Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Introduction
- 1 Historiography and Popular Understandings
- 2 Ghetto: The Source of the Term and the Phenomenon in the Early Modern Age
- 3 Ghetto and Ghettoization as Cultural Concepts in the Modern Age
- 4 The Nazis' Anti-Jewish Policy in the 1930s in Germany and the Question of Jewish Residential Districts
- 5 First References to the Term “Ghetto” in the Ideological Discourse of the Makers of Anti-Jewish Policy in the Third Reich (1933–1938)
- 6 The Semantic Turning Point in the Meaning of “Ghetto”: Peter-Heinz Seraphim and Das Judentum im osteuropäischen Raum
- 7 The Invasion of Poland and the Emergence of the “Classic” Ghettos
- 8 Methodological Interlude: The Term “Ghettoization” and Its Use During the Holocaust Itself and in Later Scholarship
- 9 Would the Idea Spread to Other Places? Amsterdam 1941, the Only Attempt to Establish a Ghetto West of Poland
- 10 Ghettos During the Final Solution, 1941–1943: The Territories Occupied in Operation Barbarossa
- 11 Ghettos During the Final Solution Outside the Occupied Soviet Union: Poland, Theresienstadt, Amsterdam, Transnistria, Salonika, and Hungary
- 12 Summary and Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Index
10 - Ghettos During the Final Solution, 1941–1943: The Territories Occupied in Operation Barbarossa
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 March 2011
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Introduction
- 1 Historiography and Popular Understandings
- 2 Ghetto: The Source of the Term and the Phenomenon in the Early Modern Age
- 3 Ghetto and Ghettoization as Cultural Concepts in the Modern Age
- 4 The Nazis' Anti-Jewish Policy in the 1930s in Germany and the Question of Jewish Residential Districts
- 5 First References to the Term “Ghetto” in the Ideological Discourse of the Makers of Anti-Jewish Policy in the Third Reich (1933–1938)
- 6 The Semantic Turning Point in the Meaning of “Ghetto”: Peter-Heinz Seraphim and Das Judentum im osteuropäischen Raum
- 7 The Invasion of Poland and the Emergence of the “Classic” Ghettos
- 8 Methodological Interlude: The Term “Ghettoization” and Its Use During the Holocaust Itself and in Later Scholarship
- 9 Would the Idea Spread to Other Places? Amsterdam 1941, the Only Attempt to Establish a Ghetto West of Poland
- 10 Ghettos During the Final Solution, 1941–1943: The Territories Occupied in Operation Barbarossa
- 11 Ghettos During the Final Solution Outside the Occupied Soviet Union: Poland, Theresienstadt, Amsterdam, Transnistria, Salonika, and Hungary
- 12 Summary and Conclusions
- Bibliography
- Index
Summary
The establishment of ghettos should be undertaken in places where Jews constitute a large share of the population, especially in cities, when their establishment is essential or at least serves the goals.
Gen. Franz von Roques, military directive, August 28, 1941In no circumstances should the establishment of ghettos be viewed as urgent.
Gen. Franz von Roques, military directive, September 3, 1941[It is inconceivable that in Lemberg] the Jews will be handled differently than in Krakow and Warsaw. Consequently, in the days to come, the Jews will be concentrated in Jewish neighborhoods in Lemberg, too, as in the other cities of Galicia, and disappear from the streets.
Dr. Karl Lasch, governor of Lemberg province, October 21, 1941Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, was intended to be the start of Nazi Germany's apocalyptic war against Judeo-Bolshevism. In the wake of the Wehrmacht's rapid advance through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, Belorussia, prewar eastern Poland, and the Ukraine, the first stage of the organized mass murder of the Jews took shape in the space of a few weeks. For many years after 1945 the Final Solution was considered to be the implementation of an idea that had crystallized in advance; only later was this so-called intentionalist view replaced by the perception that the emergence of the genocidal campaign was more complex. In fact, the intentionalist interpretation was not constructed only by scholars after the Holocaust; it took root at an early stage of World War II among individuals who were not at the center of the decision-making process – both Jews, such as the members of the underground group headed by Abba Kovner in the Vilna ghetto, during the last weeks of 1941, and Germans in the field.
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- The Emergence of Jewish Ghettos during the Holocaust , pp. 102 - 121Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011