Aikio, P. 1989 “The Changing Role of Reindeer in the Life of the Sami.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 169–183). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Altangerel, D. 1987 How Did the Great Bear Originate? Folk-Tales from Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: State Publishing House.Google Scholar

Altangerel, D. 2006 Mongolian Folktales and Legends. Ulaanbaatar: SOD Press.Google Scholar

Amoroso, E. C., and Jewell, P. A.. 1963 “The Exploitation of the Milk-Ejection Reflex by Primitive Peoples.” In Man and Cattle: Proceedings of a Symposium on Domestication, ed. Mourant, A. E. and Zeuner, F. E. (pp. 126–137). London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.Google Scholar

Anderson, D. G. 2000 Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia: The Number One Reindeer Brigade. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, M. 1986 From Predator to Pet: Social Relationships of the Saami Reindeer-Herding Dog. Central Issues in Anthropology 6(2): 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrews, R. C. 1932 The New Conquest of Central Asia: A Narrative of Explorations of the Central Asiatic Expeditions in Mongolia and China, 1921–1930 (Vol. 1). New York: American Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar

Anthony, D. W. 2007 The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Atwood, C. P. 1996 Buddhism and Popular Ritual in Mongolian Religion: A Reexamination of the Fire Cult. History of Religions 36(2): 112–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Azzaroli, A. 1985 An Early History of Horsemanship. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar

Baabar, . 2004 History of Mongolia. Cambridge: Whitehorse Press.Google Scholar

Balzar, M. M. 1990 Shamanism: Soviet Studies of Traditional Religion in Siberia and Central Asia. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Balzar, M. M. 1996 Flights of the Sacred: Symbolism and Theory in Siberian Shamanism. American Anthropologist 98(2): 305–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banks, M. 2001 Visual Methods in Social Research. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barfield, T. J. 1993 The Nomadic Alternative. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Barth, F. 1961 Nomads of South Persia: The Basseri Tribe of the Khamseh Confederacy. Oslo: Universitete Etnograpfisko Museum, University of Oslo.Google Scholar

Bateson, G. 1972 Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar

Batsukh, G., and Zagdsuren, E.. 1991 Animal Genetic Resources. Ulaanbaatar: Food and Agriculture Organisation.Google Scholar

Bawden, C. R. 1968. “Mongol Notes: Some ‘Shamanist’ Hunting Rituals from Mongolia.” Central Asiatic Journal 12(2): 101–143.Google Scholar

Bayarsaikhan, B. 2006 Travelling by Mongolian Horse. Ulaanbaatar:Interpress Co.Google Scholar

Becker, J. 1992 The Lost Country: Mongolia Revealed. London: Sceptre.Google Scholar

Belyaev, D. K. 1979 “Destabilizing Selection as a Factor in Domestication.” Journal of Hereditary 70: 301–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Belyaev, D. K., Plyusnina, I. Z., and Trut, L. N.. 1984–1985 “Domestication in the Silver Fox (Vulpes fulvus Desm): Changes in Physiological Boundaries of the Sensitive Period of Primary Socialization.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 359–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benedict, B. 1969 “Role Analysis in Animals and Men.” Man 4(2): 203–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bira, S. 2004 “Mongolian Tenggerism and Modern Globalism: A Retrospective Look on Globalisation.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3(14): 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bird-David, N. 1990 “The Giving Environment: Another Perspective on the Economic System of Gatherer-Hunters.” Current Anthropology 31(2): 189–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bird-David, N. 1999 “‘Animism’ Revisited: Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology.” Current Anthropology 40: S67–S91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bjørnstad, G., Nilsen, N. Ø, and Røed, K. H.. 2003 “Genetic Relationship Between Mongolian and Norwegian Horses?” Animal Genetics 34: 55–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bökönyi, S. 1984 “Horse.” In Evolution of Domesticated Animals, ed. Mason, I. L. (pp. 162–173). London: Longman.Google Scholar

Bökönyi, S. 1989 “Definitions of Animal Domestication.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 22–27). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Bold, A. 2003 “Mongolian Birds.” In Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development, ed. Badarch, D., Zilinskas, R. A., and Balint, P. J. (pp. 143–171). London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Bold, B-O. 2001 Mongolian Nomadic Society: A Reconstruction of the ‘Medieval’ History of Mongolia. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.Google Scholar

Boyd, L., and Houpt, K. A.. 1994 Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Bruford, M. W., Bradley, D. G., and Luikart, G.. 2003 “DNA Markers Reveal the Complexity of Livestock Domestication.” Nature 4: 901–910.Google ScholarPubMed

