This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book and offers three main take-aways from the East European shale gas conundrum. First, energy security in Eastern Europe cannot be approached as a matter of ‘objective’ policy imperatives, but a function of complex domestic dynamics pertaining to institutional procedures and processes, and winners and losers. Second, technology transfer does not happen in a vacuum, as a technology that’s matured in one place may find it difficult to take hold in a different regulatory and political environment. Third, policy regimes matter when it comes to socially contested technologies, as they may help establish legitimacy for the policy goals surrounding such technologies as well as the underlying processes.