Dimensional and Categorical Approaches to Mental Illness

doi:10.1017/CBO9781139424745.011

8 - Dimensional and Categorical Approaches to Mental Illness

Let Biology Decide

from Section Two - Biosocial Mechanisms in Mental Health and Illness

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2015

Robert M. Bilder

Edited by

Laurence J. Kirmayer ,

Robert Lemelson and

Constance A. Cummings

Show author details

Laurence J. Kirmayer: Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Robert Lemelson: Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Constance A. Cummings: Affiliation:
Foundation for Psychocultural Research, California

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: Re-Visioning Psychiatry
Cultural Phenomenology, Critical Neuroscience, and Global Mental Health
, pp. 179 - 205

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139424745.011 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar

An, X., & Bentler, P. M. (2011). Extended mixture factor analysis model with covariates for mixed binary and continuous responses. Statistics in Medicine, 30(21), 2634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4310CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Andrews, G., Slade, T., & Peters, L. (1999). Classification in psychiatry: ICD-10 versus DSM-IV. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.174.1.3CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Arnone, D., Cavanagh, J., Gerber, D., Lawrie, S., Ebmeier, K., & McIntosh, A. (2009). Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(3), 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.108.059717CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Beauchaine, T. P. (2003). Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology, 15(3), 501–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954579403000270CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Beauchaine, T. P. (2007). A brief taxometrics primer. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(4), 654–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410701662840CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bentler, P. M., & Bonnett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.88.3.588CrossRef Google Scholar

Bilder, R. M., Howe, A., Novak, N., Sabb, F. W., & Parker, D. S. (2011). The genetics of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: A phenomic perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(9), 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.002CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bilder, R. M., Howe, A. S., & Sabb, F. W. (2013). Multilevel models from biology to psychology: Mission impossible? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032263Google Scholar PubMed

Bilder, R. M., Parker, D. S., & Sabb, F. W. (2010). Modeling cognitive Phenotypes from circuit to syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 67(9), 254.Google Scholar

Bilder, R. M., Poldrack, R., Parker, D. S., Reise, S. P., Jentsch, J. D., Cannon, T., … Freimer, N. (2009). Cognitive phenomics. In Wood, S., Allen, N., & Pantelis, C. (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology of mental disorders (pp. 271–82). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bilder, R. M., Sabb, F. W., Cannon, T. D., London, E. D., Jentsch, J. D., Parker, D. S., … Freimer, N. B. (2009). Phenomics: The systematic study of phenotypes on a genome-wide scale. Neuroscience, 164(1), 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.027CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bora, E., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2010). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and affective psychoses: implications for DSM-V criteria and beyond. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp094CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Brown, G. W. (1996). Genetics of depression: A social science perspective. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(4), 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F09540269609051554CrossRef Google Scholar

Cloninger, C. R. (1999). A new conceptual paradigm from genetics and psychobiology for the science of mental health. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.1999.00533.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cole, D. A. (2004). Taxometrics in psychopathology research: an introduction to some of the procedures and related methodological issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.3CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Costa, P. T. Jr, & McCrae, R. R. (2008). The revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment, 2, 179–98.Google Scholar

Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. (2013). Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: A genome-wide analysis. Lancet, 381(9875), 1371–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62129-1Google Scholar

Crow, T. J. (1980, January 12). Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? British Medical Journal, 66–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.280.6207.66CrossRef Google Scholar

Crow, T. J. (1982). Two syndromes in schizophrenia? Trends in Neuroscience, 351–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0166-2236%2882%2990202-8Google Scholar

Crow, T. J. (1985). The two-syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11(3), 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2F11.3.471CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Daban, C., Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Salazar-Fraile, J., … Vieta, E. (2006). Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(2), 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090891CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Dickinson, D., Goldberg, T. E., Gold, J. M., Elvevag, B., & Weinberger, D. R. (2011). Cognitive factor structure and invariance in people with schizophrenia, their unaffected siblings, and controls. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(6), 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq018CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Drevets, W. C., Price, J. L., & Furey, M. L. (2008). Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: Implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Structure and Function, 213(1), 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00429-008-0189-xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., South, S. C., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. (2010). Contrasting prototypes and dimensions in the classification of personality pathology: Evidence that dimensions, but not prototypes, are robust. Psychological Medicine, 41(6), 1151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001650Google Scholar

Elia, J., Gai, X., Xie, H., Perin, J., Geiger, E., Glessner, J., & D'arcy, M. (2009). Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(6), 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2009.57Google Scholar PubMed

Ellison-Wright, I., & Bullmore, E. (2010). Anatomy of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 117(1), 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.schres.2009.12.022CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fanous, A. H., Middleton, F. A., Gentile, K., Amdur, R. L., Maher, B. S., Zhao, Z., … Ferreira, S. R. (2012). Genetic overlap of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a high-density linkage survey in the Portuguese Island population. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.32041CrossRef Google Scholar

Finger, S. (2001). Origins of neuroscience: A history of explorations into brain function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Frances, A. (2012). DSM-5 in distress [Blog post]. Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5-in-distress Google Scholar

Gask, L., Klinkman, M., Fortes, S., & Dowrick, C. (2008). Capturing complexity: The case for a new classification system for mental disorders in primary care. European Psychiatry, 23(7), 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eurpsy.2008.06.006CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Georgiades, S., Szatmari, P., Boyle, M., Hanna, S., Duku, E., Zwaigenbaum, L., … Thompson, A. (2012). Investigating phenotypic heterogeneity in children with autism spectrum disorder: A factor mixture modeling approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02588.xCrossRef Google Scholar

Gillespie, N. A., Neale, M. C., Legrand, L. N., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2012). Are the symptoms of cannabis use disorder best accounted for by dimensional, categorical, or factor mixture models? A comparison of male and female young adults. Psychol Addict Behav, 26(1), 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026230CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.160.4.636CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Grove, W. M. (1991). Validity of taxometric inferences based on cluster analysis stopping rules. Thinking Clearly About Psychology, 2, 313–29.Google Scholar

Grozeva, D., Kirov, G., Ivanov, D., Jones, I. R., Jones, L., Green, E. K., … Farmer, A. E. (2010). Rare copy number variants: a point of rarity in genetic risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(4), 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2010.25CrossRef Google Scholar

Hallquist, M. N., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2012). Refining the phenotype of borderline personality disorder: Diagnostic criteria and beyond. Personal Disord, 3(3), 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027953CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1994). Psychopathy as a taxon: Evidence that psychopaths are a discrete class. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0022-006X.62.2.387CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Haslam, N. (2003). Categorical versus dimensional models of mental disorder: The taxometric evidence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(6), 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1614.2003.01258.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Haslam, N., Holland, E., & Kuppens, P. (2012). Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 42(05), 903–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001966CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hasler, G., & Northoff, G. (2011). Discovering imaging endophenotypes for major depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(6), 604–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2011.23CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Heaton, R. K., Baade, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (1978). Neuropsychological test results associated with psychiatric disorders in adults. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.85.1.141CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Helzer, J. E., Kraemer, H. C., Krueger, R. F., Wittchen, H.-U., Sirovatka, P. J., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.). (2008). Dimensional approaches in diagnostic classification: Refining the research agenda for “DSM-V.” Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Hempel, C. G. (1961). Introduction to problems of taxonomy. Field Studies in the Mental Disorders, 5, 3–22.Google Scholar

Hill, S. K., Reilly, J. L., Harris, M. S. H., Rosen, C., Marvin, R. W., DeLeon, O., & Sweeney, J. A. (2009). A comparison of neuropsychological dysfunction in first-episode psychosis patients with unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 113(2–3), 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.schres.2009.04.020CrossRef Google Scholar

Hyman, S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 6, 155–79. http://10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091532 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ingason, A., Rujescu, D., Cichon, S., Sigurdsson, E., Sigmundsson, T., Pietilainen, O. P., … St Clair, D. M. (2011). Copy number variations of chromosome 16p13.1 region associated with schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(1), 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.101CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Insel, T. R., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2009). Endophenotypes: Bridging genomic complexity and disorder heterogeneity. Biological Psychiatry, 66(11), 988–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.008CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Husband, J., & Kreel, L. (1976). Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, 924–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2876%2990890-4CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Stevens, M., Kreel, L., & Husband, J. (1978). The dementia of dementia praecox. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 57, 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0447.1978.tb06899.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1985). LISREL VI. Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood, instrumental variables, and least squares methods. Unpublished manuscript. University of Uppsala, Sweden.Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S. (1996). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: Same genes, (partly) different environments – revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(Suppl. 30), 68–75.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Knudsen, G. P., Røysamb, E., Neale, M. C., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for syndromal and subsyndromal common DSM-IV Axis I and all Axis II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(1), 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2010.10030340CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. Jr (1998). Boundaries of major depression: an evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(2), 172–7.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Krabbendam, L., Arts, B., van Os, J., & Aleman, A. (2005). Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophrenia Research, 80(2), 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.schres.2005.08.004CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kraepelin, E. (1896). Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte. Funfte, vollstandig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig, Germany: Barth.Google Scholar

Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Edinburgh, Scotland: E and S Livingstone.Google Scholar

Kupfer, D. J., First, M. B., & Regier, D. A. (2002). Introduction. In Kupfer, D. J., First, M. B., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.), A research agenda for “DSM-V.” Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Kupfer, D. J., Kuhl, E. A., & Wulsin, L. (2013). Psychiatry's integration with medicine: The role of DSM-5. Annual Review of Medicine, 64, 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-050911-161945CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lahey, B. B., Van Hulle, C. A., Singh, A. L., Waldman, I. D., & Rathouz, P. J. (2011). Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(2), 181–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.192CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lawrie, S. M., Hall, J., McIntosh, A. M., Owens, D. G., & Johnstone, E. C. (2010). The “continuum of psychosis”: Scientifically unproven and clinically impractical. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(6), 423–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.072827CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Henry, N. W. (1968). Latent structure analysis. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2010). Systematic reviews of categorical versus continuum models in psychosis: Evidence for discontinuous subpopulations underlying a psychometric continuum. Implications for DSM-V, DSM-VI, and DSM-VII. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 391–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.clinpsy.032408.153506CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Llopis, B. (1954). La psicosis única. Archivos de Neurobiología, 17, 1–34.Google Scholar

Lubke, G. H., Muthen, B., Moilanen, I. K., McGough, J. J., Loo, S. K., Swanson, J. M., … Smalley, S. L. (2007). Subtypes versus severity differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the Northern Finnish Birth Cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(12), 1584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e31815750ddGoogle Scholar PubMed

Manktelow, M. (2010). History of taxonomy. [Lecture.] Department of Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.Google Scholar

McDonald, C., Bullmore, E., Sham, P., Chitnis, X., Suckling, J., MacCabe, J., … Murray, R. M. (2005). Regional volume deviations of brain structure in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(5), 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.186.5.369CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McGuffin, P., Rijsdijk, F., Andrew, M., Sham, P., Katz, R., & Cardno, A. (2003). The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(5), 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.60.5.497CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McIntosh, A. M., Maniega, S. M., Lymer, G. K. S., McKirdy, J., Hall, J., Sussmann, J. E. D., … Lawrie, S. M. (2008). White matter tractography in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64(12), 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2008.07.026CrossRef Google Scholar

Meehl, P. E. (1995). Bootstraps taxometrics. Solving the classification problem in psychopathology. American Psychologist, 50(4), 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F%2F0003-066X.50.4.266CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Meehl, P. E. (1999). Clarifications about taxometric method. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8(3), 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0962-1849%2805%2980075-7CrossRef Google Scholar

Meehl, P. E. (2004). What's in a taxon? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.39CrossRef Google Scholar

Menninger, K. (1959). Toward a unitary concept of mental illness. In Hall, B. H. (Ed.), A psychiatrist's world (pp. 516–28). New York, NY: Viking.Google Scholar

Menninger, K., Ellenberger, H., Pruyser, P., & Mayman, M. (1959). The unitary concept of mental illness. Pastoral Psychology, 10(4), 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01741038CrossRef Google Scholar

Millon, T., & Simonsen, E. (2010). A précis of psychopathological history. In Millon, T., Krueger, R. F., & Simonsen, E. (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Scientific foundations of the “DSM-V” and “ICD-11” (pp. 3–52). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Morris, S. E., Ramsey, J. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2013). Rethinking mental disorders: The role of learning and brain plasticity. Restorative Neurology and Neurosciences, 32(1), 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-139015CrossRef Google Scholar

Murphy, E. A. (1964). One cause? Many causes? The argument from the bimodal distribution. Journal of Chronic Disease, 17, 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2864%2990117-1Google Scholar PubMed

Muthen, B., Asparouhov, T., & Rebollo, I. (2006). Advances in behavioral genetics modeling using Mplus: Applications of factor mixture modeling to twin data. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 9(3), 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/183242706777591317CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Narayanaswamy, J. C., Varghese, M., Jain, S., Sivakumar, P. T., Prakash, O., Bharath, S., & Kandavel, T. (2011). Is there a familial overlap between dementia and other psychiatric disorders? International Psychogeriatrics, 23(5), 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001572CrossRef Google Scholar

Owen, M. J. (2012). Intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorders: A continuum of neurodevelopmental causality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 268–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.111.105551CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Owen, M. J., Craddock, N., & Jablensky, A. (2007). The genetic deconstruction of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(4), 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbm053CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pol, H. E. H., van Baal, G. C. M., Schnack, H. G., Brans, R. G. H., van der Schot, A. C., Brouwer, R. M., … Evans, A. C. (2012). Overlapping and segregating structural brain abnormalities in twins with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(4), 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1615Google Scholar

Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., MacCallum, R. C., & Nicewander, W. A. (2005). Use of the extreme groups approach: A critical reexamination and new recommendations. Psychological Methods, 10(2), 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F1082-989X.10.2.178CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Purcell, S. M., Wray, N. R., Stone, J. L., Visscher, P. M., O'Donovan, M. C., Sullivan, P. F., … Morris, D. W. (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature, 460(7256), 748–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08185Google Scholar PubMed

Rimol, L. M., Hartberg, C. B., Nesvåg, R., Fennema-Notestine, C., Hagler, D. J., Pung, C. J., … Nakstad, P. H. (2010). Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68(1), 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2010.03.036CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rounsaville, B. J., Alarcón, R. D., Andrews, G., Jackson, J. S., Kendell, R. E., & Kendler, K. (2002). Basic nomenclature issues for DSM-V. In Kupfer, D. J., First, M. B., & Regier, D. A. (Eds.), A research agenda for “DSM-V.” (pp. 1–29). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Rzhetsky, A., Wajngurt, D., Park, N., & Zheng, T. (2007). Probing genetic overlap among complex human phenotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(28), 11694–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704820104Google Scholar PubMed

Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., … Cuthbert, B. N. (2010). Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(4), 631–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0020909CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sebat, J., Lakshmi, B., Malhotra, D., Troge, J., Lese-Martin, C., Walsh, T., … Wigler, M. (2007). Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science, 316(5823), 445–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1138659CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shorter, E., & Fink, M. (2010). Endocrine psychiatry: Solving the riddle of melancholia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Skilling, T. A., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. T., & Quinsey, V. L. (2001). Identifying persistently antisocial offenders using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist and DSM antisocial personality disorder criteria. Psychological Assessment, 14(1), 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.14.1.27CrossRef Google Scholar

Skilling, T. A., Quinsey, V. L., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Evidence of a taxon underlying serious antisocial behavior in boys. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F009385480102800404CrossRef Google Scholar

Spiegel, A. (2005). The dictionary of disorder. New Yorker, 80(41), 56–63.Google Scholar

Stefansson, H., Rujescu, D., Cichon, S., Pietilainen, O. P., Ingason, A., Steinberg, S., … Stefansson, K. (2008). Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature, 455(7210), 232–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07229CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Subbarayappa, B. (2001). The roots of ancient medicine: An historical outline. Journal of Biosciences-Bangalore, 26(2), 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02703637Google Scholar PubMed

Tam, G. W., van de Lagemaat, L. N., Redon, R., Strathdee, K. E., Croning, M. D., Malloy, M. P., … Grant, S. G. (2010). Confirmed rare copy number variants implicate novel genes in schizophrenia. Biochemical Society Transactions, 38(2), 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST0380445CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Waller, N. G. (2006). Carving nature at its joints: Paul Meehl's development of taxometrics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.2.210CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Widiger, T. A., Frances, A., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (1988). The DSM-III-R personality disorders: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145(7), 786–95.Google Scholar PubMed

Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. (2007). Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature, 447(7145), 661–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05911Google Scholar

Yuan, K. H., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Finite Normal Mixture SEM Analysis by Fitting Multiple Conventional SEM Models. Sociological Methodology, 40(1), 191–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01224.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Book contents

8 - Dimensional and Categorical Approaches to Mental Illness

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive