Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wbk2r Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-07T17:18:12.690Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 19 - Human Nervous System Development: Embryonic and Early Fetal Events

from Neuroanatomic Site Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2021

Mirna Lechpammer
Affiliation:
New York University School of Medicine
Marc Del Bigio
Affiliation:
University of Manitoba, Canada
Rebecca Folkerth
Affiliation:
New York University School of Medicine
Get access

Summary

In human pregnancy, the developing individual is considered to be an embryo until the end of the eighth week after fertilization of the ovum. After this time the individual is referred to as a fetus. Gestational age refers to the interval between the first day of the mother’s last menstrual cycle and the current date (e.g., the date of a sonogram or delivery). Gestational age is therefore post-fertilization age plus 2 weeks. A detailed consideration of human neuroembryology is beyond the scope of this book. The reader is referred to the many publications of O’Rahilly and Muller, including their masterful textbook (1).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

O’Rahilly, RR, Müller, F. The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages 3rd edition. New York: Wiley; 2006. p. 358.Google Scholar
ten Donkelaar, HJ, Lammens, M, Hori, A. Clinical Neuroembryology. Development and Developmental Disorders of the Human Central Nervous System. 2nd edition. Berlin: Springer; 2014. p. 659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, SA, Altman, J. The Human Brain during the Early First Trimester. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007. p. 536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, SA, Altman, J. The Human Brain During the Late First Trimester. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. p. 592Google Scholar
Corner, GW. George Linius Streeter, 1873–1948. Nat Acad Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, Washington, DC. 1954;28:261–87.Google Scholar
Hopwood, N. A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(1):126.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. Developmental stages in human embryos: revised and new measurements. Cells Tissues Organs. 2010;192(2):7384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayer, SA. Cellular aspects of brain development. Neurotoxicology. 1989;10:307–20.Google Scholar
Kahle, W. Studien über die Matrixphasen und die örtlichen Reifungsunterschiede im embryonalen menschlichen Gehirn. 1. Mitteilung. Die Matrixphasen im allgemeinen. Dtsch Z Nervenheilk. 1951;166:273302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bystron, I, Blakemore, C, Rakic, P. Development of the human cerebral cortex: Boulder Committee revisited. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(2):110–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, G, Schaaps, JP, Moreau, L, Goffinet, AM. Embryonic and early fetal development of the human neocortex. J Neurosci. 2000;20(5):1858–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zunic Isasegi, I, Rados, M, Krsnik, Z, Rados, M, Benjak, V, Kostovic, I. Interactive histogenesis of axonal strata and proliferative zones in the human fetal cerebral wall. Brain Struct Funct. 2018;223(9):3919–43.Google Scholar
Vashi, N, Justice, MJ. Treating Rett syndrome: from mouse models to human therapies. Mamm Genome. 2019;30(5–6):90–110.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. Significant features in the early prenatal development of the human brain. Ann Anat. 2008;190(2):105–18.Google Scholar
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The prechordal plate, the rostral end of the notochord and nearby median features in staged human embryos. Cells Tissues Organs. 2003;173(1):120.Google Scholar
de Bree, K, de Bakker, BS, Oostra, RJ. The development of the human notochord. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205752.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. The development of the neural crest in the human. J Anat. 2007;211(3):335–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. The two sites of fusion of the neural folds and the two neuropores in the human embryo. Teratology. 2002;65(4):162–70.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. Neurulation in the normal human embryo. Ciba Found Symp. 1994;181:7082.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. Bidirectional closure of the rostral neuropore in the human embryo. Am J Anat. 1989;184(4):259–68.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. The meninges in human development. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1986;45(5):588608.Google Scholar
Bystron, I, Rakic, P, Molnar, Z, Blakemore, C. The first neurons of the human cerebral cortex. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9(7):880–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The first appearance of the future cerebral hemispheres in the human embryo at stage 14. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1988;177(6):495511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, B, Chen, Y, Zecevic, N. Cortical progenitor cells in the developing human telencephalon. Glia. 2006;53(1):5766.Google Scholar
Zecevic, N. Specific characteristic of radial glia in the human fetal telencephalon. Glia. 2004;48(1):2735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The amygdaloid complex and the medial and lateral ventricular eminences in staged human embryos. J Anat. 2006;208(5):547–64.Google Scholar
Ambu, R, Vinci, L, Gerosa, C, Fanni, D, Obinu, E, Faa, A, et al. WT1 expression in the human fetus during development. Eur J Histochem. 2015;59(2):2499.Google Scholar
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The initial appearance of the cranial nerves and related neuronal migration in staged human embryos. Cells Tissues Organs. 2011;193(4):215–38.Google Scholar
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The human brain at stage 16, including the initial evagination of the neurohypophysis. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1989;179(6):551–69.Google Scholar
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. Olfactory structures in staged human embryos. Cells Tissues Organs. 2004;178(2):93116.Google Scholar
Som, PM, Naidich, TP. Development of the skull base and calvarium: an overview of the progression from mesenchyme to chondrification to ossification. Neurographics. 2013;3:169–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andjelkovic, AV, Nikolic, B, Pachter, JS, Zecevic, N. Macrophages/microglial cells in human central nervous system during development: an immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 1998;814:1325.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F. Ventricular system and choroid plexuses of the human brain during the embryonic period proper. Am J Anat. 1990;189(4):285302.Google Scholar
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The human brain at stages 21–23, with particular reference to the cerebral cortical plate and to the development of the cerebellum. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1990;182(4):375400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, F, O’Rahilly, R. The human rhombencephalon at the end of the embryonic period proper. Am J Anat. 1990;189(2):127–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Rahilly, R, Muller, F, Meyer, DB. The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 1. The column as a whole. J Anat. 1980;131(Pt 3):565–75.Google Scholar
Povlishock, JT. The fine structure of the axons and growth cones of the human fetal cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 1976;114(3):379–89.Google Scholar
Nemzek, WR, Brodie, HA, Hecht, ST, Chong, BW, Babcook, CJ, Seibert, JA. MR, CT, and plain film imaging of the developing skull base in fetal specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(9):1699–706.Google Scholar
Arnold, SE, Trojanowski, JQ. Human fetal hippocampal development: I. Cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and neuronal morphologic features. J Comp Neurol. 1996;367(2):274–92.Google Scholar
O’Rahilly, R, Müller, F. The Embryonic Human Brain: An Atlas of Developmental Stages. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1994. p. 342.Google Scholar
Jovanov-Milosevic, N, Culjat, M, Kostovic, I. Growth of the human corpus callosum: modular and laminar morphogenetic zones. Front Neuroanat. 2009;3:6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ren, T, Anderson, A, Shen, WB, Huang, H, Plachez, C, Zhang, J, et al. Imaging, anatomical, and molecular analysis of callosal formation in the developing human fetal brain. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2006;288(2):191204.Google Scholar
Sarnat, HB, Born, DE. Synaptophysin immunocytochemistry with thermal intensification: a marker of terminal axonal maturation in the human fetal nervous system. Brain Dev. 1999;21(1):4150.Google Scholar
Shapiro, R, Robinson, F. The Embryogenesis of the Human Skull: An Anatomic and Radiographic Atlas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1980.Google Scholar
Rezaie, P, Dean, A, Male, D, Ulfig, N. Microglia in the cerebral wall of the human telencephalon at second trimester. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15(7):938–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsell, O. The development of the cerebellum in man in relation to its comparative anatomy. J Comp Neurol. 1947;87(2):85129.Google Scholar
Rhodes, RH. A light microscopic study of the developing human neural retina. Am J Anat. 1979;154(2):195209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rakic, P, Yakovlev, PI. Development of the corpus callosum and cavum septi in man. J Comp Neurol. 1968;132(1):4572.Google Scholar
Prentiss, CW. A Laboratory Manual and Text-Book of Embryology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1915.Google Scholar
Streeter, GL. The Development of the Nervous System (Chapter XIV). In: Keibel, F, Mall, FP, editors. Manual of Human Embryology Volume II. 2. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippencott Company; 1910. p. 1156.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×