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13 - The Nature of Thought

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2009

Fred Dretske
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
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Summary

A state or activity is extrinsic if an agent cannot occupy this state or engage in this activity, unless there exists (or existed) some wholly distinct object. Hitting a home run, watching a sunset, and paddling a canoe are extrinsic activities. Being watched, surrounded, and ignored are extrinsic states.

If, as some of these examples suggest, this other object must be a person, a conscious being of some sort, I will say that the extrinsic state or activity has a social character. A person can be surrounded by trees or water, but you need another conscious being to be ignored or watched. Marrying, divorcing, and tangoing are also social: it takes two. Killing, kidnapping, and stealing, although not exactly sociable, are also social. You simply cannot do these things alone, without there existing (either then or at some earlier time) another conscious being. Being a father and a widow are also social in this minimal sense. Fathers must have children and widows must have had husbands.

If this is what it means to have a social character, and I do not see how anything less could qualify, then it seems plausible – nay, obvious – that language has a social character. Communication, the heart and soul of language, requires senders and receivers. Without a set of reciprocal intentions and agreements, without a network of shared conventions that confer meaning on our acoustic productions, nothing we do counts as saying anything.

Type
Chapter
Information
Perception, Knowledge and Belief
Selected Essays
, pp. 227 - 241
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

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  • The Nature of Thought
  • Fred Dretske, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Perception, Knowledge and Belief
  • Online publication: 19 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625312.014
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  • The Nature of Thought
  • Fred Dretske, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Perception, Knowledge and Belief
  • Online publication: 19 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625312.014
Available formats
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Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The Nature of Thought
  • Fred Dretske, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Perception, Knowledge and Belief
  • Online publication: 19 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625312.014
Available formats
×