Ackerly, D. D. and Bazzaz, F. A. (1995) Leaf dynamics, self-shading and carbon gain in seedlings of a tropical pioneer tree. Oecologia 101: 289–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Afreen, F., Zobayed, S. M. A., Armstrong, J. and Armstrong, W. (2007) Pressure gradients along whole culms and leaf sheaths, and other aspects of humidity-induced gas transport in Phragmites australis. Journal of Experimental Botany 58: 1651–1662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Albertson, J. D., Kustas, W. P. and Scanlon, T. M. (2001) Large-eddy simulation over heterogeneous terrain with remotely sensed land surface conditions. Water Resources Research 37: 1939–1953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alton, P. (2009) A simple retrieval of ground albedo and vegetation absorptance from MODIS satellite data for parameterisation of global land-surface models. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149: 1769–1775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amiro, B. D. (1990) Drag coefficients and turbulence spectra in three boreal forest canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 52: 227–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amthor, J. S. (1994) Scaling CO2-photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to canopy. Photosynthesis Research 39: 321–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amthor, J. S. (2000) The McCree-de Wit-Penning de Vries-Thornley respiration paradigms 30 years later. Annals of Botany 86: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amthor, J. S., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W. and Wofsy, S. C. (1994) Testing a mechanistic model of forest-canopy mass and energy exchange using eddy correlation: Carbon dioxide and ozone uptake by a mixed-oak stand. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 21: 623–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amundson, R. (2001) The carbon budget in soils. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 29: 535–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, M. C. (1966) Stand structure and light penetration. 2: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 3: 41–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, R. G., Canadell, J. G., Randerson, J. T., et al. (2011) Biophysical considerations in forestry for climate protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9: 174–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anesio, A. M., Tranvik, L. J. and Granèli, W. (1999) Production of inorganic carbon from aquatic macrophytes by solar radiation. Ecology 80: 1852–1859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anten, N. P. R. (2005) Optimal photosynthetic characteristics of individual plants in vegetation stands and implications for species coexistence. Annals of Botany 95: 495–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aphalo, P. J. and Jarvis, P. G. (1991) Do stomata respond to relative humidity?Plant, Cell and Environment 14: 127–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archontoulis, S. V., Yin, X., Vos, J., et al. (2012) Leaf photosynthesis and respiration of three bioenergy crops in relation to temperature and leaf nitrogen: How conserved are biochemical model parameters among crop species?Journal of Experimental Botany 63: 895–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Armstrong, W., Armstrong, J. and Beckett, P. M. (1996a) Pressurised ventilation in emergent macrophytes: The mechanism and mathematical modelling of humidity-induced convection. Aquatic Botany 54: 121–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armstrong, J., Armstrong, W., Beckett, P. M., et al. (1996b) Pathways of aeration and the mechanisms and beneficial effects of humidity- and Venturi-induced convections in Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin ex Steud. Aquatic Botany 54: 177–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., et al. (2008) Why are estimates of global isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8: 4605–4620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arrhenius, S. (1908) Das Werden der Welten. Leipzig: Academic Publishing House.Google Scholar

Asner, G. P., Hughes, R. F., Mascaro, J., et al. (2011) High-resolution carbon mapping on the million-hectare island of Hawaii. Frontiers in Ecology 9: 434–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asner, G. P., Hughes, R. F., Vitousek, P. M., et al. (2008a) Invasive plants transform the three-dimensional structure of rain forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 105: 4519–4523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Asner, G. P., Knapp, D. E., Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., et al. (2008b) Invasive species detection in Hawaiian rainforests using airborne imaging spectroscopy and LiDAR. Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 1942–1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asner, G. P., Scurlock, J. M. O., and Hicke, J. A. (2003) Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: Implications for ecological and remote sensing studies. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12: 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asrar, G., Myneni, R. B. and Kanemasu, E. T. (1989) Estimation of plant canopy attributes from spectral reflectance measurements. In: Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing (Asrar, G., ed.). New York: John Wiley, pp. 252–292.Google Scholar

Atkin, O. K., Bruhn, D., Hurry, V. M. and Tjoelker, M. G. (2005) The hot and the cold: Unravelling the variable response of plant respiration to temperature. Functional Plant Biology 32: 87–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkin, O. K. and Tjoelker, M. G. (2003) Thermal acclimation and the dynamic response of plant respiration to temperature. Trends in Plant Science 8: 343–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkinson, R. and Arey, J. (2003) Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds. Chemical Reviews 103: 4605–4638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Atkinson, R. and Carter, W. P. L. (1984) Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of ozone with organic compounds under atmospheric conditions. Chemical Reviews 84: 437–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, A. T. and Vivanco, L. (2006) Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation. Nature 442: 555–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayers, G. P. and Cainey, J. M. (2007) The CLAW hypothesis: A review of the major developments. Environmental Chemistry 4: 366–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Badger, M. R., Sharkey, T. D., and von Caemmerer, S. (1984) The relationship between steady-state gas exchange of bean leaves and the levels of carbon reduction cycle intermediates. Planta 160: 305–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baidya, S. and Avissar, R. (2000) Scales of response of the convective boundary layer to land-surface heterogeneity. Geophysical Research Letters 27: 533–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D. (1992) A Lagrangian random-walk model for simulating water vapor, CO2, and sensible heat flux densities and scalar profiles over and within a soybean canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 61: 113–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D. D. (2003) Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: Past, present and future. Global Change Biology 9: 479–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D. D. and Collineau, S. (1994) The physical nature of solar radiation in heterogeneous canopies: Spatial and temporal attributes. In: Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity (Pearcy, R. W. and Caldwell, M. M., eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 21–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L. H., et al. (2001) FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82: 2415–2434.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D. D., Hutchinson, B. A., Matt, D. R. and McMillen, R. T. (1985) Canopy radiative transfer models for spherical and known leaf inclination distribution angles: A test in an oak-hickory forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 22: 539–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D. D. and Meyers, T. P. (1988) Turbulence structure in a deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 43: 345–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldocchi, D. D. and Meyers, T. (1998) On using eco-physiological, micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: A perspective. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 90: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ball, J. T. and Berry, J. A. (1982) The Ci/Ca ratio: A basis for predicting stomatal control of photosynthesis. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook 81: 88–92.Google Scholar

Ball, J. T., Woodrow, I. E. and Berry, J. A. (1987) A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Progress in Photosynthesis Research (Biggens, J., ed.). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. IV.5.221–IV.5.224.Google Scholar

Banta, R. M., Newsom, R. K., Lundquist, J. K., et al. (2002) Nocturnal low-level jet characteristics over Kansas during CASES-99. Boundary Layer Meteorology 105: 221–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berg, B. (2000) Litter decomposition and organic matter turnover in northern forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management 133: 13–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergamaschi, P., Braunlich, M., Marik, T. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M. (2000) Measurements of the carbon and hydrogen isotopes of atmospheric methane at Izana, Tenerife: Seasonal cycles and synoptic-scale variations. Journal of Geophysical Research–Atmospheres 105: 14531–14546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernacchi, C. J., Pimentel, C. and Long, S. P. (2003) In vivo temperature response functions of parameters required to model RuBP-limited photosynthesis. Plant, Cell and Environment 26: 1419–1430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernacchi, C. J., Singsaas, E. L., Pimentel, C., et al. (2001) Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco-limited photosynthesis. Plant, Cell and Environment 24: 253–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, J. A. and Farquhar, G. D. (1978) The CO2 concentrating function of C4 plants: A biochemical model. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Photosynthesis (Hall, D., Coombs, J., and Goodwin, T., eds.). London: Biochemical Society of London, pp. 119–131.Google Scholar

Bittner, S., Janott, M. and Ritter, D., et al. (2012) Functional-structural water flow model reveals differences between diffuse- and ring-porous tree species. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 158: 80–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björkman, O. (1975) Environmental and biological control of photosynthesis: Inaugural address. In: Environmental and Biological Control of Photosynthesis (Marcelle, R., ed.). The Hague: W. Junk, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar

Blackadar, A. K. (1957) Boundary layer wind maxima and their significance for the growth of nocturnal inversions. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 38: 283–290.Google Scholar

Blackadar, A. K. (1997) Turbulence and Diffusion in the Atmosphere. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blanken, P. D., Black, T. A., Yang, P. C., et al. (1997) Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: Partitioning overstory and understory components. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 102: 28915–28927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bohrer, G., Mourad, H., Laursen, T. A., et al. (2005) Finite element tree crown hydrodynamics model (FETCH) using porous media flow within branching elements: A new representation of tree hydrodynamics. Water Resources Research 41: Article number W11404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonan, G. B. (2008) Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320: 1444–1449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bonan, G. B., Lawrence, P. J., Oleson, K. W., et al. (2011) Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data. Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences 116: Article number G02014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C. and Gower, S. T. (2004) Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence. Global Change Biology 10: 473–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borken, W. and Matzner, E. (2009) Reappraisal of drying and wetting effects on C and N mineralization and fluxes in soils. Global Change Biology 15: 808–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I. (1999) Soil organic matter quality interpreted thermodynamically. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31: 1889–1891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I. (2002) Quality and irreversibility: Constraints on ecosystem development. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269: 203–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowling, D. R., Bowling, N. G., Bond, B. J., et al. (2002) 13C content of ecosystem respiration is linked to precipitation and vapor pressure deficit. Oecologia 131: 113–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowling, D. R., Burns, S. P., Conway, T. J., et al. (2005) Extensive observations of CO2 carbon isotope content in and above a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: Article number GB 3023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowling, D. R., Pataki, D. E. and Randerson, J. T. (2008) Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes. New Phytologist 178: 24–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brandt, L. A., Bohnet, C. and King, J. Y. (2009) Photochemically induced carbon dioxide production as a mechanism for carbon loss from plant litter in arid ecosystems. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: Article number G02004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bridges, E. M. (1990) Soil Horizon Designations, Technical Paper 19, ISRIC, Wageningen.Google Scholar

Brooks, A. and Farquhar, G. D. (1985) Effect of temperature on the CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the rate of respiration in the light. Planta 165: 397–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brooks, R. H. and Corey, A. T. (1966) Properties of porous media affecting fluid flow. Journal of Irrigation Drainage Division of the American Society of Civil Engineering 92: 61–87.Google Scholar

Brown, J. H. and West, G. B. (eds.) (2000) Scaling in Biology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Brown, H. and Escombe, F. (1900) Static diffusion of gases and liquids in relation to the assimilation of carbon and translocation in plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B193: 223–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brugnoli, E. and Björkman, O. (1992) Chloroplast movements in leaves: Influence on chlorophyll fluorescence and measurements of light-induced absorbance changes related to ΔpH and zeaxanthin formation. Photosynthesis Research 32: 23–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brunet, Y. and Irvine, M. R. (2000) The control of coherent eddies in vegetation canopies: Streamwise structure spacing, canopy shear scale and atmospheric stability. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 94: 139–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brussaard, L., Behan-Pelletier, V. M., Bignell, D. E., et al. (1997) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in soil. Ambio 26: 563–570.Google Scholar

Buchmann, N., Kao, Y. -W. and Ehleringer, J. (1997) Influence of stand structure on carbon-13 of vegetation, soils, and canopy air within deciduous and evergreen forests in Utah, United States. Oecologia 110: 109–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Buck, A. L. (1981) New equations for computing vapor pressure and enhancement factor. Journal of Applied Meteorology 20: 1527–1532.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buckingham, E. (1907) Studies on the movement of soil moisture. Bureau of Soils Bulletin, 38, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

Buckley, T. N., Mott, K. A. and Farquhar, G. D. (2003) A hydromechanical and biochemical model of stomatal conductance. Plant, Cell and Environment 26: 1767–1785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buckley, T. N., Sack, L. and Gilbert, M. E. (2011) The role of bundle sheath extensions and life form in stomatal responses to leaf water status. Plant Physiology 156: 962–973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Budyko, M. I. (1974) Climate and Life. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Cahill, T. M., Seaman, V. Y., Charles, M. J., et al. (2006) Secondary organic aerosols formed from oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 111: Article number D16312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, G. S. and Norman, J. M. (1998) An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Canadell, J. G., Canadell, C., Raupach, M. R., et al. (2007) Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 104: 18866–18870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Canadell, J. G. and Raupach, M. R. (2008) Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science 320: 1456–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carter, G. A., Bahadur, R. and Norby, R. J. (2000) Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on leaf optical properties in Acer saccharum. Environmental and Experimental Botany 43: 267–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cava, D. and Katul, G. G. (2008) Spectral short-circuiting and wake production within the canopy trunk space of an alpine hardwood forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 126: 415–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cerling, T. E., Harris, J. M., MacFadden, B. J., et al. (1997) Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 389:153–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cescatti, A. (1997) Modelling the radiative transfer in discontinuous canopies of asymmetric crowns.1: Model structure and algorithms. Ecological Modelling 101: 263–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chandrasekhar, S. (1950) Radiative Transfer. New York: Dover Publishers.Google Scholar

Chanton, J. P., Whiting, G. J., Blair, N. E., Lindau, C. W. and Bollich, P. K. (1997) Methane emission from rice: Stable isotopes, diurnal variations, and CO2 exchange. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapin, F. S., McFarland, J., McGuire, A. D., et al. (2009) The changing global carbon cycle: Linking plant-soil carbon dynamics to global consequences. Journal of Ecology 97: 840–850.Google Scholar

Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O. and Warren, G. (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326: 655–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J. L., Reynolds, J. F., Harley, P. C. and Tenhunen, J. D. (1993) Coordination theory of leaf nitrogen distribution in a canopy. Oecologia 93: 63–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J. M. (1996) Optically based methods for measuring seasonal variation in leaf area index in boreal conifer stands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 80: 135–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J. M. and Black, T. A. (1992) Defining leaf-area index for non-flat leaves. Plant, Cell and Environment 15: 421−429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J. M. and Leblanc, S. G. (2001) Multiple-scattering scheme useful for geometric optical modeling. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39: 1061–1071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, J. M., Rich, P. M., Gower, S. T., et al. (1997) Leaf area index of boreal forests: Theory, techniques, and measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 29429–29443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheng, Y. G., Parlange, M. B. and Brutsaert, W. (2005) Pathology of Monin–Obukhov similarity in the stable boundary layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmospheres 110: Article number D06101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Choat, B., Jansen, S., Brodribb, T. J., et al. (2012) Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491: 752–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Christeller, J. T., Laing, W. A. and Troughton, J. H. (1976) Isotope discrimination by ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase – no effect of temperature or HCO3− concentration. Plant Physiology 57: 580–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ciais, P., Denning, A. S., Tans, P. P., et al. (1997) A three dimensional synthesis study of δ18O in atmospheric CO2. Part 1: Surface fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 5873–5883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Schimel, D. S. and Tans, P. P. (1999) A global calculation of the δ13C of soil respired carbon: Implications for the biospheric uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13: 519–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cihlar, J., St-Laurent, L. and Dyer, J. A. (1991) Relation between the normalized vegetation index and ecological variables. Remote Sensing of Environment 35: 279–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cochard, H., Venisse, J. S., Barigah, T. S., et al. (2007) Putative role of aquaporins in variable hydraulic conductance of leaves in response to light. Plant Physiology 143: 122–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C. and Berry, J. A. (1991) Regulation of stomatal conductance and transpiration: A physiological model of canopy processes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 54: 107–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M. and Berry, J. A. (1992) Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 19: 519–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comstock, J. P. and Ehleringer, J. R. (1992) Correlating genetic variation in carbon isotopic composition with complex climatic gradients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 89: 7747–7751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conant, R. T., Steinweg, J. M., Haddix, M. L., et al. (2008) Experimental warming shows that decomposition temperature sensitivity increases with soil organic matter recalcitrance. Ecology 89: 2384–2391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conen, F., Leifeld, J., Seth, B. and Alewell, C. (2006) Warming mineralises young and old soil carbon equally. Biogeosciences 3: 515–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, D. I., Leclerc, M. Y., Archuleta, J., et al. (2006) Mass exchange in the stable boundary layer by coherent structures. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 136: 114–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Couteaux, M. M., Bottner, P., Anderson, J. M., et al. (2001) Decomposition of 13C-labelled standard plant material in a latitudinal transect of European coniferous forests: Differential impact of climate on the decomposition of soil organic matter compartments. Biogeochemistry 54: 147–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowan, I. R. (1986) Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment. In: On the Economy of Plant Form and Function (Givnish, T., ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 171–213.Google Scholar

Cowan, I. R. and Farquhar, G. D. (1977) Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment. In: Society for Experimental Biology Symposium, Integration of Activity in the Higher Plant Vol. 31 (Jennings, D. H., ed.). Cambridge: Society for Experimental Biology, pp. 471–505.Google Scholar

Craig, H. (1957) Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta 12: 133–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, H. and Gordon, L. I. (1965) Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In: Proceedings of a Conference on Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures (Tongiorgi, E., ed.). Pisa: Lischi and Figli Publishers, pp. 9–130.Google Scholar

Craine, J. M., Fierer, N. and McLauchlan, K. K. (2010) Widespread coupling between the rate and temperature sensitivity of organic matter decay. Nature Geoscience 3: 854–857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F. I., et al. (2001) Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology 7: 357–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crimaldi, J. P., Cadwell, J. R. and Weiss, J. B. (2008) Reaction enhancement of isolated scalars by vortex stirring. Physics of Fluids 20: Article number 073605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Culf, A. D., Fisch, G. and Hodnett, M. G. (1995) The albedo of Amazonian forest and rangeland. Journal of Climate 8: 1544–1554.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cunningham, R. E. and Williams, R. J. J. (1980) Diffusion in Gases and Porous Media. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Czimczik, C. I. and Trumbore, S. E. (2007) Short-term controls on the age of microbial carbon sources in boreal forest soils. Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences 112: Article number G03001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dacey, J. W. H. (1987) Knudsen-transitional flow and gas pressurization in leaves of Nelumbo. Plant Physiology 85: 199–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dalias, P., Anderson, J. M., Bottner, P. and Couteaux, M. M. (2001) Long-term effects of temperature on carbon mineralisation processes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 1049–1057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalton, J. (1802) Experimental essays on the constitution of mixed gases; on the force of steam or vapour from water and other liquids in different temperatures; both in a Torricellian vacuum and in air; on evaporation; and on the expansion of gases by heat. Memoirs of the Proceedings of the Literature Philosophical Society of Manchester Part 2, 535–602.Google Scholar

Davidson, E. A., Keller, M., Erickson, H. E., Verchot, L. V. and Veldkamp, E. (2000b) Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides. Bioscience 50: 667–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davidson, E. A., Trumbore, S. E. and Amundson, R. (2000a) Biogeochemistry – soil warming and organic carbon content. Nature 408: 789–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davidson, E. A. and Verchot, L. V. (2000) Testing the hole-in-the-pipe model of nitric and nitrous oxide emissions from soils using the TRAGNET database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14: 1035–1043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, K. J., Lenschow, D. H., Oncley, S. P., et al. (1997) Role of entrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 102: 29219–29230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Bort, L. T. (1902) Variations of temperature of the free air in the zone between 8 km and 13 km of the altitude. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences 134: 987–989.Google Scholar

