Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword – Alan B. Scott
- Preface
- 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum toxin
- 2 Botulinum toxin: history of clinical development
- 3 Pharmacology of botulinum toxin drugs
- 4 Immunological properties of botulinum toxins
- 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia
- 6 Treatment of hemifacial spasm
- 7 Treatment of blepharospasm
- 8 Treatment of oromandibular dystonia
- 9 Treatment of focal hand dystonia
- 10 Botulinum toxin applications in ophthalmology
- 11 Botulinum toxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
- 12 The use of botulinum toxin in otorhinolaryngology
- 13 Spasticity
- 14 The use of botulinum toxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
- 15 Hyperhidrosis
- 16 Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxins
- 17 Botulinum toxin in the gastrointestinal tract
- 18 Botulinum toxin in urological disorders
- 19 Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
- 20 The use of botulinum toxin in the management of headache disorders
- 21 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin
- 22 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum toxin
- 23 Botulinum toxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
- 24 Developing the next generation of botulinum toxin drugs
- Index
- References
10 - Botulinum toxin applications in ophthalmology
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword – Alan B. Scott
- Preface
- 1 The pretherapeutic history of botulinum toxin
- 2 Botulinum toxin: history of clinical development
- 3 Pharmacology of botulinum toxin drugs
- 4 Immunological properties of botulinum toxins
- 5 Treatment of cervical dystonia
- 6 Treatment of hemifacial spasm
- 7 Treatment of blepharospasm
- 8 Treatment of oromandibular dystonia
- 9 Treatment of focal hand dystonia
- 10 Botulinum toxin applications in ophthalmology
- 11 Botulinum toxin therapy of laryngeal muscle hyperactivity syndromes
- 12 The use of botulinum toxin in otorhinolaryngology
- 13 Spasticity
- 14 The use of botulinum toxin in spastic infantile cerebral palsy
- 15 Hyperhidrosis
- 16 Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxins
- 17 Botulinum toxin in the gastrointestinal tract
- 18 Botulinum toxin in urological disorders
- 19 Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain and arthritis
- 20 The use of botulinum toxin in the management of headache disorders
- 21 Treatment of plantar fasciitis with botulinum toxin
- 22 Treatment of stiff-person syndrome with botulinum toxin
- 23 Botulinum toxin in tic disorders and essential hand and head tremor
- 24 Developing the next generation of botulinum toxin drugs
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Justinus Kerner, a German medical doctor and poet, was the first to describe botulism in detail. He recognized the disease to be related to the consumption of poison in sausages, and described how these were improperly prepared. His description of the disease (Kerner1822), including the paralysis of muscles and reduction of glandular function, was as accurate and complete as any today. He extracted the toxin, applied it in animals and considered the therapeutic value of the extracted poison, especially in motor overexcitability (for instance in chorea minor). However, it took around 150 years until botulinum toxin (BoNT) was first used for therapeutic measures. This was done by a coauthor of this chapter, who examined a number of chemical substances in order to find one which could lengthen an extrinsic eye muscle in order to have an alternative to squint operation. In animal tests BoNT proved to be the only substance that showed the desired paralytic effect and was locally and systemically well tolerated in a very low dose (Scott et al., 1973). The first patients were treated in 1978 (Scott, 1980). Meanwhile, it is evident that this method is safe but cannot replace surgery for most strabismus cases, because the long-term effect is not stable in many patients (Figure 10.1).
Besides strabismus – as you see in this book – BoNT has emerged as an important or even first-line treatment for many medical disorders as well as for cosmetic indications.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy , pp. 77 - 84Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009