Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-t6hkb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T17:25:39.679Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 21 - Perineal Trauma

from Section 4 - Postpartum Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

By
Stergios K. Doumouchtsis  and
Vasilios Pergialiotis
Edited by
Edwin Chandraharan  and
Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
Edwin Chandraharan
Affiliation:
St George's University of London
Sir Sabaratnam Arulkumaran
Affiliation:
St George's University of London
Get access

Summary

Key Implications

Type
Chapter
Information
Obstetric and Intrapartum Emergencies
A Practical Guide to Management
 , pp. 153 - 158
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Management of Third and Fourth Degree Perineal Tears. Green-top Guideline No. 29. London: RCOG, 2015.Google Scholar
Frohlich, J, Kettle, C. Perineal care. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015; Mar 10;1401.Google Scholar
Thiagamoorthy, G, Johnson, A, Thakar, R, Sultan, AH. National survey of perineal trauma and its subsequent management in the United Kingdom. Int Urogynecol J. 2014;25:1621–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankman, EA, Wang, L, Bunker, CH, Lowder, JL. Episiotomy in the United States: has anything changed? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:573.e571–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sultan, A, Thakar, R, Fenner, D. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma. London: Springer, 2007.Google Scholar
Blondel, B, Alexander, S, Bjarnadóttir, RI, et al. Variations in rates of severe perineal tears and episiotomies in 20 European countries: a study based on routine national data in Euro-Peristat Project. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95:746–54.Google Scholar
Valbo, A, Gjessing, L, Herzog, C, Goderstad, JM, Laine, K, Valset, AM. Anal sphincter tears at spontaneous delivery: a comparison of five hospitals in Norway. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:1176–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roos, AM, Thakar, R, Sultan, AH. Outcome of primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): does the grade of tear matter? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;36:368–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jango, H, Langhoff-Roos, J, Rosthoj, S, Saske, A. Long-term anal incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter injury-does grade of tear matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:232.e231–2.e210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheer, I, Andrews, V, Thakar, R, Sultan, AH. Urinary incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS)–is there a relationship? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008;19:179–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otero, M, Boulvain, M, Bianchi-Demicheli, F, et al. Women’s health 18 years after rupture of the anal sphincter during childbirth: II. Urinary incontinence, sexual function, and physical and mental health. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:1260–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pergialiotis, V, Vlachos, D, Protopapas, A, Pappa, K, Vlachos, G. Risk factors for severe perineal lacerations during childbirth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;125:6–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, V, Sultan, AH, Thakar, R, Jones, PW. Occult anal sphincter injuries–myth or reality? BJOG. 2006;113:195–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sultan, AH, Kamm, MA, Hudson, CN, Bartram, CI. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ. 1994;308:887–91.Google Scholar
Pergialiotis, V, Durnea, C, Elfituri, A, Duffy, J, Doumouchtsis, SK. Do we need a core outcome set for childbirth perineal trauma research? A systematic review of outcome reporting in randomised trials evaluating the management of childbirth trauma. BJOG. 2018;125:1522–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sultan, AH, Monga, AK, Kumar, D, Stanton, SL. Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106:318–23.Google Scholar
Fernando, RJ, Sultan, AH, Kettle, C, Thakar, R. Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013: CD002866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A, Adams, EJ, Tincello, DG, Alfirevic, Z, Walkinshaw, SA, Richmond, DH. How to repair an anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery: results of a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2006;113:201–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Edozien, LC, Gurol-Urganci, I, Cromwell, DA, et al. Impact of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears at first birth on subsequent pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study. BJOG. 2014;121(13):1695–703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poen, AC, Felt-Bersma, RJ, Strijers, RL, Dekker, GA, Cuesta, MA, Meuwissen, SG. Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1433–8.Google Scholar
Fynes, M, Donnelly, V, Behan, M, O’Connell, PR, O’Herlihy, C. Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study. Lancet. 1999;354:983–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fornell, EU, Matthiesen, L, Sjodahl, R, Berg, G. Obstetric anal sphincter injury ten years after: subjective and objective long term effects. BJOG. 2005;112:312–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroli, G, Mignini, L. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009: Cd000081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckmann, MM, Stock, OM. Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013: CD005123.Google Scholar
Albers, LL, Sedler, KD, Bedrick, EJ, Teaf, D, Peralta, P. Factors related to genital tract trauma in normal spontaneous vaginal births. Birth. 2006;33:94–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aasheim, V1, Nilsen, ABV, Reinar, LM, Lukasse, M. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 13;6:CD006672.Google Scholar
Rogers, RG, Pauls, RN, Thakar, R, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the assessment of sexual health of women with pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018;37(4):1220–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×