Chapter 9 describes China’s different path of scientific development, based as it was on a much less rich legacy of scientific inquiry. After reviewing Chinese scientific assets and deficits, the chapter discusses the impact of the seventeenth century Jesuit mission on China. The conclusion reached is that the missionaries transmitted to China almost all the scientific background needed to fuse Chinese science, especially astronomy, with Western benchmarks, but Chinese scholars and officials ejected the adoption of the new scientific worldview. An appendix lists the comprehensive efforts of the missionaries to explain all aspects of seventeenth century astronomy, arguing against the “imperfect transmission” thesis