Aberbach, Joel, and Jack Walker. 1970. “The Attitudes of Blacks and Whites toward City Services.” In , J. Crecine (ed.), Financing the Metropolis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Alex, Nicholas. 1969. Black in Blue: A Study of the Negro Policeman. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar

Alpert, Geoffrey, and Smith, William C.. 1994. “How Reasonable Is the Reasonable Man? Police and Excessive Force.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 85:481–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amnesty International. 2004. Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States. New York: Amnesty International.

Baker, Lawrence, Bundorf, M. Kate, Singer, Sara, and Wagner, Todd. 2003. “Validity of the Survey of Health and Internet and Knowledge Network's Panel and Sampling.” Unpublished manuscript: Stanford University.

Baker, Mark. 1985. Cops: Their Lives in Their Own Words. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Baldwin, James. 1962. Nobody Knows My Name. New York: Dell.Google Scholar

Barkan, Steven, and Cohn, Steven. 1998. “Racial Prejudice and Support by Whites for Police Use of Force.” Justice Quarterly 15:743–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barlow, David, and Barlow, Melissa. 2002. “Racial Profiling: A Survey of African American Police Officers.” Police Quarterly 5:334–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayley, David, and Mendelsohn, Harold. 1969. Minorities and the Police. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Benson, Michael, Wooldredge, John, Thistlethwaite, Amy and Fox, Greer. 2004. “The Correlation between Race and Domestic Violence is Confounded with Community Context.” Social Problems 51: 326–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berrens, Robert. 2003. “The Advent of Internet Surveys for Political Research: A Comparison of Telephone and Internet Samples.” Political Analysis 11:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Donald. 1971. “The Social Organization of Arrest.” Stanford Law Review 23:1087–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Donald, and Reiss, Albert. 1967. “Patterns of Behavior in Police and Citizen Transactions.” In President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Studies in Crime and Law Enforcement in Major Metropolitan Areas. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Black, Joe. 2005. “Autopsy Clears Police in One Death.” Florida Times-Union, January 2.Google Scholar

Blalock, Herbert. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Block, Richard. 1970. “Support for Civil Liberties and Support for the Police.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:781–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumberg, Mark. 1989. “Controlling Police Use of Deadly Force.” In , R. Dunham and , G. Alpert (eds.), Critical Issues in Policing. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.Google Scholar

Blumer, Herbert. 1958. “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position.” Pacific Sociological Review 1:3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, Lawrence. 1999. “Prejudice as Group Position.” Journal of Social Issues 55:445–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, Lawrence, and Hutchings, Vincent. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition.” American Sociological Review 61:951–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordua, David, and Tifft, Larry. 1971. “Citizens' Interviews, Organizational Feedback, and Police-Community Relations Decisions.” Law and Society Review 6:155–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brandl, Steven, Frank, James, Worden, Robert, and Bynum, Timothy. 1994. “Global and Specific Attitudes toward the Police.” Justice Quarterly 11: 119–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Ben, and Benedict, William. 2002. “Perceptions of the Police: Past Findings, Methodological Issues, Conceptual Issues, and Policy Implications.” Policing 25:543–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Jodi, and Langan, Patrick. 2001. Policing and Homicide, 1976–1998. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.Google Scholar

Browning, Sandra, Cullen, Francis, Cao, Liqun, Kopache, Renee, and Stevenson, Thomas. 1994. “Race and Getting Hassled by the Police.” Police Studies 17:1–11.Google Scholar

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1999. Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety in 12 Cities, 1998. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2001. Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 1999 National Survey. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2004. Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2005. Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Campbell, Angus, and Schuman, Howard. 1968. “Racial Attitudes in Fifteen American Cities.” In National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Supplemental Studies. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Cao, Liqun, Frank, James, and Cullen, Francis. 1996. “Race, Community Context, and Confidence in the Police.” American Journal of Police 15:3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carter, David. 1985. “Hispanic Perceptions of Police Performance.” Journal of Criminal Justice 13:487–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cashmore, Ellis, and McLauglin, Eugene (eds.). 1991. Out of Order? Policing Black People. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Castro, Hecter. 2004. “Police Cars to Get Digital Cameras,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 18.Google Scholar

CBS News. 1995. CBS News Poll, September 5–6, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

CCPEC [Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium]. 2003. Community Policing in Chicago: Years Eight and Nine. Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

CCPEC [Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium]. 2004. Community Policing in Chicago: Year Ten. Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

Chiricos, Ted, Hogan, Michael, and Gertz, Marc. 1997. “Racial Composition of Neighborhood and Fear of Crime.” Criminology 35:107–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiricos, Ted, Welch, Kelly, and Gertz, Marc. 2004. “Racial Typification of Crime and Support for Punitive Measures.” Criminology 42:359–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christopher Commission. 1991. Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department. Los Angeles: Author.

Cohn, Steven, and Steven Barkan. 2004. “Racial Prejudice and Public Attitudes about the Punishment of Criminals.” In , R. Miller and , S. Browning (eds.), For the Common Good. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar

Cordner, Gary, Brian Williams, and Alfredo Velasco. 2002. Vehicle Stops in San Diego, 2001. Report to the San Diego Police Department.

CSR. 2000. Center for Survey Research and Analysis Poll, University of Connecticut, February 17–March 2, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Dahlgren, Peter. 1988. “What's the Meaning of This? Viewers' Plural Sense-Making of TV News.” Media, Culture, and Society 10:285–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, Robert. 2004. Assessing Police-Public Contacts in Seattle. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Davis, Robert, Henderson, Nicole, and Ortiz, Christopher. 2005. Can Federal Intervention Bring Lasting Improvement in Local Policing?New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Davis, Robert, and Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro. 1999. Respectful and Effective Policing: Two Examples in the South Bronx.New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Dean, Deby. 1980. “Citizens' Ratings of the Police: The Difference Contact Makes.” Law and Policy Quarterly 2:445–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Decker, Scott, and Smith, R.. 1980. “Police Minority Recruitment.” Journal of Criminal Justice 8:387–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennis, J. Michael, and Rick Li. 2003. “Effects of Panel Attrition on Survey Estimates.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Nashville, TN.

Diedrich, John. 2005. “Police, Community Group Sign Pact.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 26.Google Scholar

Dresner, Morris, Tortorello, , and Research, Sykes. 1981. The State of Police-Community Relations. Report to the Milwaukee Fire and Police Commission. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Google Scholar

Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg.Google Scholar

Enloe, Cynthia. 1980. Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar

Eschholz, Sarah, Blackwell, Brenda, Gertz, Marc, and Chiricos, Ted. 2002. “Race and Attitudes toward the Police: Assessing the Effects of Watching ‘Reality’ Police Programs.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30:327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Escobar, Edward. 1999. Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Fagan, Jeffrey, and Davies, Garth. 2000. “Street Stops and Broken Windows: Terry, Race, and Disorder in New York City.” Fordham Urban Law Journal 28:457–449.Google Scholar

Flanagan, Timothy, and Michael Vaughn. 1996. “Public Opinion about Police Abuse of Force.” In , W. Geller and , H. Toch (eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Fogelson, Robert. 1968. “From Resentment to Confrontation: The Police, the Negroes, and the Outbreak of the Nineteen-Sixties Riots.” Political Science Quarterly 83:217–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fogelson, Robert. 1977. Big-City Police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Fox News. 1997. National poll, conducted by Opinion Dynamics, August 20–21, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Frank, James, Brandl, Steven, Cullen, Francis, and Stichman, Amy. 1996. “Reassessing the Impact of Race on Citizen's Attitudes toward the Police.” Justice Quarterly 13:321–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frank, James, Smith, Brad, and Novak, Kenneth. 2005. “Exploring the Basis of Citizens' Attitudes toward the Police.” Police Quarterly 8:206–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friedrich, Robert. 1979. “Racial Prejudice and Police Treatment of Blacks.” In , R. Baker and , F. Meyer (eds.), Evaluating Alternative Law Enforcement Policies. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Friedrich, Robert. 1980. “Police Use of Force.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 452:82–97.CrossRef

Gallagher, Catherine, Maguire, Edward, Mastrofski, Stephen, and Reisig, Michael. 2001. The Public Image of the Police.Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police.Google Scholar

Gallup, . 1991. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1991. Wilmington, DE: Gallup Organization.Google Scholar

Gallup. 1993. The Gallup Poll Monthly, No. 339. Princeton, NJ: Gallup.

Gallup. 1995. Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, October 5–7, 1995, N = 1,225, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Gallup. 1999. Gallup poll, March 5–9, 1999, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Gallup. 2000. Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, June 22–25, 2000, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

General Accounting Office. 1998. Information on Drug-Related Police Corruption. Washington, DC: Author.

Gerbner, George, Gross, Larry, Morgan, Michael, and Signorielli, Nancy. 1980. “The Mainstreaming of America: Violence Profile No. 11.” Journal of Communication 30:10–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glover, Scott, and Lait, Matt. 2005. “LAPD Settling Abuse Scandal.” Los Angeles Times, March 31: A1.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, Andrew, and Lewis, Colleen (eds.). 2000. Civilian Oversight of Policing. Portland, OR: Hart.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, Andrew. 2005. “Police Reform and the Problem of Trust.” Theoretical Criminology 9:443–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, Herman. 1963. “Police Discretion: The Ideal Versus the Real.” Public Administration Review 23:140–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, Joseph. 1960. “Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process: Low Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice.” Yale Law Journal 69:543–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greene, Judith. 1999. “Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City.” Crime and Delinquency 45:171–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grinc, Randolph. 1994. “Angels in Marble: Problems in Stimulating Community Involvement in Community Policing.” Crime and Delinquency 40:437–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groves, Eugene. 1968. “Police in the Ghetto.” In National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Supplemental Studies.Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Hagan, John, and Albonetti, Celesta. 1982. “Race, Class, and the Perception of Criminal Injustice in America.” American Journal of Sociology 88:329–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hahn, Harlan, and Feagin, Joe. 1970. “Riot-Precipitating Police Practices: Attitudes in Urban Ghettos.” Phylon 31:183–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, David. 1997. “‘Driving While Black’ and all Other Traffic Offenses: The Supreme Court and Pretextual Traffic Stops.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87:544–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, David. 1999. “The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why Driving While Black Matters.” Minnesota Law Review 84:265–326.Google Scholar

Harris, David. 2002. Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work. New York: New Press.

Harris, . 1977. Louis Harris Poll, September 1977. In Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, 1978, p. 309.Google Scholar

Harris. 1992. Louis Harris Poll, October 1992.

Harris. 2002. Louis Harris Poll, February 13–19, 2002, Harris Interactive.

Harriston, Keith. 1993. “D. C. Police Chief Packs a High-Powered Agenda.” Washington Post, February 15: A15.Google Scholar

Hepburn, John. 1978. “Race and the Decision to Arrest.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 15:54–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hochschild, Jennifer. 1995. Facing Up to the American Dream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Holmes, Malcolm. 1998. “Perceptions of Abusive Police Practices in a U. S.-Mexico Border Community.” Social Science Journal 35:107–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Home Office. 2001. Crime, Policing, and Justice: The Experience of Ethnic Minorities. Research Study 223. London: Author.

Home Office. 2004. Building Communities, Beating Crime: A Better Police Service for the 21st Century. London: Author.

Hughes, Michael, and Steven Tuch. 2000. “How Beliefs about Poverty Influence Racial Policy Attitudes.” In , D. Sears, , J. Sidanius, and , L. Bobo (eds.), Racialized Politics: The Debate About Racism in America.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 1998. Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Hurwitz, Jon, and Peffley, Mark. 1997. “Public Perceptions of Race and Crime: The Role of Racial Stereotypes.” American Journal of Political Science 41:375–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ivkovic, Sanja. 2003. “To Serve and Collect: Measuring Police Corruption.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 93:593–649.Google Scholar

Jackson, Pamela Irving. 1989. Minority Group Threat, Crime, and Policing. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Jacob, Herbert. 1971. “Black and White Perceptions of Justice in the City.” Law and Society Review 6:69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, David. 1979. “Inequality and Police Strength.” American Sociological Review 44:913–925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, David, and O'Brien, Robert. 1998. “The Determinants of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence.” American Journal of Sociology 103:837–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jefferson, Tony. 1988. “Race, Crime, and Policing: Empirical, Theoretical, and Methodological Issues.” International Journal of the Sociology of Law 16:521–539.Google Scholar

Jesilow, Paul, Meyer, J'ona, and Namazzi, Nazi. 1995. “Public Attitudes toward the Police.” American Journal of Police 14:67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, Miriam. 2003. Street Justice: A History of Police Violence in New York City. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar

Kaiser Foundation. 1995. Kaiser/Washington Post/Harvard University Poll, July 20–September 28, 1995, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Kaiser Foundation. 2000. Kaiser/Washington Post/Harvard University Poll, May 2000.

Kaminski, Robert, and Jefferis, Eric. 1998. “The Effect of a Violent Televised Arrest on Public Perceptions of the Police.” Policing 21:683–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kane, Robert. 2002. “The Social Ecology of Police Misconduct.” Criminology 40:867–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, Randall. 1997. Race, Crime, and the Law. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Kerner Commission. 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Bantam Books.

Kinder, David, and Sanders, Lynn. 1996. Divided By Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Klinger, David. 1997. “Negotiating Order in Police Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance.” Criminology 35:277–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kluegel, James, and Bobo, Lawrence. 2001. “Perceived Group Discrimination and Policy Attitudes.” In A. O'Connor, C. Tilly, and L. Bobo (eds.), Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Krivo, Lauren, and Peterson, Ruth. 1996. “Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime.” Social Forces 75:619–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krosnick, Jon, and Lin Chiat Chang. 2001. “A Comparison of Random Digit Dialing Telephone Survey Methodology with Internet Survey Methodology as Implemented by Knowledge Networks and Harris Interactive.” Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.

Kubrin, Charis, and Weitzer, Ronald. 2003. “New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40:374–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lasley, James R. 1994. “The Impact of the Rodney King Incident on Citizens' Attitudes toward the Police.” Policing and Society 3:245–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawrence, Regina. 2000. The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Leiber, Michael, Nalla, Mahesh, and Farnworth, Margaret. 1998. “Explaining Juveniles' Attitudes toward the Police.” Justice Quarterly 15:151–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leinen, Stephen. 1978. Black Police, White Society. New York: New York Universtiy Press.Google Scholar

Leventhal, Gerald. 1976. “Fairness in Social Relationships.” In J. Thibaut, J. Spense, and R. Carson (eds.), Contemporary Topics in Social Psychology. Morristown, PA: General Learning Press.Google Scholar

Levy, Burton. 1968. “Cops in the Ghetto.” American Behavioral Scientist 11:31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liska, Allen, and Bellair, Paul. 1995. “Violent-Crime Rates and Racial Composition.” American Journal of Sociology 101:578–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liska, Allen, and Yu, Jiang. 1992. “Specifying and Testing the Threat Hypothesis: Police Use of Deadly Force.” In A. Liska (ed.), Social Threat and Social Control. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Liska, Allen, Chamlin, Mitchell, and Reed, Mark. 1985. “Testing the Economic Production and Conflict Models of Crime Control.” Social Forces 64:119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Logan, John, and Stults, Brian. 1999. “Racial Differences in Exposure to Crime.” Criminology 37:251–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Los Angeles Times. 1988. Unpublished poll, no. 148, March 20.

Los Angeles Times. 2000. National Poll, Roper Center, June 22–25.

Markon, Jerry. 2004. “Ex-Officer in District Admits He Sold Drugs.” Washington Post, August 5: B1, B5.Google Scholar

Mastrofski, Stephen, Reisig, Michael, and McCluskey, John. 2002. “Police Disrespect toward the Public.” Criminology 40:519–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mastrofski, Stephen, Snipes, Jeffrey, and Supina, Anne. 1996. “Compliance on Demand: The Public's Response to Specific Police Requests.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:269–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCombs, Maxwell, and Shaw, Donald. 1972. “The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36:176–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meehan, Albert, and Ponder, Michael. 2002. “Race and Place: The Ecology of Racial Profiling African American Motorists.” Justice Quarterly 19:399–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mirande, Alfredo. 1981. “The Chicano and the Law.” Pacific Sociological Review 24:65–86.Google Scholar

Mirande, Alfredo. 1987. Gringo Justice. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Mollen Commission. 1994. Report of the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption.New York: Mollen Commission.

Murty, Komanduri, Roebuck, Julian, and Smith, Joann. 1990. “The Image of the Police in Black Atlanta Communities.” Journal of Police Science and Administration 17:250–257.Google Scholar

Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

National Research Council. 2004. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

NBC. 1995. NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, October 27–31, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

New York Times. 1991. New York Times/CBS News Poll, April 1–3.

Newburn, Tim. 1999. Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature. Police Research Series Paper 110. London: Home Office.

Oliver, Mary. 1996. “Portrayals of Crime, Race, and Aggression in ‘Reality-Based’ Police Shows.” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 38:179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ousey, Graham, and Lee, Matthew. 2002. “Examining the Conditional Nature of the Illicit Drug Market-Homicide Relationship.” Criminology 40:73–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Packer, Herbert. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Pate, Antony, and Fridell, Lorie. 1993. Police Use of Force: Official Reports, Citizen Complaints, and Legal Consequences. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.Google Scholar

Penn, Schoen, and Berland Associates. 2000. National Poll, registered voters, June 10–13, 2000, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Pew Research Center. 1997. National Poll, fielded February 6–7, 1997, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Police Foundation. 2004. Final Report: Biased Policing Project. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Poulantzas, Nicos. 1973. Political Power and Social Classes. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. 1967. Task Force Report: The Police. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Princeton. 2000. National Poll conducted for Newsweek by Princeton Survey Research Associates, fielded June 29–30, 2000, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Punch, Maurice. 1985. Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control.London: Tavistock.Google Scholar

Quillian, Lincoln. 1995. “Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat.” American Sociological Review 60:586–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quillian, Lincoln, and Pager, Devah. 2001. “Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 107:717–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quinnipiac. 2005. “New Yorkers Approve of NYPD 3 to 1.” Quinnipiac University poll, June 23, 2005.

Raudenbush, Stephen, and Bryk, Anthony. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Reisig, Michael, and Chandek, Meghan. 2001. “The Effects of Expectancy Disconfirmation on Outcome Satisfaction in Police-Citizen Encounters.” Policing 24:88–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reisig, Michael, and Parks, Roger. 2000. “Experience, Quality of Life, and Neighborhood Context.” Justice Quarterly 17:607–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reisig, Michael, and Roger Parks. 2003. “Neighborhood Context, Police Behavior, and Satisfaction with Police.” Justice Research and Policy 5:37–65.CrossRef

Reiss, Albert. 1971. The Police and the Public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Reitzel, John, Rice, Stephen, and Piquero, Alex. 2004. “Lines and Shadows: Perceptions of Racial Profiling and the Hispanic Experience.” Journal of Criminal Justice 32:607–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riksheim, Eric, and Chermak, Steven. 1993. “Causes of Police Behavior Revisited.” Journal of Criminal Justice 21: 353–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rossi, Peter, and Berk, Richard. 1997. Just Punishments: Federal Guidelines and Public Views Compared. New York: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, Jonathan. 1973. City Police. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar

Sampson, Robert, and Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum. 1998. “Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences.” Law and Society Review 32:777–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sampson, Robert, and Janet Lauritsen. 1997. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States.” In , M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice, vol. 22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Scaglion, Richard, and Condon, Richard. 1980. “Determinants of Attitudes toward City Police.” Criminology 17:485–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schafer, Joseph, Huebner, Beth, and Bynum, Timothy. 2003. “Citizen Perceptions of Police Services: Race, Neighborhood Context, and Community Policing.” Police Quarterly 6:440–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schuman, Howard, Steeh, Charlotte, Bobo, Lawrence, and Krysan, Maria. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Sherman, Lawrence. 1978. Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Sherman, Lawrence. 1983. “After the Riots: Police and Minorities in the United States.” In N. Glazer and K. Young (eds.), Ethnic Pluralism and Public Policy. Toronto: Lexington.Google Scholar

Sigelman, Lee, and Welch, Susan. 1991. Black Americans' Views of Racial Inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sigelman, Lee, Welch, Susan, Bledsoe, Timothy, and Combs, Michael. 1997. “Police Brutality and Public Perceptions of Racial Discrimination.” Political Research Quarterly 50:777–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skogan, Wesley. 1994. “The Impact of Community Policing on Neighborhood Residents.” In , D. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Skogan, Wesley. 2005. “Citizen Satisfaction with Police Encounters.” Police Quarterly 8:298–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skogan, Wesley, and Hartnett, Susan. 1997. Community Policing, Chicago Style. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Skolnick, Jerome. 1966. Justice without Trial. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Skolnick, Jerome, and Fyfe, James. 1993. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. New York. Free Press.Google Scholar

Smalley, Suzanne. 2005. “Diversity Gap Seen in Police Upper Ranks.” Boston Globe, November 17.Google Scholar

Smith, David. 1991. “The Origins of Black Hostility to the Police.” Policing and Society 2:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Douglas. 1986. “The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior.” In , A. Reiss and , M. Tonry (eds.), Crime and Justice, vol. 8. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Douglas, Nanette Graham, and Bonnie Adams. 1991. “Minorities and the Police: Attitudinal and Behavioral Questions.” In , M. Lynch and , E. B. Patterson (eds.), Race and Criminal Justice. New York: Harrow and Heston.Google Scholar

Smith, Douglas, Visher, Christy, and Davidson, Laura. 1984. “Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:234–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Paul, and Hawkins, Richard. 1973. “Victimization, Types of Citizens-Police Contacts, and Attitudes toward the Police.” Law and Society Review 8:135–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Son, In Soo, Tsang, Chiu-Wai, Rome, Dennis, and Davis, Mark. 1997. “Citizens' Observations of Police Use of Excessive Force and their Evaluation of Police Performance.” Policing 20:149–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sontag, Deborah, and Barry, Dan. 1997. “The Price of Brutality: Police Complaints Settled, Rarely Resolved.” New York Times, September 17: A1.Google Scholar

