INTRODUCTION

Many challenges have been identified in the three previous chapters with regard to the prevention of genocide by territorial states, non-territorial states and the UN. This chapter addresses the question whether and to what extent this relatively new concept is a (new) means to the prevention of genocide. It does not look at this concept from all perspectives nor does it enter in the whole debate that has surrounded its legality, legitimacy and implementation.

It proceeds in four sections. The first section gives a brief summary of the background and evolution of the concept of the responsibility to protect. While the second section considers the responsibility to protect by territorial states in comparison with the obligation to prevent genocide by territorial states at the three levels of prevention, the third section discusses the responsibility to protect by nonterritorial states and by the UN, in comparison with the obligation to prevent genocide by them at the three levels. The fourth and final section discusses thechallenges of the R2P vis-à-vis the prevention of genocide.

BACKGROUND AND EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE R2P

Given the manifest failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda and in Bosnia, the international community sought to build a new international consensus on how to respond in the face of massive violations of human rights and humanitarian law. The Canadian Prime Minister Jean Pierre Chrétien announced in the 2000 UN General Assembly the establishment of an International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). Launched in September 2000, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) was expected to come up with new ways of reconciling the seemingly irreconcilable notions of intervention and state sovereignty.

This commission came up with a new concept: the responsibility to protect (R2P). In explaining this concept, the commission noted that “the responsibility to protect means the “responsibility to prevent”, the “responsibility to react,” and the “responsibility to rebuild”. This concept was later referred to by the UN High- Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change in its report of 2004: A more Secure world: Our Shared Responsibility which emphasized that: