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4 - Facts and theories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2009

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Summary

The Azande have a deep and systematic belief in witchcraft, oracles and magic. Witchcraft adds an uncertainty to life, which oracles dispel and magic controls. In practice, however, oracles are often inaccurate and magic often incompetent. So a decent scepticism about them might seem called for. But Zande beliefs are resilient. As Evans-Pritchard describes them in his Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande:

Azande see as well as we that the failure of their oracle to prophesy truly calls for explanation, but so entangled are they in mystical notions that they must make use of them to account for the failure. The contradiction between experience and one mystical notion is explained by reference to other mystical notions.

Witchcraft, oracles and magic form an intellectually coherent system. Each explains and proves the others. Death is a proof of witchcraft. It is avenged by magic. The accuracy of the poison-oracle is determined by the king's oracle, which is above suspicion.

The parallel with Positive economics is too close for comfort. Failure of prediction is proof of interference. Interference is removed by ceteris paribus clauses and by adjusting observed variables to their true values. The scope of clauses and adjustments is determined by theory and theories are validated by checking their implications against facts. But the parallel stops, when we look for the king's oracle. A solution to the riddle of Induction would serve nicely but we have failed to find one. Without it, theories do not support hypotheses, hypotheses cannot be tested and tests show nothing. If it is a coherent world that we want, the Azande are better off than we.

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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1975

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  • Facts and theories
  • Hollis
  • Book: Rational Economic Man
  • Online publication: 12 October 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554551.006
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  • Facts and theories
  • Hollis
  • Book: Rational Economic Man
  • Online publication: 12 October 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554551.006
Available formats
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Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Facts and theories
  • Hollis
  • Book: Rational Economic Man
  • Online publication: 12 October 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511554551.006
Available formats
×