Chapter 4 reveals the expanded structures of control established by Dutch surveillance agents over pilgrims moving from the oceanic to the terrestrial world in the Middle East. Hajjis inhabited a world not only free from Dutch hegemonic structures in the Netherlands East Indies, but also ripe with anticolonial information and ideas circulating throughout the region, including pan-Islamism and nationalism. The religious and political atmosphere of the hajj, coupled with the Netherlands’ lack of terrestrial control in Mecca, caused the Dutch Consulate in Jeddah to closely track pilgrims, students, and members of Indonesian communities residing in Mecca and Cairo. The Red Sea’s Kamaran quarantine station also became a site of surveillance over both contagious diseases and contagious ideologies. Overlapping concerns around pilgrim health and safety intensified during the 1930s when increasing numbers of hajjis found themselves destitute and stranded in the Middle East and Dutch concerns over the imperial image being projected abroad increased.