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Chapter 2 - Determinants of Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability

from Section III

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2012

By
Omar-Dario Cardona ,
Maarten K. van Aalst ,
Jörn Birkmann ,
Maureen Fordham ,
Glenn McGregor ,
Rosa Perez ,
Roger S. Pulwarty ,
E. Lisa F. Schipper ,
Bach Tan Sinh  and
Henri Décamps
...Show all authors
Edited by
Christopher B. Field ,
Vicente Barros ,
Thomas F. Stocker  and
Qin Dahe
Christopher B. Field
Affiliation:
Co-Chair IPCC Working Group II, Carnegie Institution for Science
Vicente Barros
Affiliation:
Co-Chair IPCC Working Group II, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Thomas F. Stocker
Affiliation:
Co-Chair IPCC Working Group I, University of Bern
Qin Dahe
Affiliation:
Co-Chair IPCC Working Group I, China Meteorological Administration
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Summary

Executive Summary

The severity of the impacts of extreme and non-extreme weather and climate events depends strongly on the level of vulnerability and exposure to these events (high confidence). [2.2.1, 2.3, 2.5] Trends in vulnerability and exposure are major drivers of changes in disaster risk, and of impacts when risk is realized (high confidence). [2.5] Understanding the multi-faceted nature of vulnerability and exposure is a prerequisite for determining how weather and climate events contribute to the occurrence of disasters, and for designing and implementing effective adaptation and disaster risk management strategies. [2.2, 2.6]

Vulnerability and exposure are dynamic, varying across temporal and spatial scales, and depend on economic, social, geographic, demographic, cultural, institutional, governance, and environmental factors (high confidence). [2.2, 2.3, 2.5] Individuals and communities are differentially exposed and vulnerable and this is based on factors such as wealth, education, race/ethnicity/religion, gender, age, class/caste, disability, and health status. [2.5] Lack of resilience and capacity to anticipate, cope with, and adapt to extremes and change are important causal factors of vulnerability. [2.4]

Extreme and non-extreme weather and climate events also affect vulnerability to future extreme events, by modifying the resilience, coping, and adaptive capacity of communities, societies, or social-ecological systems affected by such events (high confidence). [2.4.3] At the far end of the spectrum – low-probability, highintensity events – the intensity of extreme climate and weather events and exposure to them tend to be more pervasive in explaining disaster loss than vulnerability in explaining the level of impact.

Type
Chapter
Information
Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation
Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 , pp. 65 - 108
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

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