Bulliet, R. W. 2005 Hunters, Herders and Hamburgers: The Past and Future of Human–Animal Relationships. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Buxton, L. H. D. 1926 “The Inhabitants of Inner Mongolia.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 56: 143–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byambasuren, D., and Luigi, F.. 2004 The Story of the Weeping Camel (film). Germany–Mongolia: G. Schech Filmproduktion and ThinkFilm.Google Scholar

Bynie, B. 2002 The Country Report on Animal Genetic Resources. Ulaanbaatar: National Consultative Committee on Animal Genetic Resources of Mongolia.Google Scholar

Campbell, A. 1995 “Animism Revisited: Personhood, Environment, and Relational Epistemology.” In Readings in Indigenous Religions, ed. Harvey, G. (pp. 73–105). London and New York: Continuum.Google Scholar

Campbell, B. 2005 “On ‘Loving Your Water Buffalo More than Your Own Mother’: Relationships of Animal and Human Care in Nepal.” In Animals in Person, ed. Knight, J. (pp. 79–100). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Carruthers, D. 1913 Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia and Dzungaria. Vol. 1. London: Hutchinson & Co., London.Google Scholar

Cassidy, R. 2002 The Sport of Kings: Kinship, Class and Thoroughbred Breeding in Newmarket. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassidy, R. 2007 “Introduction: Domestication Reconsidered.” In Where the Wild Things are Now: Domestication Reconsidered, ed. Cassidy, R. and Mullin, M. H. (pp. 1–26). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, J. 1987 The Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, J. 1989 The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation. One World Archaeology Series. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, J. 1992 Horse Power: A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies. London: Natural History Museum Publications.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, J. 1994 “The Unnatural World: Behavioural Aspects of Humans and Animals.” In Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives, ed. Manning, A. and Serpell, J. (pp. 23–35). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Pemberton, J. M.. 2004 Soay Sheep: Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cooper, J. J., Ashton, C., Bishop, S., West, R., Mills, D. S., and Young, R. J.. 2002. “Clever Hounds: Social Cognition in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris).” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81: 229–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coppinger, R., and Schneider, R.. 1995 “Evolution of Working Dogs.” In The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People, ed. Serpell, J. (pp. 22–47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Damdinjaviin, D. 2005 Tumen Shinjit Gaikhamshigt Khurdan Morid [Ideal and Marvellous Racehorses]. Ulaanbaatar: No publisher noted.Google Scholar

Darwin, C. 1868 The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, Vols. 1 and 2. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Dawkins, M. S. 2006 “Through Animal Eyes: What Behaviour Tells Us.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 100(1–2): 4–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dawkins, R. 1978 “Animal Signals: Information or Manipulation?” In Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. and Davies, N. B. (pp. 380–402). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. 1982 The Extended Phenotype: The Gene as the Unit of Selection. Oxford: Freeman.Google Scholar

Dawkins, R. and Krebs, J. R.. 1979 “Arms Races Between and Within Species.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 205: 489–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dennet, D. C. 1995 Darwin's Dangerous Idea. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Dennet, D. C. 1996 Kinds of Minds: Towards an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Descola, P. 1992 “Societies of Nature and the Nature of Society.” In Conceptualizing Society, ed. Kuper, A. (pp. 107–126). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Descola, P. 1994 In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Descola, P. 1996 “Constructing Natures: Symbolic Ecology and Social Practice.” In Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives, ed. Descola, P. and Palsson, G. (pp. 82–102). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Despret, V. 2004 “The Body We Care For: Figures of Anthropo-Zoo-Genesis.” Body and Society 10(2–3): 111–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, J. M. 1966 “Zoological Classification System of a Primitive People.” Science 151: 1102–1104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Diamond, J. M. 1997 Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Diamond, J. M., and Bellwood, P.. 2003 “Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions.” Science 300(25): 597–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dierendonck, M. C., and Goodwin, D.. 2005 “Social Contact in Horses: Implications for Human-Horse Interactions.” In The Human-Animal Relationship, ed. Jong, F. N. and Bos, R. (pp. 65–81). Animals in Philosophy and Science, Vol. 4. Assen, Netherlands: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar

Dorjgotov, H. 1999 English–Mongol, Mongol–English Animal Husbandry Glossary. Ulaanbaatar: T & U Printing.Google Scholar

Downs, J. F., and Ekvall, R. B.. 1965 “Animals and Social Types in the Exploitation of the Tibetan Plateau.” In Man, Culture and Animals: The Role of Animals in Human Ecological Adjustments, ed. Leeds, A. and Vayda, A. P. (pp. 169–184). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar

Ducos, P. 1989 “Defining Domestication: A Clarification.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J., trans. M. Matthews (pp. 28–30). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Dunlop, S. 2000 Conquest and Change: Mongol Herding in Xilingol, Inner Mongolia. PhD dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar

Dwyer, P. D. 1996 “The Invention of Nature.” In Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication, ed. Ellen, R. and Fukui, K. (pp. 157–186). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Dwyer, P. D., and Minnegal, M.. 2005 “Person, Place or Pig: Animal Attachments and Human Transactions in New Guinea.” In Animals in Person, ed. Knight, J. (pp. 37–60). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Dyson-Hudson, R., and Dyson-Hudson, N.. 1980 “Nomadic Pastoralism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 15–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ekvall, R. B. 1961 “The Nomadic Pattern of Living among the Tibetans as Preparation for War.” American Anthropologist 63(6): 1250–1263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ekvall, R. B. 1968 Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar

Ellen, R., and Fukui, K.. 1996 Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Epstein, H. 1969 Domestic Animals of China. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar

Erdenebaatar, B. 1996 “Socio-Economic Aspects of the Pastoral Movement Patterns of Mongolian Herders.” In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, Vol. 1: The Pastoral Economy and the Environment, ed. Humphrey, C. and Sneath, D. (pp. 58–108). Cambridge: The Whitehorse Press.Google Scholar

Erdenekhuyag, D. 2004 The Horses of Chinggis Khan. Ulaanbaatar:Hiimori Printing.Google Scholar

Eriksen, T. H. 2001 Small Places, Big Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1939. “Nuer Time-Reckoning.” Africa 12(2): 189–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1940 The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1956 Nuer Religion. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Even, M. -D. 1991 “Shamanism of the Mongols.” In Mongolia Today, ed. Akiner, S. (pp. 183–205). London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Exupéry, A. de Saint. 1943 The Little Prince. Translated from the French by K. Woods. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar

Feeny, D., Berkes, F., McCay, B. J., and Acheson, J. M.. 1990 “The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later.” Human Ecology 18: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fernández-Giménez, M. E. 1999 “Reconsidering the Role of Absentee Herd Owners: A View from Mongolia.” Human Ecology 27(1): 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fernández-Giménez, M. E. 2002 “Spatial and Social Boundaries and the Paradox of Pastoral Land Tenure: A Case Study from Postsocialist Mongolia.” Human Ecology 30(1): 49–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fijn, N. 2007 “Filming the Significant Other: Human and Non-Human.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 8(4): 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finch, V. A., and Western, D.. 1977 “Cattle Colors in Pastoral Herds: Natural Selection or Social Preference?” Ecology 58(6): 1384–1392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fratkin, E. 1997 “Pastoralism: Governance and Development Issues.” Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 235–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fuentes, A. 2006 “The Humanity of Animals and the Animality of Humans: A View from Biological Anthropology Inspired by J. M. Coetzee's Elizabeth Costello.” American Anthropology 108(1): 124–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fukui, K. 1979 “Cattle Colour Symbolism and Inter-Tribal Homicide among the Bodi.” In Warfare among East African Herders, ed. Fukui, K. and Turton, D. (pp. 147–177). Senri Ethnological Studies, No. 3. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.Google Scholar

Fukui, K. 1996 “Co-evolution Between Humans and Domesticates: The Cultural Selection of Animal Coat-Colour Diversity among the Bodi.” In Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication, ed. Ellen, R. and Fukui, K. (pp. 319–386). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Galaty, J. G. 1989 “Cattle and Cognition: Aspects of Maasai Practical Reasoning.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 215–230). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Galbadrakh, D., and Ganchimeg, J.. 2000 Identification Guide of Common Plants of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Mongolian Society for Environmental Education.Google Scholar

Game, A. 2001 “Riding: Embodying the Centaur.” Body and Society 7(1): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gauthier-Pilters, H., and Dagg, A. I.. 1981 The Camel: Its Evolution, Ecology, Behaviour and Relationship to Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Gladitz, C. 1997 Horse Breeding in the Medieval World. Cornwall: Four Courts Press.Google Scholar

Goldstein, M. C., and Beall, C. M.. 1994 The Changing World of Mongolia's Nomads. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Goodwin, D. 2002. “Horse Behaviour in Evolution, Domestication and Feralization.” In The Welfare of Horses, ed. Waran, N. (pp. 1–18). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.Google ScholarPubMed

Gould, S. J. 1979 “A Quahog is a Quahog.” Natural History 88(7): 18–26.Google Scholar

Groves, C. 1994 “Morphology, Habitat, and Taxonomy.” In Przewalski's Horse: The History and Biology of an Endangered Species, ed. Boyd, L. and Houpt, K. A. (pp. 39–60). New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Guilford, T., and Dawkins, M. S.. 1991 “Receiver Psychology and the Evolution of Animal Signals.” Animal Behaviour 42: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallowell, I. 1976 “Ojibwa Ontology, Behavior, and World View.” In Contributions to Anthropology (pp. 357–390). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Haraway, D. 2003 The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People and Significant Others. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Haraway, D. 2004 The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Haraway, D. 2007 When Species Meet (Posthumanities). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Hardin, G. 1971 “The Tragedy of the Commons.” In What a Piece of Work is Man: Introductory Readings in Biology, ed. Ray, J. D. J. and Nelson, G. E. (pp. 351–364). Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Hare, B., Brown, M., Williamson, C., and Tomasello, M.. 2002 “The Domestication of Social Cognition in Dogs.” Science 298: 1634–1636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harris, D. R. 1996 “Domesticatory Relationships of People, Plants and Animals.” In Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication, ed. Ellen, R. and Fukui, K. (pp. 437–465). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Harris, M. 1992 “The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle.” Current Anthropology 33(1): 261–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hart, B. L. 1985 The Behaviour of Domestic Animals. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar

Harvey, G. 2006a Animism: Respecting the Living World. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Harvey, G. 2006b “Animals, Animists and Academics.” Zygon 41(1): 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haudricourt, A. G. 1969 “Domestication of Animals, Cultivation of Plants and Human Relations.” Social Science Information 8(3): 163–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hearne, V. 2000 Adam's Task: Calling Animals by Name. New York: Akadine Press.Google Scholar

Hemmer, H. 1990 Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation. Translated by N. Beckhaus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Heptner, V. G., Nasimovich, A. A., and Bannikov, A. G.. 1961 Mammals of the Soviet Union, Vol. 1. Translated by P. M. Rao. Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola.Google Scholar

Heston, A. 1971 “An Approach to the Sacred Cow of India.” Current Anthropology 12(2): 191–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hilzheimer, M. 1935 “The Evolution of the Domestic Horse.” Antiquity 9(34): 133–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hooper, A. 1989 “Mutualism between Man and Honeyguide.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 347–349). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Hovens, J. P. M., and Tungalaktuja, K.. 2005 “Seasonal Fluctuations of the Wolf Diet in the Hustai National Park (Mongolia).” Mammalian Biology 4: 210–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Humphrey, C. 1980 “Theories of North Asian Shamanism.” In Soviet and Western Anthropology, ed. Gellner, E. (pp. 243–256). London: Gerald Duckworth.Google Scholar

Humphrey, C. 1983 The Karl Marx Collective: Economy, Society and Religion in a Siberian Collective Farm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Humphrey, C., and Sneath, D.. 1996 Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, Vol. 1: The Pastoral Economy and the Environment. Cambridge: Whitehorse Press.Google Scholar

Humphrey, C., and Sneath, D.. 1996 Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, Vol. 2: Society and Culture. Cambridge: Whitehorse Press.Google Scholar

Humphrey, C., and Sneath, D.. 1999 The End of Nomadism? Society, State and the Environment in Inner Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Humphrey, C., with Onon, U.. 1996 Shamans and Elders: Experience, Knowledge and Power among the Daur Mongols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Indra, R. 2003 “Mongolian Dairy Products.” In Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development, ed. Badarch, D., Zilinskas, R. A., and Balint, P. J. (pp. 69–85). London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Ingold, T. 1974 “On Reindeer and Men.” Man 9(4): 523–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingold, T. 1980 Hunters, Pastoralists and Ranchers: Reindeer Economies and Their Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingold, T. 1986a The Appropriation of Nature: Essays on Human Ecology and Social Relations. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.Google Scholar

Ingold, T. 1986b “Reindeer Economies and the Origins of Pastoralism.” Anthropology Today 2(4): 5–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingold, T. 1990 “An Anthropologist Looks at Biology.” Man 25(2): 208–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingold, T. 1993 “The Temporality of the Landscape.” World Archaeology 25: 152–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingold, T. 1994 “From Trust to Domination: An Alternative History of Human–Animal Relations.” In Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives, ed. Manning, A. and Serpell, J. (pp. 1–22). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ingold, T. 1996 “Hunting and Gathering as Ways of Perceiving the Environment.” In Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication, ed. Ellen, R. and Fukui, K. (pp. 117–156). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Ingold, T. 2000 The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, M. 1983 “Knowledge of the Body.” Man 18(2): 327–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, M. 1995 At Home in the World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, R. R. 1992 “Eight-Legged Tricksters: Spiders that Specialize at Catching other Spiders.” Biosciences 42: 590–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jagchid, S. 2003 Tibetan Buddhism, the Mongolian Religion. Available at http://www.innermongolia.org/english/tibetan_buddhism.htm (accessed April 12, 2004).

Jansen, T., Forster, P., Levine, M. A., Oelke, H., Hurles, M., Renfrew, C., Weber, J., and Olek, K.. 2002 “Mitochondrial DNA and the Origins of the Domestic Horse.” PNAS 99(16): 10905–10910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jarman, M. R., Clark, G., Grigson, C., Uerpmann, H.-P. and Ryder, M. L.. 1976 “Early Animal Husbandry.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 275(936): 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, J. L. 1960 “The Morienhur: A Mongolian Fiddle.” Man 60: 129–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jewell, P A., Milner, C., and Boyd, J. M.. 1974 Island Survivors: The Ecology of the Soay Sheep of St. Kilda. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar

Jianlin, H., Richard, C., Hanotte, O., McVeigh, C., and Rege, J. E. O.. 2002 Yak Production in Central Asian Highlands. Papers presented at the Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Yak, Lhasa, P. R. China. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.Google Scholar

Jila, N. 2006 “Myths and Traditional Beliefs about the Wolf and the Crow in Central Asia.” Asian Folklore Studies 65: 161–177.Google Scholar

Johnson, D. A., Sheehy, D. P., Miller, D., and Damiran, D.. 2006 “Mongolian Rangelands in Transition.” Sécheresse 17(1–2): 133–141.Google Scholar

Kaczensky, P. 2007 “Wildlife Value Orientations of Rural Mongolians.” Human Dimensions of Wildlife 12: 317–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaminski, J., Riedel, J., Call, J., and Tomasello, M.. 2005 “Domestic Goats, Capra hircus, Follow Gaze Direction and Use Social Cues in an Object Choice Task.” Animal Behaviour 69: 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khazanov, A. M. 1994 Nomads and the Outside World, 2nd ed. Translated by J. Crookenden. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

King, A. D. 2003 “Without Deer There is no Culture, Nothing.” Anthropology and Humanism 27(2): 133–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, S. R. B., and Gurnall, J.. 2005 “Habitat Use and Spatial Dynamics of Takhi Introduced to Hustai National Park, Mongolia.” Biological Conservation 124: 277–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

King, S. R. B., and Gurnall, J.. 2007 “Scent-Marking Behaviour by Stallions: An Assessment of Function in a Reintroduced Population of Przewalski Horses (Equus ferus przewalskii).” Journal of Zoology 272: 30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knight, J., ed. 2005 Animals in Person. Oxford: Berg, Oxford.Google Scholar

Kohn, E. 2007 “How Dogs Dream: Amazonian Natures and the Politics of Transpecies Engagement.” American Ethnologist 34(1): 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Latour, B. 1993 We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Lattimore, O. 1962 Nomads and Commissars: Mongolia Revisited. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Laufer, B. 1930 “The Early History of Felt.” American Anthropologist 32(1): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawrence, E. A. 1990 Rodeo Horses: The Wild and the Tame. In Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World, ed. Willis, R. G. (pp. 178–195). One World Archaeology Series. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Leeds, A., and Vayda, A. P.. 1965 Man, Culture and Animals: The Role of Animals in Human Ecological Adjustments, No. 78. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar

Lestel, D. 1998. “Chimpanzees Have Domesticated Humans: Towards an Anthropology of Human–Animal Communication.” Anthropology Today 14(3): 12–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lestel, D. 2006 “Ethology and Ethnology: The Coming Synthesis. A General Introduction.” Social Science Information 45(2): 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lestel, D, Brunois, F., and Gaunet, G.. 2006 “Etho-Ethnology and Ethno-Ethology.” Social Science Information 45(2): 155–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levine, M. 2004 “Exploring the Criteria for Early Horse Domestication.” In Traces of Ancestry: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew, ed. Jones, M. (pp. 115–126). McDonald Institute Monograph, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge.Google Scholar

Levine, M. A., Bailey, G. N., Whitwell, K. E., and Jeffcott, L. B.. 2000 “Palaeopathology and Horse Domestication: The Case of Some Iron Age Horses from the Altai Mountains, Siberia.” In Human Ecodynamics and Environmental Archaeology, ed. Bailey, G. N., Charles, R., and Winder, N. (pp. 123–133). Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Ligaa, U., and Tsembal, D.. 2003 “Medicinal Plants of Mongolia and Their Use in Traditional Medicine.” In Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development, ed. Badarch, D., Zilinskas, R. A., and Balint, P. J. (pp. 69–85). London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Linklater, W. L. 2000 “Adaptive Explanation in Socio-Ecology: Lessons from the Equidae.” Biological Review 75: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lopez, B. 1978 Of Wolves and Men. New York: Scribner's.Google Scholar

Lott, D. F., and Hart, B. L.. 1977 “Aggressive Domination of Cattle by Fulani Herdsmen and Its Relation to Aggression in Fulani Culture and Personality.” Ethos 5(2): 174–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lott, D. F., and Hart, B. L.. 1979 “Applied Ethology in a Nomadic Cattle Culture.” Applied Animal Ethology 5: 309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lusis, J. A. 1941. “Striping Patterns in Domestic Horses.” Genetica, 23(1): 31–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacDougall, D. 1992. “Complicities of Style.” In Film as Ethnography, ed. Crawford, P. I. and Turton, D. (pp. 90–98). Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

MacDougall, D. 1998 Transcultural Cinema. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

MacDougall, D. 2006 The Corporeal Image: Film, Ethnography and the Senses. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Macuda, T., and Timney, B.. 1999. “Luminance and Chromatic Discrimination in the Horse (Equus caballus).” Behavioural Processes 44(3): 301–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Magash, A. 2003 Yak in Mongolia. Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.Google Scholar

Martin, L. 1986 “‘Eskimo Words for Snow’: A Case Study in the Genesis and Decay of an Anthropological Example.” American Anthropologist 88(2): 418–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marx, K. 1976 Capital, 4th German ed. Translated by E. A. C. Paul. London: Dent. (Original work published 1867)Google Scholar

Mauss, M. 1985 “A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Self.” In The Category of the Perso: Anthropology, Philosophy, History, ed. Carrithers, M., Collins, S., and Lukes, S. (pp. 1–25). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1938)Google Scholar

Mayhew, B. 2001 Lonely Planet Mongolia, 3rd ed. Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications.Google Scholar

Mayor, A. 1991 “Griffin Bones: Ancient Folklore and Paleontology.” Cryptozoology 10: 16–41.Google Scholar

McDermott, J. P. 1989 “Animals and Humans in Early Buddhism.” Indo-Iranian Journal 32: 269–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKinley, J., and Sambrook, T. D.. 2000 “Use of Human-Given Cues by Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Horses (Equus caballus).” Animal Cognition 3: 13–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Midgley, M. 1985 “Persons and Non-Persons.” In In Defence of Animals, ed. Singer, P. (pp. 52–62). New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Miller, D. J. 1999 “Nomads of the Tibetan Plateau Rangelands in Western China, Part Two: Pastoral Production Practices.” Rangelands 21(1): 16–19.Google Scholar

Mirov, N. T. 1945 “Notes on the Domestication of Reindeer.” American Anthropologist 47(3): 393–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miyazaki, S., Yasunari, T., and Adyasuren, T.. 1999 “Abrupt Seasonal Changes of Surface Climate Observed in Northern Mongolia by an Automatic Weather Station.” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 77(2): 583–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mullin, M. H. 1999 “Mirrors and Windows: Sociocultural Studies of Human–Animal Relationships.” Annual Review of Anthropology 28: 201–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nelson, R. K. 1983 Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Neupert, R. F. 1999 “Population, Nomadic Pastoralism and the Environment in the Mongolian Plateau.” Population and the Environment 20(5): 29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newby, J. 1997 The Pact for Survival: Humans and Their Companion Animals. Sydney: ABC Books.Google Scholar

Nickel, H. 1977 “And Behold, A White Horse: Observations on the Colours of the Horses of the Four horsemen of the Apocalypse.” Metropolitan Museum Journal 12: 179–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noske, B. 1989 Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Noske, B. 1993 “The Animal Question in Anthropology.” Society and Animals 1(2): 185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Connor, T. P. 1996 “Working at Relationships: Another Look at Animal Domestication.” Antiquity 71: 149–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olupona, J. K. 1993 “Some Notes on Animal Symbolism in African Religion and Culture.” Anthropology and Humanism 18(1): 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Open Society Forum. 2004 The Future of Nomadic Pastoralism in Mongolia: Public Perception Survey. Ulaanbaatar: Open Society Forum.Google Scholar

Onon, U. 2001 The Secret History of the Mongols: The Life and Times of Chinggis Khan. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.Google Scholar

Ortner, S. 1973 “On Key Symbols.” American Anthropologist 75(5): 1338–1346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Osmaston, H., Fisher, R., Frazer, J., and Wilkinson, T.. 1994 “Animal Husbandry in Zangskar.” In Himalayan Buddhist Villages, ed. Crook, J. and Osmaston, H. (pp. 199–248). Bristol: University of Bristol.Google Scholar

Patton, P. 2003 “Language, Power and the Training of Horses.” In Zoontologies: The Question of the Animal, ed. Wolfe, C. (pp. 83–99). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Pederson, M. A. 2001 “Totemism, Animism and North Asian Indigenous Ontologies.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7(3): 411–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pennisi, E. 2001 “Horses Domesticated Multiple Times.” Science 291(5503): 412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Phillips, M. T. 1994 “Proper Names and the Social Construction of Biography: The Negative Case of Laboratory Animals.” Qualitative Sociology 17(2): 119–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phillips, R. W., Tolstoy, I. A., and Johnson, R. G.. 1946 “Yaks and Yak-Cattle Hybrids in Asia.” Journal of Heredity 37: 162–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Plumwood, V. 2003 Animals and Ecology: Towards a Better Integration. Available at http://socpol.anu.edu.au/pdf-files/Vegpap6%20%20.pdf (accessed March 26, 2008).

Potapov, L. P. 1999 “Shaman's Drum: A Unique Monument of Spiritual Culture of the Altai Turk Peoples.” Anthropology of Consciousness 10(4): 24–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pratt, D. G., MacMillan, D. C., and Gordon, I. J.. 2004 “Local Community Attitudes to Wildlife Utilisation in the Changing Economic and Social Context of Mongolia.” Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 591–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, E. O. 1999 “Behavioral Development in Animals Undergoing Domestication.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65: 245–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rabey, M. A. 1989 Are Llama-Herders in the South Central Andes True Pastoralists? In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 269–176). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Rindos, D. 1980 “Symbiosis, Instability, and the Origins and Spread of Agriculture: A New Model.” Current Anthropology 21(6): 751–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rose, D. B. 1984. Dingo Makes Us Human: Being and Purpose in Aboriginal Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Roux, J.-P. 2003. Ghenghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Translated by T. Ballas. Thames: New Horizons.Google Scholar

Rudenko, S. I. 1970 Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen. London: Dent.Google Scholar

Samashev, Z., and Francfort, H.-P.. 2002 “Scythian Steeds.” Archaeology May/June: 32–35.

Sanders, A. J. K., and Bat-Ireedui, J.. 1999 Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Savolainen, P., Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Lundeberg, J., and Leitner, T.. 2002 “Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs.” Science 298: 1610–1613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schaller, G. B. 1998 Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Scott, C. 1996 “Science for the West, Myth for the Rest?” In Naked Science: Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power and Knowledge, ed. Nader, L. (pp. 71–86). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Serpell, J. A. 1989 “Pet-Keeping and Animal Domestication: A Reappraisal.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 10–19). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Serpell, J. A. 1995 The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Serpell, J. A. 2000 “Creatures of the Unconscious: Companion Animals as Mediators.” In Companion Animals and Us: Exploring the Relationships Between People and Pets, ed. Podberscek, A. L., Paul, E. S., and Serpell, J. A. (pp. 108–121). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Serpell, J. A. 2005 “Animals and Religion: Towards a Unifying Theory.” In The Human–Animal Relationship, ed. Jong, F. N. and Bos, R. (pp. 9–22). Assen, Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum.Google Scholar

Shanklin, E. 1985 “Sustenance and Symbol: Anthropological Studies of Domesticated Animals.” Annual Review of Anthropology 14: 375–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siklos, B. 1991 “Mongolian Buddhism: A Defensive Account.” In Mongolia Today, ed. Akiner, S. (pp. 155–182). London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Simoons, F. J. 1968 A Ceremonial Ox of India: The Mithan in Nature, Culture, and History, with Notes on the Domestication of Common Cattle. Madison:University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Simpson, G. G. 1938 “Mongolian Mammal Names.” American Museum Novitates 980: 1–26.Google Scholar

Smuts, B. 2001 “Encounters with Animal Minds.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8(5–7): 293–309.Google Scholar

Sneath, D. 2000 Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sorokin, S. 1990 “Horse-Drawn Vehicles of the Eurasian Forest-Steppe in ‘Pre-Centaurian’ Times.” Iranica Antiqua 25: 97–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stewart, S. 2001 In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Strathern, M. 1980 “No Nature, No Culture: The Hagen Case.” In Nature, Culture and Gender, ed. MacCormack, C. and Strathern, M. (pp. 174–222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Szynkiewicz, S. 1990 “Sheep Bone as a Sign of Human Descent: Tibial Symbolism among the Mongols.” In Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World, ed. Willis, R. G. (pp. 74–84). One World Archaeology Series. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd.Google Scholar

Tambiah, S. J. 1969 “Animals are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit.” Ethnology 8(4): 423–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tani, Y. 1989 “The Geographical Distribution and Function of the Sheep Flock Leader.” In The Walking Larder: Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation, ed. Clutton-Brock, J. (pp. 185–198). London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Tani, Y. 1996. “Domestic Animal as Serf: Ideologies of Nature in the Mediterranean and the Middle East.” In Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication, ed. Ellen, R. and Fukui, K. (pp. 387–416). Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar

Telenged, B. 1996 “Livestock Breeding in Mongolia Past and Present: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional and Modern Animal Breeding Practices.” In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, Vol. 1: The Pastoral Economy and the Environment, ed. Humphrey, C. and Sneath, D. (pp. 161–184). Cambridge: Whitehorse Press.Google Scholar

Tervish, L. 2006 Mongol Zurkhain Tsag Toonii Bichig 2007–2008 [Esteemed Writing of the Mongolian Astrological Calendar]. Ulaanbaatar: Publisher unknown.Google Scholar

Tomasello, M., and Call, J.. 2004 “The Role of Humans in the Cognitive Development of Chimpanzees Revisited.” Animal Cognition 7: 213–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tomikawa, R. 2006 “Mongolian Wrestling (bull, or uncastrated male horse) and Ethnicity.” International Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 4: 103–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trut, L. N. 1999 “Early Canid Domestication: The Farm Fox Experiment.” American Scientist 87(2): 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tseren, P. B. 1996 “Traditional Pastoral Practice of the Oirat Mongols and Their Relationship with the Environment.” In Culture and Environment in Inner Asia, Vol. 1: The Pastoral Economy and the Environment, ed. Humphrey, C. and Sneath, D. (pp. 147–159). Cambridge: Whitehorse Press.Google Scholar

Tsing, A. L. 2004 Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Tsing, A. L. In press “Unruly Edges: Mushrooms as Companion Species.” In Thinking with Donna Haraway, ed. Ghamari-Tabrizi, S., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Tumerjav, M. 2003 “Traditional Animal Husbandry Techniques Practiced by Mongolian Nomadic People.” In Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development, ed. Badarch, D., Zilinskas, R. A., and Balint, P. J. (pp. 86–113). London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Uexküll, J. 1957 “A Stroll Through the Worlds of Animals and Men: A Picture Book of Invisible Worlds.” In Instinctive Behaviour: The Development of a Modern Concept, ed. Schiller, C. H S. (pp. 5–80). New York: International University Press.Google Scholar

Vainshtein, S. I. 1980 Nomads of South Siberia: The Pastoral Economies of Tuva. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1972)Google Scholar

Vila, C., Leonard, J. A., Gotherstrom, A., Marklund, S., Sandberg, K., Liden, K., Wayne, R. K., and Ellegren, H.. 2001 “Widespread Origins of Domestic Horse Lineages.” Science 291: 474–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vitebsky, P. 2005 Reindeer People: Living with Animals and Spirits in Siberia. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Viveiros de Castro, E. 1998 “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4(3): 469–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vreeland, H. H. 1957 Mongol Community and Kinship Structure. Behaviour Science Monographs, Human Relations Area Files, New Haven, CT.Google Scholar

Waddington-Humphrey, C. 1974 “Horse Brands of the Mongolians: A System of Signs in a Nomadic Culture.” American Ethnologist 1(3): 471–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walther, F. R. 1991 “On Herding Behavior.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 29: 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yembuu, B., and Munkh-Erdene, K. 2005 Literacy Country Study: Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: UNESCO.Google Scholar

Zeder, M. A., Emshwiller, E., Smith, B. D., and Bradley, D. G.. 2006 “Documenting Domestication: The Intersection of Genetics and Archaeology.” TRENDS in Genetics 22(3): 139–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zeuner, F. E. 1963 A History of Domesticated Animals. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar

Zhang, R. C. 2000 “Ecology and Biology of Yak Living in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.” In Recent Advances in Yak Reproduction, ed. Zhao, X. X. and Zhang, R. C. (pp. 1–5). New York: International Veterinary Information Service.Google Scholar