Stone, Vanessa, and Pettigrew, Nick. 2000. The Views of the Public on Stops and Searches. London: Home Office.Google Scholar

Strauss, Anselm. 1987. Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sun, Ivan, and Payne, Brian. 2004. “Racial Differences in Resolving Conflicts: A Comparison between Black and White Police Officers.” Crime and Delinquency 50:516–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Surette, Ray. 1998. Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Sviridoff, Michele, and McElroy, Jerome. 1989. The Processing of Complaints against the Police in New York City. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Swickard, Joe. 2005. “Cop Suits Cost $44.7 Million: Misdeeds Added Up in 2002–2004.” Detroit Free Press, July 5.Google Scholar

Swigert, Victoria, and Farrell, Ronald. 1976. Murder, Inequality, and the Law: Differential Treatment in the Legal Process. Lexington, MA: Heath.Google Scholar

Sykes, Gresham, and Matza, David. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization.” American Sociological Review 22:667–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sykes, Richard, and Clark, John. 1975. “A Theory of Deference Exchange in Police-Civilian Encounters.” American Journal of Sociology 81:584–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Terrill, William, and Stephen Mastrofski. 2004. “Working the Street: Does Community Policing Matter?” In W. Skogan (ed.), Community Policing: Can it Work?Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Terrill, William, and Reisig, Michael. 2003. “Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40: 291–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, George, and Richard Leo. 2002. “The Effects of Miranda v. Arizona.” In , M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice, vol. 29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Time/CNN. 1995. National Poll, Time/CNN/Yankelovich Partners, September 13–14, 1995.

Trojanowicz, Robert. 1983. “An Evaluation of a Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program.” Journal of Police Science and Administration 11:410–419.Google Scholar

Tuch, Steven, and Hughes, Michael. 1996a. “Whites' Racial Policy Attitudes.” Social Science Quarterly 77:723–745.Google Scholar

Tuch, Steven, and Hughes, Michael. 1996b. “Whites' Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies: One Cause or Many?” Social Science Quarterly 77: 778–788.Google Scholar

Tuch, Steven, and Weitzer, Ronald. 1997. “Racial Differences in Attitudes toward the Police.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61:642–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tyler, Tom. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Tyler, Tom, and Huo, Yuen. 2002. Trust in the Law. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Tyler, Tom, and Wakslak, Cheryl. 2004. “Profiling and Police Legitimacy.” Criminology 42:253–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

U. S. Department of Justice. 2001. Principles for Promoting Police Integrity. Washington, DC: Author.

Velez, Maria. 2001. “The Role of Public Social Control in Urban Neighborhoods.” Criminology 39:837–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walker, Darlene, Richardson, Richard, Williams, Oliver, Denyer, Thomas, and McGaughey, Skip. 1972. “Contact and Support: An Empirical Assessment of Public Attitudes toward the Police and the Courts.” North Carolina Law Review 51:43–79.Google Scholar

Walker, Samuel. 1999. The Police in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Walker, Samuel. 2001. Police Accountability: The Role of Citizen Oversight. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Walker, Samuel. 2005. The New World of Police Accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Walker, Samuel, Alpert, Geoffrey, and Kenney, Dennis. 2001. “Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer.” Research in Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Wallach, Irving, and Jackson, Colette. 1973. “Perception of the Police in a Black Community.” In J. Snibbe and H. Snibbe (eds.), The Urban Policeman in Transition. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.Google Scholar

Washington Post. 1995. Poll, October 4–6, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Washington Post. 1997. Washington Post/ABC News poll, Washington Post, June 12.

Webb, Vincent, and Marshall, Chris. 1995. “The Relative Importance of Race and Ethnicity on Citizen Attitudes toward the Police.” American Journal of Police 14:45–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weisburd, David, and Greenspan, Rosanne. 2000. Police Attitudes toward Abuse of Authority: Findings from a National Study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Weisheit, Ralph, Falcone, David, and Wells, Edward. 1995. Crime and Policing in Rural and Small-Town America. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1985. “Policing a Divided Society: Obstacles to Normalization in Northern Ireland.” Social Problems 33:41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1990. Transforming Settler States: Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe.Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1995. Policing under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1999. “Citizens' Perceptions of Police Misconduct: Race and Neighborhood Context.” Justice Quarterly 16:819–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2000a. “Racialized Policing: Residents' Perceptions in Three Neighborhoods.” Law and Society Review 34:129–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2000b. “White, Black, or Blue Cops? Race and Citizen Assessments of Police Officers.” Journal of Criminal Justice 28:313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2002. “Incidents of Police Misconduct and Public Opinion.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30:397–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2005. “Can the Police be Reformed?” Contexts 4 (Summer): 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Kubrin, Charis. 2004. “Breaking News: How Local TV News and Real-World Conditions Affect Fear of Crime.” Justice Quarterly 21:497–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 1999. “Race, Class, and Perceptions of Discrimination by the Police.” Crime and Delinquency 45:494–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 2002. “Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Experience.” Criminology 40:435–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 2004a. “Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct.” Social Problems 51:305–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 2004b. “Public Opinion on Reforms in Policing.” Police Chief (December): 26–30.Google Scholar

Welch, Susan, Sigelman, Lee, Bledsoe, Timothy, and Coombs, Michael. 2001. Race and Place: Race Relations in an American City. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werthman, Carl, and Piliavin, Irving. 1967. “Gang Members and the Police,” in D. Bordua (ed.), The Police. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Westley, William. 1970. Violence and the Police. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

White, M., , T. Cox, and , J. Basehart. 1991. “Theoretical Considerations of Officer Profanity and Obscenity.” In T. Barker and D. Carter (eds.), Police Deviance. Cincinnati: Anderson.Google Scholar

Wickersham Commission. 1931. Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Wiley, Mary, and Hudik, Terry. 1974. “Police-Citizen Encounters: A Field Test of Exchange Theory.” Social Problems 22:119–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, Brian. 1997. Citizen Perspectives on Community Policing. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, George, and Dunham, Roger. 2001. “Race, Class, and Attitudes toward Crime Control.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 28:259–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, James Q. 1972. “The Police in the Ghetto.” In R. Steadman (ed.), The Police and the Community. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Winton, Richard. 2005. “Video Cameras Urged for LAPD.” Los Angeles Times, December 9.Google Scholar

Worden, Robert. 1996. “The Causes of Police Brutality.” In W. Geller and H. Toch (eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Wortley, Scot, Hagan, John, and Macmillan, Ross. 1997. “Just Desserts? The Racial Polarization of Perceptions of Criminal Injustice.” Law and Society Review 31:637–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zauberman, Renee, and Levy, Rene. 2003. “Police, Minorities, and the French Republican Ideal.” Criminology 41:1065–1100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aberbach, Joel, and Jack Walker. 1970. “The Attitudes of Blacks and Whites toward City Services.” In , J. Crecine (ed.), Financing the Metropolis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Alex, Nicholas. 1969. Black in Blue: A Study of the Negro Policeman. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar

Alpert, Geoffrey, and Smith, William C.. 1994. “How Reasonable Is the Reasonable Man? Police and Excessive Force.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 85:481–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amnesty International. 2004. Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States. New York: Amnesty International.

Baker, Lawrence, Bundorf, M. Kate, Singer, Sara, and Wagner, Todd. 2003. “Validity of the Survey of Health and Internet and Knowledge Network's Panel and Sampling.” Unpublished manuscript: Stanford University.

Baker, Mark. 1985. Cops: Their Lives in Their Own Words. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Baldwin, James. 1962. Nobody Knows My Name. New York: Dell.Google Scholar

Barkan, Steven, and Cohn, Steven. 1998. “Racial Prejudice and Support by Whites for Police Use of Force.” Justice Quarterly 15:743–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barlow, David, and Barlow, Melissa. 2002. “Racial Profiling: A Survey of African American Police Officers.” Police Quarterly 5:334–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bayley, David, and Mendelsohn, Harold. 1969. Minorities and the Police. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Benson, Michael, Wooldredge, John, Thistlethwaite, Amy and Fox, Greer. 2004. “The Correlation between Race and Domestic Violence is Confounded with Community Context.” Social Problems 51: 326–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berrens, Robert. 2003. “The Advent of Internet Surveys for Political Research: A Comparison of Telephone and Internet Samples.” Political Analysis 11:1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Donald. 1971. “The Social Organization of Arrest.” Stanford Law Review 23:1087–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Black, Donald, and Reiss, Albert. 1967. “Patterns of Behavior in Police and Citizen Transactions.” In President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Studies in Crime and Law Enforcement in Major Metropolitan Areas. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Black, Joe. 2005. “Autopsy Clears Police in One Death.” Florida Times-Union, January 2.Google Scholar

Blalock, Herbert. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Block, Richard. 1970. “Support for Civil Liberties and Support for the Police.” American Behavioral Scientist 13:781–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumberg, Mark. 1989. “Controlling Police Use of Deadly Force.” In , R. Dunham and , G. Alpert (eds.), Critical Issues in Policing. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.Google Scholar

Blumer, Herbert. 1958. “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position.” Pacific Sociological Review 1:3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, Lawrence. 1999. “Prejudice as Group Position.” Journal of Social Issues 55:445–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobo, Lawrence, and Hutchings, Vincent. 1996. “Perceptions of Racial Group Competition.” American Sociological Review 61:951–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bordua, David, and Tifft, Larry. 1971. “Citizens' Interviews, Organizational Feedback, and Police-Community Relations Decisions.” Law and Society Review 6:155–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brandl, Steven, Frank, James, Worden, Robert, and Bynum, Timothy. 1994. “Global and Specific Attitudes toward the Police.” Justice Quarterly 11: 119–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Ben, and Benedict, William. 2002. “Perceptions of the Police: Past Findings, Methodological Issues, Conceptual Issues, and Policy Implications.” Policing 25:543–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Jodi, and Langan, Patrick. 2001. Policing and Homicide, 1976–1998. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.Google Scholar

Browning, Sandra, Cullen, Francis, Cao, Liqun, Kopache, Renee, and Stevenson, Thomas. 1994. “Race and Getting Hassled by the Police.” Police Studies 17:1–11.Google Scholar

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1999. Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety in 12 Cities, 1998. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2001. Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 1999 National Survey. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2004. Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2005. Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.

Campbell, Angus, and Schuman, Howard. 1968. “Racial Attitudes in Fifteen American Cities.” In National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Supplemental Studies. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Cao, Liqun, Frank, James, and Cullen, Francis. 1996. “Race, Community Context, and Confidence in the Police.” American Journal of Police 15:3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carter, David. 1985. “Hispanic Perceptions of Police Performance.” Journal of Criminal Justice 13:487–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cashmore, Ellis, and McLauglin, Eugene (eds.). 1991. Out of Order? Policing Black People. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Castro, Hecter. 2004. “Police Cars to Get Digital Cameras,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 18.Google Scholar

CBS News. 1995. CBS News Poll, September 5–6, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

CCPEC [Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium]. 2003. Community Policing in Chicago: Years Eight and Nine. Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

CCPEC [Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium]. 2004. Community Policing in Chicago: Year Ten. Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.

Chiricos, Ted, Hogan, Michael, and Gertz, Marc. 1997. “Racial Composition of Neighborhood and Fear of Crime.” Criminology 35:107–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiricos, Ted, Welch, Kelly, and Gertz, Marc. 2004. “Racial Typification of Crime and Support for Punitive Measures.” Criminology 42:359–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christopher Commission. 1991. Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department. Los Angeles: Author.

Cohn, Steven, and Steven Barkan. 2004. “Racial Prejudice and Public Attitudes about the Punishment of Criminals.” In , R. Miller and , S. Browning (eds.), For the Common Good. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar

Cordner, Gary, Brian Williams, and Alfredo Velasco. 2002. Vehicle Stops in San Diego, 2001. Report to the San Diego Police Department.

CSR. 2000. Center for Survey Research and Analysis Poll, University of Connecticut, February 17–March 2, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Dahlgren, Peter. 1988. “What's the Meaning of This? Viewers' Plural Sense-Making of TV News.” Media, Culture, and Society 10:285–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, Robert. 2004. Assessing Police-Public Contacts in Seattle. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Davis, Robert, Henderson, Nicole, and Ortiz, Christopher. 2005. Can Federal Intervention Bring Lasting Improvement in Local Policing?New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Davis, Robert, and Mateu-Gelabert, Pedro. 1999. Respectful and Effective Policing: Two Examples in the South Bronx.New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Dean, Deby. 1980. “Citizens' Ratings of the Police: The Difference Contact Makes.” Law and Policy Quarterly 2:445–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Decker, Scott, and Smith, R.. 1980. “Police Minority Recruitment.” Journal of Criminal Justice 8:387–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennis, J. Michael, and Rick Li. 2003. “Effects of Panel Attrition on Survey Estimates.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, Nashville, TN.

Diedrich, John. 2005. “Police, Community Group Sign Pact.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 26.Google Scholar

Dresner, Morris, Tortorello, , and Research, Sykes. 1981. The State of Police-Community Relations. Report to the Milwaukee Fire and Police Commission. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Google Scholar

Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg.Google Scholar

Enloe, Cynthia. 1980. Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar

Eschholz, Sarah, Blackwell, Brenda, Gertz, Marc, and Chiricos, Ted. 2002. “Race and Attitudes toward the Police: Assessing the Effects of Watching ‘Reality’ Police Programs.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30:327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Escobar, Edward. 1999. Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Fagan, Jeffrey, and Davies, Garth. 2000. “Street Stops and Broken Windows: Terry, Race, and Disorder in New York City.” Fordham Urban Law Journal 28:457–449.Google Scholar

Flanagan, Timothy, and Michael Vaughn. 1996. “Public Opinion about Police Abuse of Force.” In , W. Geller and , H. Toch (eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Fogelson, Robert. 1968. “From Resentment to Confrontation: The Police, the Negroes, and the Outbreak of the Nineteen-Sixties Riots.” Political Science Quarterly 83:217–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fogelson, Robert. 1977. Big-City Police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Fox News. 1997. National poll, conducted by Opinion Dynamics, August 20–21, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Frank, James, Brandl, Steven, Cullen, Francis, and Stichman, Amy. 1996. “Reassessing the Impact of Race on Citizen's Attitudes toward the Police.” Justice Quarterly 13:321–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frank, James, Smith, Brad, and Novak, Kenneth. 2005. “Exploring the Basis of Citizens' Attitudes toward the Police.” Police Quarterly 8:206–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friedrich, Robert. 1979. “Racial Prejudice and Police Treatment of Blacks.” In , R. Baker and , F. Meyer (eds.), Evaluating Alternative Law Enforcement Policies. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Friedrich, Robert. 1980. “Police Use of Force.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 452:82–97.CrossRef

Gallagher, Catherine, Maguire, Edward, Mastrofski, Stephen, and Reisig, Michael. 2001. The Public Image of the Police.Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police.Google Scholar

Gallup, . 1991. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1991. Wilmington, DE: Gallup Organization.Google Scholar

Gallup. 1993. The Gallup Poll Monthly, No. 339. Princeton, NJ: Gallup.

Gallup. 1995. Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, October 5–7, 1995, N = 1,225, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Gallup. 1999. Gallup poll, March 5–9, 1999, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Gallup. 2000. Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, June 22–25, 2000, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

General Accounting Office. 1998. Information on Drug-Related Police Corruption. Washington, DC: Author.

Gerbner, George, Gross, Larry, Morgan, Michael, and Signorielli, Nancy. 1980. “The Mainstreaming of America: Violence Profile No. 11.” Journal of Communication 30:10–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glover, Scott, and Lait, Matt. 2005. “LAPD Settling Abuse Scandal.” Los Angeles Times, March 31: A1.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, Andrew, and Lewis, Colleen (eds.). 2000. Civilian Oversight of Policing. Portland, OR: Hart.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, Andrew. 2005. “Police Reform and the Problem of Trust.” Theoretical Criminology 9:443–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, Herman. 1963. “Police Discretion: The Ideal Versus the Real.” Public Administration Review 23:140–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, Joseph. 1960. “Police Discretion Not to Invoke the Criminal Process: Low Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice.” Yale Law Journal 69:543–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greene, Judith. 1999. “Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City.” Crime and Delinquency 45:171–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grinc, Randolph. 1994. “Angels in Marble: Problems in Stimulating Community Involvement in Community Policing.” Crime and Delinquency 40:437–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groves, Eugene. 1968. “Police in the Ghetto.” In National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Supplemental Studies.Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Hagan, John, and Albonetti, Celesta. 1982. “Race, Class, and the Perception of Criminal Injustice in America.” American Journal of Sociology 88:329–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hahn, Harlan, and Feagin, Joe. 1970. “Riot-Precipitating Police Practices: Attitudes in Urban Ghettos.” Phylon 31:183–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, David. 1997. “‘Driving While Black’ and all Other Traffic Offenses: The Supreme Court and Pretextual Traffic Stops.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87:544–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, David. 1999. “The Stories, the Statistics, and the Law: Why Driving While Black Matters.” Minnesota Law Review 84:265–326.Google Scholar

Harris, David. 2002. Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work. New York: New Press.

Harris, . 1977. Louis Harris Poll, September 1977. In Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice, 1978, p. 309.Google Scholar

Harris. 1992. Louis Harris Poll, October 1992.

Harris. 2002. Louis Harris Poll, February 13–19, 2002, Harris Interactive.

Harriston, Keith. 1993. “D. C. Police Chief Packs a High-Powered Agenda.” Washington Post, February 15: A15.Google Scholar

Hepburn, John. 1978. “Race and the Decision to Arrest.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 15:54–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hochschild, Jennifer. 1995. Facing Up to the American Dream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Holmes, Malcolm. 1998. “Perceptions of Abusive Police Practices in a U. S.-Mexico Border Community.” Social Science Journal 35:107–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Home Office. 2001. Crime, Policing, and Justice: The Experience of Ethnic Minorities. Research Study 223. London: Author.

Home Office. 2004. Building Communities, Beating Crime: A Better Police Service for the 21st Century. London: Author.

Hughes, Michael, and Steven Tuch. 2000. “How Beliefs about Poverty Influence Racial Policy Attitudes.” In , D. Sears, , J. Sidanius, and , L. Bobo (eds.), Racialized Politics: The Debate About Racism in America.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 1998. Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Hurwitz, Jon, and Peffley, Mark. 1997. “Public Perceptions of Race and Crime: The Role of Racial Stereotypes.” American Journal of Political Science 41:375–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ivkovic, Sanja. 2003. “To Serve and Collect: Measuring Police Corruption.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 93:593–649.Google Scholar

Jackson, Pamela Irving. 1989. Minority Group Threat, Crime, and Policing. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Jacob, Herbert. 1971. “Black and White Perceptions of Justice in the City.” Law and Society Review 6:69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, David. 1979. “Inequality and Police Strength.” American Sociological Review 44:913–925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacobs, David, and O'Brien, Robert. 1998. “The Determinants of Deadly Force: A Structural Analysis of Police Violence.” American Journal of Sociology 103:837–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jefferson, Tony. 1988. “Race, Crime, and Policing: Empirical, Theoretical, and Methodological Issues.” International Journal of the Sociology of Law 16:521–539.Google Scholar

Jesilow, Paul, Meyer, J'ona, and Namazzi, Nazi. 1995. “Public Attitudes toward the Police.” American Journal of Police 14:67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, Miriam. 2003. Street Justice: A History of Police Violence in New York City. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar

Kaiser Foundation. 1995. Kaiser/Washington Post/Harvard University Poll, July 20–September 28, 1995, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Kaiser Foundation. 2000. Kaiser/Washington Post/Harvard University Poll, May 2000.

Kaminski, Robert, and Jefferis, Eric. 1998. “The Effect of a Violent Televised Arrest on Public Perceptions of the Police.” Policing 21:683–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kane, Robert. 2002. “The Social Ecology of Police Misconduct.” Criminology 40:867–896.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, Randall. 1997. Race, Crime, and the Law. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Kerner Commission. 1968. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York: Bantam Books.

Kinder, David, and Sanders, Lynn. 1996. Divided By Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Klinger, David. 1997. “Negotiating Order in Police Work: An Ecological Theory of Police Response to Deviance.” Criminology 35:277–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kluegel, James, and Bobo, Lawrence. 2001. “Perceived Group Discrimination and Policy Attitudes.” In A. O'Connor, C. Tilly, and L. Bobo (eds.), Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Krivo, Lauren, and Peterson, Ruth. 1996. “Extremely Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Urban Crime.” Social Forces 75:619–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krosnick, Jon, and Lin Chiat Chang. 2001. “A Comparison of Random Digit Dialing Telephone Survey Methodology with Internet Survey Methodology as Implemented by Knowledge Networks and Harris Interactive.” Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.

Kubrin, Charis, and Weitzer, Ronald. 2003. “New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40:374–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lasley, James R. 1994. “The Impact of the Rodney King Incident on Citizens' Attitudes toward the Police.” Policing and Society 3:245–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lawrence, Regina. 2000. The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Leiber, Michael, Nalla, Mahesh, and Farnworth, Margaret. 1998. “Explaining Juveniles' Attitudes toward the Police.” Justice Quarterly 15:151–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leinen, Stephen. 1978. Black Police, White Society. New York: New York Universtiy Press.Google Scholar

Leventhal, Gerald. 1976. “Fairness in Social Relationships.” In J. Thibaut, J. Spense, and R. Carson (eds.), Contemporary Topics in Social Psychology. Morristown, PA: General Learning Press.Google Scholar

Levy, Burton. 1968. “Cops in the Ghetto.” American Behavioral Scientist 11:31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liska, Allen, and Bellair, Paul. 1995. “Violent-Crime Rates and Racial Composition.” American Journal of Sociology 101:578–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liska, Allen, and Yu, Jiang. 1992. “Specifying and Testing the Threat Hypothesis: Police Use of Deadly Force.” In A. Liska (ed.), Social Threat and Social Control. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Liska, Allen, Chamlin, Mitchell, and Reed, Mark. 1985. “Testing the Economic Production and Conflict Models of Crime Control.” Social Forces 64:119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Logan, John, and Stults, Brian. 1999. “Racial Differences in Exposure to Crime.” Criminology 37:251–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Los Angeles Times. 1988. Unpublished poll, no. 148, March 20.

Los Angeles Times. 2000. National Poll, Roper Center, June 22–25.

Markon, Jerry. 2004. “Ex-Officer in District Admits He Sold Drugs.” Washington Post, August 5: B1, B5.Google Scholar

Mastrofski, Stephen, Reisig, Michael, and McCluskey, John. 2002. “Police Disrespect toward the Public.” Criminology 40:519–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mastrofski, Stephen, Snipes, Jeffrey, and Supina, Anne. 1996. “Compliance on Demand: The Public's Response to Specific Police Requests.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33:269–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCombs, Maxwell, and Shaw, Donald. 1972. “The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36:176–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meehan, Albert, and Ponder, Michael. 2002. “Race and Place: The Ecology of Racial Profiling African American Motorists.” Justice Quarterly 19:399–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mirande, Alfredo. 1981. “The Chicano and the Law.” Pacific Sociological Review 24:65–86.Google Scholar

Mirande, Alfredo. 1987. Gringo Justice. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Mollen Commission. 1994. Report of the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption.New York: Mollen Commission.

Murty, Komanduri, Roebuck, Julian, and Smith, Joann. 1990. “The Image of the Police in Black Atlanta Communities.” Journal of Police Science and Administration 17:250–257.Google Scholar

Myrdal, Gunnar. 1944. An American Dilemma. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

National Research Council. 2004. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

NBC. 1995. NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, October 27–31, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

New York Times. 1991. New York Times/CBS News Poll, April 1–3.

Newburn, Tim. 1999. Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the Literature. Police Research Series Paper 110. London: Home Office.

Oliver, Mary. 1996. “Portrayals of Crime, Race, and Aggression in ‘Reality-Based’ Police Shows.” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 38:179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ousey, Graham, and Lee, Matthew. 2002. “Examining the Conditional Nature of the Illicit Drug Market-Homicide Relationship.” Criminology 40:73–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Packer, Herbert. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Pate, Antony, and Fridell, Lorie. 1993. Police Use of Force: Official Reports, Citizen Complaints, and Legal Consequences. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.Google Scholar

Penn, Schoen, and Berland Associates. 2000. National Poll, registered voters, June 10–13, 2000, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Pew Research Center. 1997. National Poll, fielded February 6–7, 1997, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Police Foundation. 2004. Final Report: Biased Policing Project. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Poulantzas, Nicos. 1973. Political Power and Social Classes. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. 1967. Task Force Report: The Police. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Princeton. 2000. National Poll conducted for Newsweek by Princeton Survey Research Associates, fielded June 29–30, 2000, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Punch, Maurice. 1985. Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control.London: Tavistock.Google Scholar

Quillian, Lincoln. 1995. “Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat.” American Sociological Review 60:586–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quillian, Lincoln, and Pager, Devah. 2001. “Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 107:717–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quinnipiac. 2005. “New Yorkers Approve of NYPD 3 to 1.” Quinnipiac University poll, June 23, 2005.

Raudenbush, Stephen, and Bryk, Anthony. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Reisig, Michael, and Chandek, Meghan. 2001. “The Effects of Expectancy Disconfirmation on Outcome Satisfaction in Police-Citizen Encounters.” Policing 24:88–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reisig, Michael, and Parks, Roger. 2000. “Experience, Quality of Life, and Neighborhood Context.” Justice Quarterly 17:607–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reisig, Michael, and Roger Parks. 2003. “Neighborhood Context, Police Behavior, and Satisfaction with Police.” Justice Research and Policy 5:37–65.CrossRef

Reiss, Albert. 1971. The Police and the Public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Reitzel, John, Rice, Stephen, and Piquero, Alex. 2004. “Lines and Shadows: Perceptions of Racial Profiling and the Hispanic Experience.” Journal of Criminal Justice 32:607–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riksheim, Eric, and Chermak, Steven. 1993. “Causes of Police Behavior Revisited.” Journal of Criminal Justice 21: 353–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rossi, Peter, and Berk, Richard. 1997. Just Punishments: Federal Guidelines and Public Views Compared. New York: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, Jonathan. 1973. City Police. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar

Sampson, Robert, and Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum. 1998. “Legal Cynicism and (Subcultural?) Tolerance of Deviance: The Neighborhood Context of Racial Differences.” Law and Society Review 32:777–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sampson, Robert, and Janet Lauritsen. 1997. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice in the United States.” In , M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice, vol. 22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Scaglion, Richard, and Condon, Richard. 1980. “Determinants of Attitudes toward City Police.” Criminology 17:485–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schafer, Joseph, Huebner, Beth, and Bynum, Timothy. 2003. “Citizen Perceptions of Police Services: Race, Neighborhood Context, and Community Policing.” Police Quarterly 6:440–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schuman, Howard, Steeh, Charlotte, Bobo, Lawrence, and Krysan, Maria. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Sherman, Lawrence. 1978. Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Sherman, Lawrence. 1983. “After the Riots: Police and Minorities in the United States.” In N. Glazer and K. Young (eds.), Ethnic Pluralism and Public Policy. Toronto: Lexington.Google Scholar

Sigelman, Lee, and Welch, Susan. 1991. Black Americans' Views of Racial Inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sigelman, Lee, Welch, Susan, Bledsoe, Timothy, and Combs, Michael. 1997. “Police Brutality and Public Perceptions of Racial Discrimination.” Political Research Quarterly 50:777–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skogan, Wesley. 1994. “The Impact of Community Policing on Neighborhood Residents.” In , D. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Skogan, Wesley. 2005. “Citizen Satisfaction with Police Encounters.” Police Quarterly 8:298–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skogan, Wesley, and Hartnett, Susan. 1997. Community Policing, Chicago Style. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Skolnick, Jerome. 1966. Justice without Trial. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Skolnick, Jerome, and Fyfe, James. 1993. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. New York. Free Press.Google Scholar

Smalley, Suzanne. 2005. “Diversity Gap Seen in Police Upper Ranks.” Boston Globe, November 17.Google Scholar

Smith, David. 1991. “The Origins of Black Hostility to the Police.” Policing and Society 2:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Douglas. 1986. “The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior.” In , A. Reiss and , M. Tonry (eds.), Crime and Justice, vol. 8. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Douglas, Nanette Graham, and Bonnie Adams. 1991. “Minorities and the Police: Attitudinal and Behavioral Questions.” In , M. Lynch and , E. B. Patterson (eds.), Race and Criminal Justice. New York: Harrow and Heston.Google Scholar

