industry between the Wars’ (1945) 15 Economic History Review 1.Google Scholar

Cózara, Andrés, ‘Plastic Debris in the Open Ocean’ (2014) 111 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 10239.Google Scholar

Crick, James M. and Crick, Dave, ‘Cooperation and COVID-19: Collaborative Business-to-Business Marketing Strategies in a Pandemic Crisis’ (2020) 88 Industrial Marketing Management 206.Google Scholar

Croft, Jane, ‘Lloyds Not “Compelled” by Government to Acquire HBOS’ Financial Times, 25 October 2017.Google Scholar

Cruickshank, Don, Competition in UK Banking: A Report to the Chancellor of the Exchequer (HMSO, March 2000).Google Scholar

Cseres, K. J. and Reyna, A., ‘EU State Aid Law and Consumer Protection: An Unsettled Relationship in Times of Crisis’ (2020) Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2020–2032 (SSRN = 3624798).Google Scholar

Culpepper, Dreda and Block, Walter, ‘Price Gouging in the Katrina Aftermath: Free Markets at Work’ (2008) 35 International Journal of Social Economics 512.Google Scholar

Davydenko, Sergei A. and Franks, Julian R., ‘Do Bankruptcy Codes Matter? A Study of Defaults in France, Germany, and the U.K.’ (2008) 68 Journal of Finance 565.Google Scholar

De Stefano, Gianni, ‘Covid-19 and EU Competition Law: Bring the Informal Guidance On’ (2020) 11 Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 121.Google Scholar

Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Subsidy Control: Designing a New Approach for the UK (February 2021).Google Scholar

Dewatripont, Mathias and Seabright, Paul, ‘Wasteful Public Spending and State Aid Control’ (2006) 4 Journal of the European Economic Association 513.Google Scholar

Dickie, Mure, Foster, Peter and Brunsden, Jim, ‘Fishermen Feel Waves of Betrayal over Boris Johnson’s Brexit Deal’ Financial Times, 22 January 2021.Google Scholar

Dickson, Annabelle, ‘Boris Johnson: “Goodwill” and “Imagination” Can Fix post-Brexit Border Problems’ Politico, 8 March 2021.Google Scholar

Djelic, Marie-Laurie, ‘Does Europe Mean Americanization? The Case of Competition’ (2002) 6 Competition and Change 233.Google Scholar

Doggett, Lloyd (D-TX 35 District), ‘Timeline of Trump’s Coronavirus Responses’; https://doggett.house.gov/media-center/blog-posts/timeline-trump-s-coronavirus-responses.Google Scholar

Doleys, Thomas J., ‘Fifty Years of Molding Article 87: The European Commission and the Development of EU State Aid Policy (1958–2008)’ Paper prepared for presentation at the 11th Biennial International Conference of the European Union Studies Association, 23–25 April 2009 in Marina Del Ray, California.Google Scholar

Douglas, W. Diamond and Dybvig, Philip H., ‘Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity’ (1983) 91 Journal of Political Economy 401.Google Scholar

Doumanis, Nicholas (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).Google Scholar

Doylem, John and Connolly, Eileen, ‘Brexit and the Northern Ireland Question’ in Fabbrini, Federico (ed.) The Law and Politics of Brexit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017) pp. 139–159.Google Scholar

Duhamel, Marc, ‘On the Social Welfare Objectives of Canada’s Antitrust Statute’ (2003) Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques 301.Google Scholar

Eaglesham, Jean et al., ‘UK to Guarantee Northern Rock Deposits’ Financial Times, 17 September 2007.Google Scholar

Eastman, Mack, ‘International Aspects of the European Coal Crisis in 1926’ (1928) 36 Journal of Political Economy 229.Google Scholar

Economic Advisory Group on Competition Policy (EAGCP), Commentary on European Community Rescue and Restructuring Aid Guidelines (6 February 2008).Google Scholar

Eddy, Arthur Jerome, The New Competition: An Examination of the Conditions Underlying the Radical Change That Is Taking Place in the Commercial and Industrial World (New York: D. Appleton, 1912; 7th edition, 1920).Google Scholar

Edwards, Corwin D., Control of Cartels and Monopolies: An International Perspective (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1967).Google Scholar

Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter, ‘State Aids under European Community Competition Law’ (1994) 18 Fordham International Law Journal 410.Google Scholar

Eichengreen, Barry, ‘Viewpoint: Understanding the Great Depression’ (2004) 37 Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’Economique 1.Google Scholar

Eley, Jonathan, ‘Supermarkets Take Measures to Control Panic Buying’ Financial Times, 18 March 2020.Google Scholar

Eley, Jonathan, and Evans, Judith, ‘Supermarkets Raid Restaurants to Restock Shelves’ Financial Times, 20 March 2020.Google Scholar

Eriksen, Marcus et al., ‘Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea’ (2014) 9 PLoS ONE: e111913.Google Scholar

Ernst and Young LLP, ‘Bank Lending to Firms Surges to a 13-Year High as COVID-19 Leads to UK Businesses Borrowing More’ Press Release, 10 August 2020.Google Scholar

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ‘Cluster of Pneumonia Cases Caused by a Novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, China’ (17 January 2020) (ECDC: Stockholm, 2020); www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Risk%20assessment%20-%20pneumonia%20Wuhan%20China%2017%20Jan%202020.pdfGoogle Scholar

European Commission, Ist Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1971).Google Scholar

IIIrd Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1973).Google Scholar

IVth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1974).Google Scholar

Vth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1975).Google Scholar

VIIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1977).Google Scholar

VIIIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1978).Google Scholar

IXth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1979).Google Scholar

Xth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1980).Google Scholar

XIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1981).Google Scholar

XIIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1982).Google Scholar

XIIIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1983).Google Scholar

XIVth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1984).Google Scholar

XIXth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1989).Google Scholar

XXth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1990).Google Scholar

XXIInd Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1992).Google Scholar

XXIIIrd Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1993).Google Scholar

XXIVth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1994).Google Scholar

XXVIIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1997).Google Scholar

XXVIIIth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1998).Google Scholar

XXIXth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 1999).Google Scholar

 XXXth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 2000).Google Scholar

XXXIInd Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 2002).Google Scholar

XXXIIIrd Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 2003).Google Scholar

XXXIVth Report on Competition Policy (Brussels and Luxembourg, 2004).Google Scholar

Bulletin of the European Communities 1977(7-8) (July/August 1977).Google Scholar

Bulletin of the European Communities 1977(11) (November 1977).Google Scholar

‘Commission Welcomes Political Agreement on Recovery and Resilience Facility’ Press Release, 18 December 2020.Google Scholar

‘Competition Policy Supporting the Green Deal: Call for Contributions’.Google Scholar

‘The Effects of Temporary State Aid Rules Adopted in the Context of the Financial and Economic Crisis’ Commission Staff Working Paper (October 2011).Google Scholar

‘Recovery and Resilience Facility’; https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en.Google Scholar

‘State Aid: Overview of Decisions and On-going In-Depth Investigations of Financial Institutions in Difficulty’ Memo (31 December 2017).Google Scholar

‘Tackling the Financial Crisis’ (12 August 2011).Google Scholar

‘Withdrawal Agreement: Commission Sends Letter of Formal Notice to the United Kingdom for Breach of Its Obligations under the Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland’ Press Release (Brussels, 15 March 2021); https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_1132.Google Scholar

European Competition Network, ‘Antitrust: Joint Statement by the European Competition Network (ECN) on Application of Competition Law during the Corona Crisis’ (23 March 2020).Google Scholar

European Union, Contribution OECD, Policy Roundtable: Crisis Cartels (DAF/COMP/GF(2011)11) (Paris: OECD, 2011).Google Scholar

Evans, Judith, ‘Could Carbon Labelling Soon Become Routine?’ Financial Times, 19 November 2020.Google Scholar

Fabbrini, Federico (ed.) The Law and Politics of Brexit (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).Google Scholar

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, ‘Interest Rates, Discount Rate for United States’; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/INTDSRUSM193N.Google Scholar

Feldenkirchen, Wilfried, ‘Big Business in Interwar Germany: Organizational Innovation at Vereinigte Stahlwerke, IG Farben, and Siemens’ (1987) 61 The Business History Review 417.Google Scholar

Feldenkirchen, Wilfried, ‘Competition Policy in Germany’ (1992) 21 (2nd series) Business and Economic History 257.Google Scholar

Ferguson, Amanda, ‘Food Shortages as Northern Ireland Nears New Brexit Deadline’ The Times (London), 16 January 2021.Google Scholar

Ferruz, Miguel Ángel Bolsa and Phedon, Nicolaides, ‘An Economic Assessment of State Aid for Restructuring Firms in Difficulty: Theoretical Considerations, Empirical Analysis and Proposals for Reform’ (2014) 37 World Competition 207.Google Scholar

Fetzer, Thiemo, ‘Subsidizing the Spread of COVID19: Evidence from the UK’s Eat-out-to-Help-out Scheme’ CAGE working paper No. 517/Warwick Economics Research Papers (29 October 2020).Google Scholar

Fiebig, Andre, ‘Crisis Cartels and the Triumph of Industrial Policy over Competition Law in Europe’ (1999) 25 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 607.Google Scholar

Financial Conduct Authority (Bank of England) and Prudential Regulation Authority, The Failure of HBOS plc (HBOS): A Report by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) (November 2015).Google Scholar

Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis (January 2011).Google Scholar

Financial Times, Editorial Board, ‘EU Should Resist Blackmail over Recovery Fund’ Financial Times, 18 November 2020.Google Scholar

Finch, Vanessa and Milman, David, Corporate Insolvency Law: Perspectives and Principles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; third edition, 2017).Google Scholar

Fine, Ben, ‘Economies of Scale and a Featherbedding Cartel?: A Reconsideration of the Interwar British Coal Industry’ (1990) 44 (2nd series) Economic History Review 438.Google Scholar

First, Harry, ‘Robbin’ Hood’ CPI Antitrust Chronicle (September 2020) 26.Google Scholar

Foster, Peter, Payne, Sebastian and Beesle, Arthur, ‘Northern Ireland Ports to Resume Checks after Security Fears’ Financial Times, 10 February 2021.Google Scholar

Friederiszick, Hans W., Röller, Lars-Hendrik and Verouden, Vincent, ‘European State Aid Control: An Economic Framework’ in Buccirossi, Paolo (ed.) Handbook of Antitrust Economics (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2008) pp. 625–669.Google Scholar

Friedman, Milton and Schwartz, Anna, Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).Google Scholar

Fumagalli, Chiara, Motta, Massimo and Peitz, Martin, ‘Which Role for State Aid and Merger Control during and after the Covid Crisis?’ (2020) 11 Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 294.Google Scholar

Garber, Peter, ‘Famous First Bubbles’ (1990) 4 Journal of Economic Perspectives 34.Google Scholar

Gerber, David J., Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe: Protecting Prometheus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

Gerbrandy, Anna, ‘Rethinking Competition Law within the European Economic Constitution’ (2019) Journal of Common Market Studies 127.Google Scholar

Gerbrandy, Anna, ‘Solving a Sustainability-Deficit in European Competition Law’ (2017) 40 World Competition 539.Google Scholar

Giles, Chris, ‘May’s Brexit Dividend and Other Myths Worth Exploding: Poor Policymaking Results from a Misguided Understanding of the Economy’ Financial Times, 21 June 2018.Google Scholar

Giles, Chris, Foster, Peter and Romei, Valentina, ‘UK Exports to EU Slump as Brexit Hits Trade’ Financial Times, 12 March 2021.Google Scholar

Giosa, Penelope, ‘Exploitative Pricing in the Time of Coronavirus – The Response of EU Competition Law and the Prospect of Price Regulation’ (2020) 11 Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 499.Google Scholar

Glaeser, Edward L., ‘The Economics of Location-Based Tax Incentives’ Discussion Paper No. 1932 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute of Economic Research, 2001).Google Scholar

Glaeser, Edward L., and Luttmer, Erzo F. P., ‘The Misallocation of Housing under Rent Control’ National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6220 (Cambridge, MA, October 1997).Google Scholar

Goodhart, C. A. E., ‘The Background to the 2007 Financial Crisis’ (2008) 4 International Economics and Economic Policy 331.Google Scholar

Gove, Rt Hon. Michael, PC, MP, ‘A Brighter Future for Farming’ Speech at the National Union of Farmers Farming Conference 2018 (20 February 2018).Google Scholar

Gove, Rt Hon. Michael, PC, in response to Sir Iain Duncan Smith MP, Hansard, 2 February 2021, Volume 688, Column 837.Google Scholar

Greasley, David, ‘Fifty Years of Coal-Mining Productivity: The Record of the British Coal Industry before 1939’ (1990) 50 Journal of Economic History 877.Google Scholar

Greenstone, Michael and Moretti, Enrico, ‘Bidding for Industrial Plants: Does Winning a “Million Dollar Plant” Increase Welfare?’ National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9844 (July 2003).Google Scholar

Hanemann, W. Michael, ‘What Is the Economic Cost of Climate Change?’ CUDARE Working Papers 46999 (University of California, Berkeley, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2008).Google Scholar

Hardie, Iain and Howarth, David, ‘Die Krise but not La Crise? The Financial Crisis and the Transformation of German and French Banking Systems’ (2009) 47 JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 1017.Google Scholar

Harding, Christopher and Joshua, Julian Regulating Cartels in Europe, 2nd edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).Google Scholar

Harra, Jim (chief executive and first permanent secretary HM Treasury) Letter to Rt Hon. Rishi Sunak MP (chancellor of the exchequer) dated 7 July 2020; https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/899017/Direction_letter_-_Jim_Harra_to_Chancellor_-_Eat_Out_to_Help_Out_Scheme.pdfGoogle Scholar

Haughwout, Andrew et al., ‘The Supply Side of the Housing Boom and Bust of the 2000s’ Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports, Staff Report No. 556 (March 2012; revised October 2012).Google Scholar

Haward, Marcus, ‘Plastic Pollution of the World’s Seas and Oceans as a Contemporary Challenge in Ocean Governance’ (2018) 9 Nature Communications 1.Google Scholar

Hawk, Barry E., ‘System Failure: Vertical Restraints and EC Competition Law’ (1995) 32 Common Market Law Review 973.Google Scholar

Health and Safety Executive (UK), ‘Manufacture and Supply of Biocidal Hand Sanitiser Products during the Coronavirus Pandemic’; www.hse.gov.uk/coronavirus/hand-sanitiser/hand-sanitiser-manufacture-supply.htm.Google Scholar

Hegarty, Stephanie, ‘Coronavirus: Where Has All the Hand Sanitiser Gone?’ BBC News, 2 April 2020.Google Scholar

Heide-Jorgensen, Caroline (ed.) Aims and Values in Competition Law (Copenhagen: Djoef Publishing, 2013).Google Scholar

Heim, Seven et al., ‘The Impact of State Aid on the Survival and Financial Viability of Aided Firms’ (2016) ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 16–035, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (Mannheim, 2016).Google Scholar

Hellwig, Martin, ‘Germany and the Financial Crises 2007–2017’ Annual Macroprudential Conference (Sveriges Riksbank, Stockholm 2018).Google Scholar

Hellwig, Martin, and Laser, Falk Hendrik, ‘Bank Mergers in the Financial Crisis: A Competition Policy Perspective’ ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 19-047, ZEW – Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (Manheim, 2019).Google Scholar

Henley, Andrew, ‘Price Formation and Market Structure: The Case of The Inter-War Coal Industry’ (1980) 50 Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 263.Google Scholar

Heyer, Ken, ‘Failing Firm Analysis and the Current Economic Downturn’ CPI Antitrust Chronicle, September 2020, 15.Google Scholar

Himmelberg, Robert F., The Origins of the National Recovery Administration: Business, Government, and the Trade Association Issue, 1921–1933 (New York: Fordham University Press, 1993).Google Scholar

HM Government, Freeport Consultation: Boosting Trade, Jobs and Investment across the UK (CP 222, February 2020).Google Scholar

HM Government, Freeports: Response to the Consultation (CP 302, October 2020).Google Scholar

HM Treasury, The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government (London: The Stationary Office, 2018).Google Scholar

HM Treasury, The Nationalisation of Northern Rock (Report by the comptroller and auditor general, HC 298 Session 2008–2009, 20 March 2009).Google Scholar

Hodge, Tom C., ‘Compatible or Conflicting: The Promotion of a High Level of Employment and the Consumer Welfare Standard under Article 101’ (2012) 3 William and Mary Business Law Review 59.Google Scholar

Hodson, Dermot and Quaglia, Lucia, ‘European Perspectives on the Global Financial Crisis: Introduction’ (2009) 47 JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 939.Google Scholar

Holligan, Bonnie, ‘Commodity or Propriety? Unauthorised Transfer of Intangible Entitlements in the EU Emissions Trading System’ (2020) 83 Modern Law Review 979.Google Scholar

Holmes, Simon, ‘Climate Change, Sustainability, and Competition Law’ (2020) 8 Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 354.Google Scholar

House of Commons, Banking Crisis: Dealing with the Failure of the UK Banks (Seventh Report of Session 2008–2009, 21 April 2009).Google Scholar

House of Commons, Early Day Motion 1764 of 2001–2002, tabled 16 October 2002.Google Scholar

House of Commons, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee, Milk Pricing in the United Kingdom Ninth Report of Session 2003–2004 (26 May 2004, HC 335).Google Scholar

House of Commons, Library, ‘Eat out to Help out Scheme’ Briefing Paper Number CBP 8978 (22 December 2020).Google Scholar

House of Commons, Northern Ireland Affairs Committee, Brexit and Northern Ireland: Fisheries (Fourth Report of Session 2017–2019, HC 878, 15 September 2018).Google Scholar

House of Commons, Public Accounts Committee, The Nationalisation of Northern Rock, Thirty-first Report of Session 2008–2009 (1 June 2009).Google Scholar

House of Commons, The UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement: Governance and Dispute Settlement Briefing Paper 09139 (19 February 2021).Google Scholar

House of Commons, Treasury Committee, The Run on the Rock, Fifth Report of Session 2007–2008, Volume 1, Report, together with formal minutes HC 56–I, Incorporating HC 999 i–iv, Session 2006–2007 (26 January 2008).Google Scholar

House of Lords, Select Committee on the Constitution, The Legislative Process: Preparing Legislation for Parliament, 4th Report of Session 2017–2019, published 25 October 2017, HL Paper 27.Google Scholar

Hutcheson, Francis, Inquiry Concerning Moral Good and Evil (1725).Google Scholar

Ibáñez Colomo, Pablo, ‘Anticompetitive Effects in EU Competition Law’ (2021) 17 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 309.Google Scholar

Ibáñez Colomo, Pablo, ‘Article 101 TFEU and Market Integration’ (2016) 12 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 749.Google Scholar

Independent Commission on Banking, Final Report: Recommendations (September 2011).Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Edenhofer, O. et al. (eds.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Global Warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above pre-Industrial Levels (2021).Google Scholar

International Monetary Fund, Global Financial Stability Report: October 2007 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2007).Google Scholar

Italian Competition Authority, ‘ICA: Coronavirus, the Authority Intervenes in the Sale of Sanitizing Products and Masks’; https://en.agcm.it/en/media/press-releases/2020/3/ICA-Coronavirus-the-Authority-intervenes-in-the-sale-of-sanitizing-products-and-masks.Google Scholar

Johnson, Rt Hon. Boris MP, PM, in response to Sir Jeffrey M. Donaldson, Hansard, Volume 687, Column 290, 13 January 2021.Google Scholar

Joliet, René, ‘Cartelisation, Dirigism and Crisis in the European Community’ (1981) 3 The World Economy 403.Google Scholar

Jones, Alison and Dunne, Niamh, Jones and Sufrin’s EU Competition Law: Text, Cases, Materials, 7th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).Google Scholar

Jones, Alison and Dunne, Niamh, and Sufrin, Brenda, ‘State Aid’ Supplementary Chapter to EU Competition Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, 6th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016); https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/law/competition/jones_sufrin6e/.Google Scholar

Kaplow, Louis, ‘On the Choice of Welfare Standards in Competition Law’ in Zimmer, Daniel (ed.) The Goals of Competition Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012) pp. 3–26.Google Scholar

Kaupa, Clemens, ‘The More Economic Approach – A Reform Based on Ideology’ (2009) European State Aid Law Quarterly 311.Google Scholar

Kerber, Wolfgang, ‘Should Competition Law Promote Efficiency? Some Reflections of an Economist on the Normative Foundations of Competition Law’ in Drexl, Josef, Idot, Laurence and Monéger, Joël (eds.) Economic Theory and Competition Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2009) pp. 93–120.Google Scholar

Kilduff, P. D. F. and Jackson, K. C., ‘The Competitive Characteristics of the Man-Made-Fibre Industry in Western Europe’ (1989) 80 Journal of the Textile Institute 185.Google Scholar

Kingston, Suzanne, ‘Competition Law in an Environmental Crisis’ (2019) 10 Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 517.Google Scholar

Kingston, Suzanne, Greening EU Competition Law and Policy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).Google Scholar

Kingston, Suzanne, ‘Integrating Environmental Protection and EU Competition Law: Why Competition Isn’t Special’ (2010) 16 European Law Journal 780.Google Scholar

Kirby, M. W., ‘The Control of Competition in the British Coal-Mining Industry in the Thirties’ (1973) 26 Economic History Review 273.Google Scholar

Kirby, M. W., ‘Government Intervention in Industrial Organization: Coal Mining in the Nineteen Thirties’ (1973) 15 Business History 160.Google Scholar

Kleiner, Thibaut, ‘Modernization of State Aid Policy’ in Szyszczak, Erika (ed.) Research Handbook on European State Aid Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011) pp. 1–27.Google Scholar

Kokkoris, Ioannis and Olivares-Caminal, Rodrigo, Antitrust Law amidst Financial Crises (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).Google Scholar

Kolasky, William, ‘Conglomerate Mergers and Range Effects: It’s a Long Way from Chicago to Brussels’ (2002) 10 George Mason Law Review 533.Google Scholar

Kollewe, Julia, ‘Brexit Problems Halt Some Scottish Seafood Exports to EU’ The Guardian, 14 January 2021.Google Scholar

Kollewe, Julia, ‘Fresh Seafood Exports from Scotland to EU Halted until 18 January’ The Guardian, 13 January 2021.Google Scholar

Konkurrensverket, The Pros and Cons of High Prices (Kalmar: Konkurrensverket, 2007).Google Scholar

Kovacic, William E., ‘Transatlantic Turbulence: The Boeing-McDonnell Douglas Merger and International Competition Policy’ (2001) 68 Antitrust Law Journal 805.Google Scholar

Kreuschitz, Viktor and Nehl, Hanns Peter, ‘The Notion of State Aid, Criterion of Advantage’ in Hofmann, Herwig C. H. and Micheau, Claire (eds.) State Aid Law of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016) pp. 84–129.Google Scholar

Kroes, Neelie, ‘The Law and Economics of State Aid Control – A Commission Perspective’ Joint EStALI/ESMT Conference, Berlin, 8 October 2007; https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_07_601.Google Scholar

Kroes, Neelie, ‘The State Aid Action Plan – Delivering less and Better Targeted Aid’ UK Presidency Seminar on State Aid London (14 July 2005).Google Scholar

Krugman, Paul, ‘Very Scary Things’ New York Times, 10 August 2007.Google Scholar

La Porta, Rafael et al., ‘Law and Finance’ (1998) 106 Journal of Political Economy 1113.Google Scholar

Labaton, Stephen, ‘Agency’s ’04 Rule Let Banks Pile up New Debt’ New York Times, 2 October 2008.Google Scholar

Labonte, Marc and Makinen, Gail E., ‘Federal Reserve Interest Rate Changes: 2000–2008’ Congressional Research Services/Library of Congress, CRS Report for Congress (19 March 2008).Google Scholar

Leahy, Pat, Staunton, Denis and McClements, Freya, ‘Government Brands UK Move to Delay Checks on Goods Entering North from Britain “Deeply Unhelpful”’ Irish Times (Dublin), 3 March 2021.Google Scholar

Lessing, R., ‘Report of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry (1925)’ (1926) Chemistry and Industry 196.Google Scholar

Levenstein, Margaret C. and Suslow, Valerie Y., ‘What Determines Cartel Success?’ (2006) 44 Journal of Economic Literature 43.Google Scholar

Levitin, Adam J. and Wachter, Susan M., ‘Explaining the Housing Bubble’ (2012) 100 Georgetown Law Journal 1177.Google Scholar

Li, Qun et al., ‘Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia’ (2020) 382 New England Journal of Medicine 1199.Google Scholar

Lianos, Ioannis, ‘Polycentric Competition Law’ (2018) 70 Current Legal Problems 161.Google Scholar

Lianos, Ioannis, Korah, Valentine and Siciliani, Paolo Competition Law Analysis, Cases, and Materials (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).Google Scholar

Linklaters, ‘Competition Law Needs to Cooperate: Companies Want Clarity to Enable Climate Change Initiatives to Be Pursued’ (29 April 2020); https://lpscdn.linklaters.com/-/media/files/document-store/pdf/uk/2020/april/linklaters_competition-law-needs-to-cooperate_april-2020.ashx?rev=2c2c8c7d-91a8-496f-99fb-92a799c55cb2&extension=pdf&hash=6641BEDB36EC877CA43C7D995BD6EEDA.Google Scholar

Lo Schiavo, Gianni, ‘The General Court Reassesses the British Aggregates Levy: Selective Advantages “Permeated” by an Exercise on the Actual Effects of Competition?’ (2013) European State Aid Law Quarterly 384.Google Scholar

London Economics, ‘Ex-post Evaluation of the Impact of Rescue and Restructuring Aid on the International Competitiveness of the Sector(s) affected by such Aid’ Report prepared for the European Commission, Directorate General Enterprise (2004).Google Scholar

Lucas, Arthur F., ‘A British Experiment in the Control of Competition: The Coal Mines Act of 1930’ (1934) 48 Quarterly Journal of Economics 418.Google Scholar

Mayer, Christopher, Pence, Karen and Sherlund, Shane M., ‘The Rise in Mortgage Defaults’ (2009) 23 Journal of Economic Perspectives 27.Google Scholar

Maziarz, Aleksander, ‘Do Non-economic Goals Count in Interpreting Article 101(3) TFEU?’ (2014) 10 European Competition Journal 341.Google Scholar

McCormick, Myles, ‘Investors Hoard Cash to Ward off Worst Effects of Coronavirus Crisis’ Financial Times, 14 April 2020.Google Scholar

Meese, Alan J., ‘Competition Policy and the Great Depression: Lessons Learned and a New Way Forward’ (2013) 23 Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 255.Google Scholar

Merrick, Rob, ‘Brexit: Peers Inflict Heaviest Defeat for More than 20 Years over Bill that Will Break International Law’ The Independent, 20 October 2020.Google Scholar

Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim, ‘The Applicability of the ECSC-Cartel Prohibition (Article 65) during a “Manifest Crisis”’ (1984) 82 Michigan Law Review 1399.Google Scholar

Sophie, Meunier and McNamara, Kathleen R. (eds), In Making History: European Integration and Institutional Change at Fifty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Mian, Atif R. and Sufi, Amir, ‘The Consequences of Mortgage Credit Expansion: Evidence from the U.S. Mortgage Default Crisis’ (12 December 2008) (SSRN = 1072304).Google Scholar

Middleton, Roger, ‘The Great Depression in Europe’ in Doumanis, Nicholas (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016) pp. 179–206.Google Scholar

Ministère de la Transition écologique, ‘Fiscalité carbone’; www.ecologie.gouv.fr/fiscalite-carbone.Google Scholar

Ministry of Justice, Government Response to Consultation: Response to the Consultation on the Departure from Retained EU Case Law by UK Courts and Tribunals (CP 303, 15 October 2020).Google Scholar

Montgomerie, Johnna, ‘Austerity and the Household: The Politics of Economic Storytelling’ (2016) 11 British Politics 418.Google Scholar

Monti, Giorgio and Jotte, Mulder, ‘Escaping the Clutches of EU Competition: Law Pathways to Assess Private Sustainability Initiatives’ (2017) 42 European Law Review 635.Google Scholar

Morrison, Alan D., ‘Systemic Risks and the “Too-Big-to-Fail” Problem’ (2011) 27 Oxford Review of Economic Policy 498.Google Scholar

Motta, Mario, ‘Price Regulation in Times of Crisis Can Be Tricky’ Daily Maverick, 22 April 2020.Google Scholar

Motta, Massimo and de Streel, Alexandre, ‘Excessive Pricing in Competition Law: Never Say Never?’ in Konkurrensverket, The Pros and Cons of High Prices (Kalmar: Konkurrensverket, 2007) pp. 14–46.Google Scholar

Mulder, Machiel and Zomer, Sigourney, ‘Dutch Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Broiler Welfare’ (2017) 20 Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 137.Google Scholar

Mulder, Machiel et al., ‘Economische effecten van “Kip van Morgen” Kosten en baten voor consumenten van een collectieve afspraak in de pluimveehouderij’ (Office of the Chief Economist ACM, October 2014).Google Scholar

Nederlandsche Bank De, Perspective on the Structure of the Dutch Banking Sector (Amsterdam: De Nederlandsche Bank, 2015).Google Scholar

New Century Financial Corporation, ‘New Century Financial Corporation Files for Chapter 11; Announces Agreement to Sell Servicing Operations’ News Release, 2 April 2007.Google Scholar

Newey, Sarah et al., ‘Coronavirus: Chance to Contain Outbreak is “Narrowing” says WHO’ Telegraph, 21 February 2020.Google Scholar

Nicolaides, Phedon, ‘Application of Article 107(2)(b) TFEU to Covid-19 Measures: State Aid to Make Good the Damage Caused by an Exceptional Occurrence’ (2020) 11 Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 238.Google Scholar

Nordhaus, William D., ‘Expert Opinion on Climatic Change’ (1994) 82 American Scientist 45.Google Scholar

Nordhaus, William D., ‘Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change’ (1993) 7 Journal of Economic Perspectives 11.Google Scholar

Nowag, Julian, Environmental Integration in Competition and Free-Movement Laws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).Google Scholar

Nulsch, Nicole, ‘Is Subsidizing Companies in Difficulties an Optimal Policy? An Empirical Study on the Effectiveness of State Aid in the European Union’ IWH Discussion Papers, No. 9/2014, Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) (Halle (Saale), 2014).Google Scholar

O’Donoghue, Robert and Padilla, Jorge, The Law and Economics of Article 102 TFEU, 3rd edition (Oxford: Hart, 2020).Google Scholar

O’Carroll, Lisa, ‘Cheshire Cheesemaker Says Business Left with £250,000 “Brexit Hole”’ The Guardian, 23 January 2021.Google Scholar

O’Carroll, Lisa, ‘Crisps Lorry Held up for Two Days by Northern Irish Brexit Checks, MPs Told’ The Guardian, 21 January 2021.Google Scholar

O’Carroll, Lisa, ‘Eight Days for Carrots to Get to Belfast with Complex Brexit Checks’ The Guardian, 31 January 2021.Google Scholar

O’Connell, Martin, de Paula, Áureo and Smith, Kate, ‘Preparing for a Pandemic: Spending Dynamics and Panic Buying during the COVID-19 First Wave’ Working Paper 20-34 (London, Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2020).Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Kathy, ‘Pit Closures in the British Coal Industry: A Comparison of the 1960s and 1980s’ (1988) 2 International Review of Applied Economics 62.Google Scholar

Odudu, Okeoghene, The Boundaries of EC Competition Law: The Scope of Article 81 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).Google Scholar

Odudu, Okeoghene, ‘Feeding the Nation in Times of Crisis: The Relaxation of Competition Law in the United Kingdom’ (2020) 19 Competition Law Journal 68.Google Scholar

Odudu, Okeoghene, ‘Restrictions of Competition by Object – What’s the Beef?’ (2009) 8 Competition Law Journal 11.Google Scholar

Office of Fair Trading, Anticipated Acquisition by Lloyds TSB plc: Report to the Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (24 October 2008).Google Scholar

Office of National Statistics, UK Trade: January 2021 (12 March 2021).Google Scholar

Office of the Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, Quarterly Report to Congress (26 January 2011).Google Scholar

Olsen, Edgar O., ‘An Econometric Analysis of Rent Control’ (1972) 80 Journal of Political Economy 1081.Google Scholar

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ‘Background Note’ OECD Policy Round Table, Failing Firm Defence (2009) (DAF/COMP(2009)38) (Paris: OECD, 2010).Google Scholar

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ‘Exploitative pricing in the time of COVID-19’ (26 May 2020).Google Scholar

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ‘Sustainability and Competition – Note by the Netherlands’ Contribution for 134th OECD Competition Committee Meeting on 1–3 December 2020 DAF/COMP/WD(2020)66 (Paris, OECD, 2020).Google Scholar

Ormosi, Peter and Stephan, Andreas, ‘The Dangers of Allowing Greater Coordination between Competitors during the COVID-19 Crisis’ (2020) 8 Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 299.Google Scholar

Oxera, Should Aid Be Granted to Firms in Difficulty? A Study on Counterfactual Scenarios to Restructuring State Aid (prepared for the European Commission) (Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2009).Google Scholar

PA Cambridge Economic Consultants, Final Evaluation of Enterprise Zones (London: Department of the Environment, 1995).Google Scholar

Parker, George, ‘“Slash and Burn” of EU Rules Ruled out post-Brexit’ Financial Times, 17 February 2021.Google Scholar

Parker, George, and Dickie, Mure, ‘Boris Johnson Accused of Betraying Fishing Industry over Brexit Disruption’ Financial Times, 14 January 2021.Google Scholar

Parker, George, and Dickie, Mure, and Foster, Peter, ‘UK Postpones Imposing Checks on EU Goods until 2022’ Financial Times, 14 September 2021.Google Scholar

Parker, George, and Dickie, Mure, and Foster, Peter, and Pfeifer, Sylvia, ‘UK Rejects Industry Plea for Visas for EU Truck Drivers’ Financial Times, 22 August 2021.Google Scholar

Parker, George, and Dickie, Mure, and Foster, Peter, and Pfeifer, Sylvia, et al., ‘Gove Urges Brussels to Take Action as Northern Ireland Tensions Rise’ Financial Times, 2 February 2021.Google Scholar

Partington, Richard, ‘Business Leaders Call for Relaxation of post-Brexit Visa Rules’ Guardian, 25 August 2021.Google Scholar

Pastor-Merchante, Fernando, The Role of Competitors in the Enforcement of State Aid Law (Oxford: Hart, 2017).Google Scholar

Pavlov, Andrey and Wachter, Susan, ‘Subprime Lending and Real Estate Prices’ (2011) 39 Real Estate Economics 1.Google Scholar

Penrose, John MP, Power to the People: Independent Report on Competition Policy (16 February 2021).Google Scholar

Peretz, George, ‘Corbyn on State Aid: Fact-Checked’ Politics Today, 27 February 2018.Google Scholar

Peretz, George, ‘State Aid and Brexit: Slowly Dawns’ (2018) 17 European State Aid Law Quarterly 80.Google Scholar

Pflanz, Matthias and Caffarra, Cristina, ‘The Economics of GE Honeywell’ (2002) 23 European Competition Law Review 115.Google Scholar

Pigou, Arthur C., The Economics of Welfare, 4th edition (London: Macmillan, 1932).Google Scholar

Pisani-Ferry, Jean and Sapir, André, ‘Banking Crisis Management in the EU: An Early Assessment’ (2010) 35 Economic Policy 341.Google Scholar

Plummer, Robert and Read, Simon, ‘Eat out to Help out Will Definitely Affect the Weekend’ BBC News, 3 August 2020.Google Scholar

Posner, Richard A., Antitrust Law: Cases, Economic Notes and Other Materials, 2nd edition (Minneapolis: West Publishing, 1981).Google Scholar

Posner, Richard A., ‘A Statistical Study of Antitrust Enforcement’ (1970) 13 Journal of Law and Economics 365.Google Scholar

Pozdnakova, Alla, ‘Excessive Pricing and the Prohibition of the Abuse of a Dominant Position under Article 82 EC’ (2010) 33 World Competition: Law and Economics Review 120.Google Scholar

Quigley, Conor, ‘Review of Judgment in Case T-176/01 – Ferriere Nord SpA v. European Commission’ (2005) European State Aid Quarterly 57.Google Scholar

Rasek, Arno and Smuda, Florian, ‘Ex-post Evaluation of Competition Law Enforcement Effects in the German Packaging Waste Compliance Scheme Market’ (2018) 116 De Economist 89.Google Scholar

Ratshisusu, Hardin and Mncube, Liberty, ‘Addressing Excessive Pricing Concerns in Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic – A View from South Africa’ (2020) 8 Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 256.Google Scholar

Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice, revised edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).Google Scholar

Reynolds, Robert and Ordover, Janusz, ‘Archimedean Leveraging and the GE/Honeywell Transaction’ (2002) 70 Antitrust Law Journal 171.Google Scholar

Roosevelt, Franklin D., First Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 4 March 1933; https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/froos1.aspGoogle Scholar

Royal Commission on the Coal Industry (1925), Report of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry (1925) with Minutes of Evidence and Appendices, Volume 1, Report. Cmd 2600 (London: HMSO, 1926).Google Scholar

Rubini, Luca, The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid: WTO and EC Law in Comparative Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar

Safi, Michael, ‘Coronavirus from Unknown Virus to Global Crisis – Timeline’ The Guardian, 14 December 2020.Google Scholar

Salinger, Michael A., ‘Price Gouging and the Covid-19 Crisis – This Time Is (a Little) Different’ CPI Antitrust Chronicle (September 2020).Google Scholar

Sawer, Patrick, ‘Supermarkets Could Join Forces at Peak of Crisis’ Telegraph, 14 March 2020.Google Scholar

Schinkel, Maarten Pieter, ‘On Distributive Justice by Antitrust: The Robin Hood Cartel’ Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2021-2016/Amsterdam Center for Law and Economics Working Paper No. 2021-2006 (18 June 2021) (SSRN = 3869561).Google Scholar

Schinkel, Maarten Pieter, and d’Ailly, Abel, ‘Corona Crisis Cartels: Sense and Sensibility’ Amsterdam Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2020-2031/Amsterdam Center for Law and Economics Working Paper No. 2020-2003 (11 June 2020) (SSRN = 3623154).Google Scholar

Schinkel, Maarten Pieter, and d’Ailly, Abel, and Toth, Lukas, ‘Compensatory Public Good Provision by a Private Cartel’ TI 2019–2086/VII Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper (March 2020).Google Scholar

Schmitt, Hans A., ‘The European Coal and Steel Community: Operations of the First European Antitrust Law, 1952–1958’ (1944) 38 Business History Review 102.Google Scholar

Scholtes, Saskia and Beales, Richard, ‘New Century Files for Chapter 11’ Financial Times, 3 April 2007.Google Scholar

Schröter, Harm G., ‘Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870–1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution’ (1996) 25 Journal of European Economic History 129.Google Scholar

Schweiger, Helena, ‘The Impact of State Aid for Restructuring on the Allocation of Resources’ European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Working Paper No. 127 (May 2011).Google Scholar

Scott Morton, Fiona M., ‘Innovation Incentives in a Pandemic’ (2020) 8 Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 309.Google Scholar

Serwicka, Ilona and Holmes, Peter, ‘What Is the Extra Mileage in the Reintroduction of “Free Zones” in the UK?’ UK Trade Policy Observatory Briefing Paper 28 (February 2019).Google Scholar

Shaw, R. W. and Shaw, S. A., ‘Excess Capacity and Rationalisation in the West European Synthetic Fibre Industry’ (1984) 32 Journal of Industrial Economics 149.Google Scholar

Sheehy, Seamus J., ‘The Impact of EEC Membership on Irish Agriculture’ (1980) 31 Journal of Agricultural Economics 297.Google Scholar

Shepherd, William G., ‘“Contestability” vs. Competition’ (1984) 74 American Economic Review 572.Google Scholar

Shin, Hyun Song, ‘Reflections on Northern Rock: The Bank Run That Heralded the Global Financial Crisis’ (2009) 23 Journal of Economic Perspectives 101.Google Scholar

Simensen, Ivar, ‘Sachsen Falls Victim to Credit Crisis’ Financial Times, 17 August 2007.Google Scholar

Sleuwaegen, Leo, Pennings, Enrico and De Voldere, Isabelle, ‘Public Aid and Relocation within the European Community’ Report to the European Commission, Directorate General III (Brussels, 2000).Google Scholar

Stephan, Andreas, ‘Did Lloyds/HBOS Mark the Failure of an Enduring Economics-Based System of Merger Regulation?’ (2011) 62 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 539.Google Scholar

Stern, Nicholas, ‘Imperfections in the Economics of Public Policy, Imperfections in Markets, and Climate Change’ (2010) 8 Journal of the European Economic Association 253.Google Scholar

Stewart, Heather and Mason, Rowena, ‘Nigel Farage’s Anti-migrant Poster Reported to Police’ The Guardian, 16 June 2016.Google Scholar

Sullivan, Lawrence A. and Grimes, Warren S, Law of Antitrust: An Integrated Handbook, 2nd edition (St. Paul, MN: West, 2006).Google Scholar

Sunak, Rishi MP, ‘Budget Speech 2021’ (3 March 2021); www.gov.uk/government/speeches/budget-speech-2021.Google Scholar

Sunak, Rishi MP, ‘The Free Ports Opportunity: How Brexit Could Boost Trade, Manufacturing and the North’ (London: Centre for Policy Studies, November 2016).Google Scholar

Supple, Barry, ‘The British Coal Industry between the Wars’ (1989) 9 ReFresh 5.Google Scholar

Supple, Barry, The History of the British Coal Industry 1914–1946, Volume 4, The Political Economy of Decline (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).Google Scholar

Swormink, Berrie Klein, ‘Chicken of Tomorrow Is Here Today’ Poultry World, 13 March 2017.Google Scholar

Talbot, Conor, ‘Finding a Baseline for Competition Law Enforcement during Crises: Case Study of the Irish Beef Proceedings’ (2015) 18 Irish Journal of European Law 55.Google Scholar

Tannam, Etain, ‘Intergovernmental and Cross-Border Civil Service Cooperation: The Good Friday Agreement and Brexit’ (2018) 17 Ethnopolitics 243.Google Scholar

Tarrant, Andy and Biondi, Andrea, ‘Labour’s Programme and EU Law’ (2017) 25 Renewal 66.Google Scholar

Taylor, Jason E., ‘Cartel Code Attributes and Cartel Performance: An Industry-Level Analysis of the National Industrial Recovery Act’ (2007) 50 Journal of Law and Economics 597.Google Scholar

Taylor, Jason E., ‘The Output Effects of Government Sponsored Cartels during the New Deal’ (2002) 50 Journal of Industrial Economics 1.Google Scholar

Tees Valley Mayor, A Proposal for a National Free Zone Policy (London: Vivid Economics, ND); www.vivideconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/A-Free-Zone-Policy-fit-for-the-UK-Main-Report.pdf.Google Scholar

Temin, Peter, ‘The Great Depression’ in Engerman, Stanley L. and Gallman, Robert E. (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Volume 3, The Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Google Scholar

Thomas, Daniel and Pickard, Jim, ‘Northern Ireland Firms Hit by EU State Aid Restrictions on UK Covid Loans’ Financial Times, 24 March 2021.Google Scholar

Tol, Richard S. J., ‘The Economic Impacts of Climate Change’ (2018) 12 Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 4.Google Scholar

Townley, Christopher, Article 81 EC and Public Policy (Oxford: Hart, 2009).Google Scholar

Townley, Christopher, ‘Inter-generational Impacts in Competition Analysis: Remembering Those Not Yet Born’ (2011) 32 European Competition Law Review 580.Google Scholar

Townley, Christopher, ‘Is There (Still) Room for Non-economic Arguments in Article 101 TFEU Cases?’ in Heide-Jorgensen, Caroline (ed.) Aims and Values in Competition Law (Copenhagen: Djoef Publishing, 2013) pp. 115–182.Google Scholar

Treanor, Jill, ‘Lloyds TSB Chairman Struck HBOS Deal with Brown at City Drinks Party’ The Guardian, 18 September 2008.Google Scholar

Trustee Savings Bank, Annual Report 2014 (London: TSB, 2015); www.tsb.co.uk/investors/results-reports/TSB-Annual-Reports-Accounts-2014.pdf.Google Scholar

Tyrie, Andrew, How Should Competition Policy React to Coronavirus? (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2020).Google Scholar

Uberoi, Elise et al., ‘UK Fishery Statistics’ House of Commons Library Briefing Paper Number 2788, 23 November 2020.Google Scholar

UK in a Changing Europe, Freeports (2 March 2021).Google Scholar

UK Marine Management Organisation, ‘Fishing Industry in 2019 Statistics Published’ Press Release, 24 September 2020.Google Scholar

UK Parliament, Hansard, Business of the House, Volume 687, 14 January 2021.Google Scholar

United States Securities and Exchange Commission Office of the Inspector General (Office of Audits), SEC’s Oversight of Bear Stearns and Related Entities: The Consolidated Supervised Entity Program, Report No. 446-A (25 September 2008).Google Scholar

David, Vaughan CBE QC and Robertson, Aidan QC (eds.) Law of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, loose leaf).Google Scholar

Vickers, John, ‘The Financial Crisis and Competition Policy: Some Economics’ (2008) 1 Global Competition Policy 9.Google Scholar

Vickers, Noah, ‘Spokesman Indicates Boris Johnson Has Not Read Brexit Trade Deal Text’ The New European, 14 January 2021.Google Scholar

Vives, Xavier, Competition and Stability in Banking: The Role of Regulation and Competition Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).Google Scholar

Wang, Chen et al., ‘A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak of Global Health Concern’ (2020) 395 The Lancet 470.Google Scholar

Wardhaugh, Bruce, Cartels Markets and Crime: A Normative Justification for the Criminalisation of Economic Collusion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Google Scholar

Wardhaugh, Bruce, ‘Chapter 23: Economic and Monetary Union’ in Vaughan, David CBE QC and Robertson, Aidan QC (eds.) Law of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, loose leaf).Google Scholar

Wardhaugh, Bruce, Competition, Effects and Predictability: Rule of Law and the Economic Approach to Competition (Oxford: Hart, 2020).Google Scholar

Wardhaugh, Bruce, ‘Crisis Cartels: Non-economic Values, the Public Interest, and Institutional Considerations’ (2014) 10 European Competition Journal 311.Google Scholar

Waring, R. H., Harris, R. M. and Mitchell, S. C., ‘Plastic Contamination of the Food Chain: A Threat to Human Health?’ (2018) 115 Maturitas 64.Google Scholar

Watkiss, Paul et al., ‘The Impacts and Costs of Climate Change’ Final Report for the European Commission DG Environment (September 2005).Google Scholar

Weale, Martin, ‘Northern Rock: Expert Views’ BBC News, 17 September 2007.Google Scholar

Wentworth, Jonathan, ‘Rapid Response: Effects of COVID-19 on the Food Supply System’ UK Parliament Post, 13 July 2020.Google Scholar

Wesseling, Rein, The Modernisation of EC Antitrust Law (London: Hart, 2000).Google Scholar

Wheelock, David C., ‘Comparing the COVID-19 Recession with the Great Depression’ Economic Synopses 2020 No. 39, St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank (12 August 2020).Google Scholar

Whish, Richard and Bailey, David, Competition Law, 9th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar

White and Case, ‘A Re-awakening of the Failing Firm Defence in the EU in the Aftermath of COVID-19?’ (16 April 2020); www.whitecase.com/publications/alert/re-awakening-failing-firm-defence-eu-aftermath-covid-19.Google Scholar

Williamson, Oliver E., ‘Economies as an Antitrust Defense: The Welfare Tradeoffs’ (1968) 58 American Economic Review 18.Google Scholar

Witt, Anne C., The Economic Approach to EU Antitrust Law (Oxford: Hart, 2016).Google Scholar

Witt, Anne C., ‘The Enforcement of Article 101 TFEU: What Has Happened to the Effects Analysis?’ (2018) 55 Common Market Law Review 417.Google Scholar

Witt, Anne C., ‘The European Court of Justice and the More Economic Approach to EU Competition Law – Is the Tide Turning?’ (2019) 64 The Antitrust Bulletin 172.Google Scholar

Witt, Anne C., ‘Public Policy Goals under EU Competition Law – Now Is the Time to Set the House in Order’ (2012) 8 European Competition Journal 443.Google Scholar

Wolf, Nikolaus, ‘Europe’s Great Depression: Coordination Failure after the First World War’ (2010) 26 Oxford Review of Economic Policy 339.Google Scholar

Wolf, Martin, ‘The Brexit Delusion of Taking Back Control’ Financial Times, 26 March 2019.Google Scholar

Wollenschläger, Ferdinand, Wurmnest, Wolfgang and Möllers, Thomas M. J. (eds.), Private Enforcement of European Competition and State Aid Law: Current Challenges and the Way Forward (Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2020).Google Scholar

Woodmansey, David, ‘A Dog Is for Life, Not Just for Lockdown’ Vet Times, 4 May 2020.Google Scholar

World Health Organization, ‘Pneumonia of Unknown Cause – China’ Disease Outbreak News (5 January 2020).Google Scholar

World Health Organization, ‘Weekly Epidemiological Update – 29 December 2019’.Google Scholar

Young, Sarah, ‘Third of Shoppers Stung by Price-Gouging on Essential Hygiene and Medical Products during Lockdown, Investigation Finds’ The Independent, 3 July 2020.Google Scholar

Zand, Bernhard and Hackenbroch, Veronika, ‘A Failed Deception: The Early Days of the Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan’ Der Spiegel (International Edition) (5 May 2020).Google Scholar

Zimmer, Daniel (ed.), The Goals of Competition Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012).Google Scholar