Introductory Note: The Indonesian Petroleum Association invited me to give an address at its convention commemorating the centennial of the oil industry in Indonesia on 8 October 1985. In the address I pointed out that: “Compared to many countries in the world Indonesia is indeed blessed with an abundance of natural resources. Rich natural resource endowments, however, are no guarantee for rapid economic growth.… Only with the proper policy mix will the availability of abundant natural resources provide a strong base for a strong growth of a country's economy. ” I then referred to the sharp increases of oil prices in the seventies which led to rapid expansion in investment in the public as well as private sectors. I also highlighted a set of adverse conditions in the oil market that had forced the government to take the following measures: a steep devaluation of the currency coupled with a flexible exchange rate management policy to maintain our external competitive edge; reassessment of government expenditure that resulted in a US$10 billion rescue; extensive reform of the banking sector resulting in rapid growth of domestic savings; major reform of the tax system to mobilize domestic non-oil resources; sweeping reforms in customs, shipping, and harbour management to strengthen the non-oil export drive.