Three decades of authoritarian rule in Indonesia came to a sudden halt in 1998. The collapse of the Soeharto regime was accompanied by massive economic decline, widespread rioting, communal conflict, and fears that the nation was approaching the brink of disintegration. Although the fall of Soeharto opened the way towards democratization, conditions were by no means propitious for political reform. This book asks how political reform could proceed despite such unpromising circumstances. It examines electoral and constitutional reform, the decentralization of a highly centralized regime, the gradual but incomplete withdrawal of the military from its deep political involvement, the launching of an anti-corruption campaign despite entrenched corruption in the courts, and the achievement of peace in two provinces that had been devastated by communal violence and regional rebellion.

The focus of this book is on political reforms during the decade after Soeharto's fall. These reforms were initially driven by the need to respond to the national crisis that brought down the New Order regime but were also shaped by specific circumstances and constellations of political forces in the six fields discussed in this book. The book tries to present the “big picture” of political reform but its main contribution most probably lies in the detailed tracing of reform in each of the six policy areas. Although reforms took place more or less simultaneously in an evolving national context, the pace and nature of specific reforms varied considerably. Political reform was not inevitable but depended on a continuing struggle between those who saw benefit in further reform and those who felt disadvantaged by it. Step-by-step political reform during the last decade has made significant advances but, as this book shows, is by no means complete and, in some areas, could still be vulnerable to reversal. It should also be noted that a study of contemporary political reform is inevitably no more than a “work in progress”. Even as this manuscript went to press, new developments raised new questions but hopefully will not fatally undermine my main arguments. I hope that readers will find the final product both informative and interesting.