Smith, Douglas, Visher, Christy, and Davidson, Laura. 1984. “Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75:234–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Paul, and Hawkins, Richard. 1973. “Victimization, Types of Citizens-Police Contacts, and Attitudes toward the Police.” Law and Society Review 8:135–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Son, In Soo, Tsang, Chiu-Wai, Rome, Dennis, and Davis, Mark. 1997. “Citizens' Observations of Police Use of Excessive Force and their Evaluation of Police Performance.” Policing 20:149–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sontag, Deborah, and Barry, Dan. 1997. “The Price of Brutality: Police Complaints Settled, Rarely Resolved.” New York Times, September 17: A1.Google Scholar

Stone, Vanessa, and Pettigrew, Nick. 2000. The Views of the Public on Stops and Searches. London: Home Office.Google Scholar

Strauss, Anselm. 1987. Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sun, Ivan, and Payne, Brian. 2004. “Racial Differences in Resolving Conflicts: A Comparison between Black and White Police Officers.” Crime and Delinquency 50:516–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Surette, Ray. 1998. Media, Crime, and Criminal Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Sviridoff, Michele, and McElroy, Jerome. 1989. The Processing of Complaints against the Police in New York City. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Swickard, Joe. 2005. “Cop Suits Cost $44.7 Million: Misdeeds Added Up in 2002–2004.” Detroit Free Press, July 5.Google Scholar

Swigert, Victoria, and Farrell, Ronald. 1976. Murder, Inequality, and the Law: Differential Treatment in the Legal Process. Lexington, MA: Heath.Google Scholar

Sykes, Gresham, and Matza, David. 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization.” American Sociological Review 22:667–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sykes, Richard, and Clark, John. 1975. “A Theory of Deference Exchange in Police-Civilian Encounters.” American Journal of Sociology 81:584–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Terrill, William, and Stephen Mastrofski. 2004. “Working the Street: Does Community Policing Matter?” In W. Skogan (ed.), Community Policing: Can it Work?Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Terrill, William, and Reisig, Michael. 2003. “Neighborhood Context and Police Use of Force.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40: 291–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, George, and Richard Leo. 2002. “The Effects of Miranda v. Arizona.” In , M. Tonry (ed.), Crime and Justice, vol. 29. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Time/CNN. 1995. National Poll, Time/CNN/Yankelovich Partners, September 13–14, 1995.

Trojanowicz, Robert. 1983. “An Evaluation of a Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program.” Journal of Police Science and Administration 11:410–419.Google Scholar

Tuch, Steven, and Hughes, Michael. 1996a. “Whites' Racial Policy Attitudes.” Social Science Quarterly 77:723–745.Google Scholar

Tuch, Steven, and Hughes, Michael. 1996b. “Whites' Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies: One Cause or Many?” Social Science Quarterly 77: 778–788.Google Scholar

Tuch, Steven, and Weitzer, Ronald. 1997. “Racial Differences in Attitudes toward the Police.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61:642–663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tyler, Tom. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Tyler, Tom, and Huo, Yuen. 2002. Trust in the Law. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Tyler, Tom, and Wakslak, Cheryl. 2004. “Profiling and Police Legitimacy.” Criminology 42:253–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

U. S. Department of Justice. 2001. Principles for Promoting Police Integrity. Washington, DC: Author.

Velez, Maria. 2001. “The Role of Public Social Control in Urban Neighborhoods.” Criminology 39:837–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walker, Darlene, Richardson, Richard, Williams, Oliver, Denyer, Thomas, and McGaughey, Skip. 1972. “Contact and Support: An Empirical Assessment of Public Attitudes toward the Police and the Courts.” North Carolina Law Review 51:43–79.Google Scholar

Walker, Samuel. 1999. The Police in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Walker, Samuel. 2001. Police Accountability: The Role of Citizen Oversight. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Walker, Samuel. 2005. The New World of Police Accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Walker, Samuel, Alpert, Geoffrey, and Kenney, Dennis. 2001. “Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer.” Research in Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Wallach, Irving, and Jackson, Colette. 1973. “Perception of the Police in a Black Community.” In J. Snibbe and H. Snibbe (eds.), The Urban Policeman in Transition. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.Google Scholar

Washington Post. 1995. Poll, October 4–6, Lexis-Nexis Public Opinion Online.

Washington Post. 1997. Washington Post/ABC News poll, Washington Post, June 12.

Webb, Vincent, and Marshall, Chris. 1995. “The Relative Importance of Race and Ethnicity on Citizen Attitudes toward the Police.” American Journal of Police 14:45–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weisburd, David, and Greenspan, Rosanne. 2000. Police Attitudes toward Abuse of Authority: Findings from a National Study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Weisheit, Ralph, Falcone, David, and Wells, Edward. 1995. Crime and Policing in Rural and Small-Town America. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1985. “Policing a Divided Society: Obstacles to Normalization in Northern Ireland.” Social Problems 33:41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1990. Transforming Settler States: Communal Conflict and Internal Security in Northern Ireland and Zimbabwe.Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1995. Policing under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 1999. “Citizens' Perceptions of Police Misconduct: Race and Neighborhood Context.” Justice Quarterly 16:819–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2000a. “Racialized Policing: Residents' Perceptions in Three Neighborhoods.” Law and Society Review 34:129–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2000b. “White, Black, or Blue Cops? Race and Citizen Assessments of Police Officers.” Journal of Criminal Justice 28:313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2002. “Incidents of Police Misconduct and Public Opinion.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30:397–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald. 2005. “Can the Police be Reformed?” Contexts 4 (Summer): 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Kubrin, Charis. 2004. “Breaking News: How Local TV News and Real-World Conditions Affect Fear of Crime.” Justice Quarterly 21:497–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 1999. “Race, Class, and Perceptions of Discrimination by the Police.” Crime and Delinquency 45:494–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 2002. “Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Experience.” Criminology 40:435–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 2004a. “Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct.” Social Problems 51:305–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weitzer, Ronald, and Tuch, Steven. 2004b. “Public Opinion on Reforms in Policing.” Police Chief (December): 26–30.Google Scholar

Welch, Susan, Sigelman, Lee, Bledsoe, Timothy, and Coombs, Michael. 2001. Race and Place: Race Relations in an American City. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werthman, Carl, and Piliavin, Irving. 1967. “Gang Members and the Police,” in D. Bordua (ed.), The Police. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Westley, William. 1970. Violence and the Police. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

White, M., , T. Cox, and , J. Basehart. 1991. “Theoretical Considerations of Officer Profanity and Obscenity.” In T. Barker and D. Carter (eds.), Police Deviance. Cincinnati: Anderson.Google Scholar

Wickersham Commission. 1931. Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

Wiley, Mary, and Hudik, Terry. 1974. “Police-Citizen Encounters: A Field Test of Exchange Theory.” Social Problems 22:119–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, Brian. 1997. Citizen Perspectives on Community Policing. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, George, and Dunham, Roger. 2001. “Race, Class, and Attitudes toward Crime Control.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 28:259–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, James Q. 1972. “The Police in the Ghetto.” In R. Steadman (ed.), The Police and the Community. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Winton, Richard. 2005. “Video Cameras Urged for LAPD.” Los Angeles Times, December 9.Google Scholar

Worden, Robert. 1996. “The Causes of Police Brutality.” In W. Geller and H. Toch (eds.), Police Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Wortley, Scot, Hagan, John, and Macmillan, Ross. 1997. “Just Desserts? The Racial Polarization of Perceptions of Criminal Injustice.” Law and Society Review 31:637–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zauberman, Renee, and Levy, Rene. 2003. “Police, Minorities, and the French Republican Ideal.” Criminology 41:1065–1100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar