Introduction

The following three chapters examine the distribution of early English negative concord in diachronic corpus data. This chapter provides an overview of early English negative concord. Negative concord is not a homogenous phenomenon in early English – there is both diachronic and diatopic variation in the types of negative concord employed. Giannakidou (2000, 2006) identifies two parameters of negative words in negative concord languages: their negativity – whether or not negative words contribute negative force at LF, and their quantificational force – whether they are universal quantifiers, existential quantifiers or indefinites. I argue that, in order to derive the patterns of negative concord we find in early English and the changes in their availability over time, negative arguments and adverbials vary in precisely these two properties.

Van der Wouden (1994) distinguishes two types of negative concord: negative doubling involves concord between a negative marker and one or more negative words, as in (144); negative spread involves concord between two or more negative words but no negative marker, as in (145).

Chapters 8 and 9 investigate the relationship between negative doubling and the model of the Jespersen Cycle I proposed in Chapters 2–6. The relationship between negative doubling and the Jespersen Cycle is not a straightforward one. In Old English and Early Middle English, almost all clauses with negative words exhibit negative doubling with ne – the pattern illustrated by (144). However, at stages three and four of the Jespersen Cycle, the negative marker not does not take over from ne in negative doubling contexts in the way that it does in sentential negation contexts. Instead, negative doubling begins to be lost. Consequently, the use of negative doubling duringME becomes variable. Chapter 9 argues that variability between PDE no-negation (146a) and not-negation (146b) originates in the interplay between the loss of negative concord and the Jespersen Cycle duringME and persists unchanged into Present-day English.