Denholm, J. V. (1981) The influence of penumbra on canopy photosynthesis: Theoretical considerations. Agricultural Meteorology 25: 145–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denmead, O. T. and Bradley, E. F. (1985) Flux-gradient relationships in a forest canopy. In: The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction (Hutchinson, B. A. and Hicks, B. B., eds.). Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co., pp. 421–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denmead, O. T. and Bradley, E. F. (1987) On scalar transport in plant canopies. Irrigation Science 8: 131–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denmead, O. T., Raupach, M. R., Dunin, F. X., et al. (1996) Boundary layer budgets for regional estimates of scalar fluxes. Global Change Biology 2: 255–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DePury, D. G. G. and Farquhar, G. D. (1997) Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big leaf models. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 537–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dewar, R. C. (1992) Inverse modeling and the global carbon cycle. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 105–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dewar, R. C. (1995) Interpretation of an empirical model for stomatal conductance in terms of guard cell function. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 365–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dewar, R. C. (2002) The Ball-Berry-Leuning and Tardieu-Davies stomatal models: Synthesis and extension within a spatially aggregated picture of guard cell function. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 1383–1398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dewar, R. C., Tarvainen, L., Parker, K., et al. (2012) Why does leaf nitrogen decline within tree canopies less rapidly than light? An explanation from optimization subject to a lower bound on leaf mass per area. Tree Physiology 32: 520–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Di Marco, G., Manes, F., Tricoli, D. and Vitale, E. (1990) Fluorescence parameters measured concurrently with net photosynthesis to investigate chloroplastic CO2 concentration in leaves of Quercus ilex L. Journal of Plant Physiology 136: 538–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dickinson, R. E. (1983) Land surface processes and climate-surface albedos and energy balance. Advances in Geophysics 25: 305–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Disney, M. I., Lewis, P. and North, P. R. J. (2000) Monte Carlo ray tracing in optical canopy reflectance modelling. Remote Sensing Reviews 18: 163–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dlugocencky, E. J., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M. and Tans, P. P. (1998) Continuing decline in the growth rate of the atmospheric methane burden. Nature 393: 447–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dlugokencky, E. J., Nisbet, E. G., Fisher, R. and Lowry, D. (2011) Global atmospheric methane: Budget, changes and dangers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A 369: 2058–2072.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Doerr, S. H., Ritsema, C. J., Dekker, L. W., et al. (2007) Water repellence of soils: New insights and emerging research needs. Hydrological Processes 21: 2223–2228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doornbos, R. F., Loon, L. C. and Bakker, P. A. H. M. (2012) Impact of root exudates and plant defense signaling on bacterial communities in the rhizosphere: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 32: 227–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dupont, S. and Patton, E. G. (2012) Momentum and scalar transport within a vegetation canopy following atmospheric stability and seasonal canopy changes: The CHATS experiment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12: 5913–5935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dutaur, L. and Verchot, L. V. (2007) A global inventory of the soil CH4 sink. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21: Article number GB 4013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dwyer, M. J., Patton, E. G. and Shaw, R. H. (1997) Turbulent kinetic energy budgets from a large-eddy simulation of airflow above and within a forest canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 84: 23–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edwards, E. J., Osborne, C. P., Stromberg, C. A. E., et al. (2010) The origins of C4 grasslands: Integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science. Science 328: 587–591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ehleringer, J. R. and Björkman, O. (1978) Pubescence and leaf spectral characteristics in a desert shrub, Encelia farinosa. Oecologia 36: 151–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehleringer, J. R. and Monson, R. K. (1993) Ecology and evolution of photosynthetic pathway variation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 411–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehleringer, J. R., Buchmann, N. and Flanagan, L. B. (2000) Carbon isotope ratios in belowground carbon cycle processes. Ecological Applications 10: 412–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Einstein, A. (1905) On the motion – required by the molecular kinetic theory of heat – of small particles suspended in a stationary liquid. Annalen der Physik 17: 549–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, J. R., Sharkey, T. D., Berry, J. A. and Farquhar, G. D. (1986) Carbon isotope discrimination measured concurrently with gas exchange to investigate CO2 diffusion in leaves of higher plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13: 281–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans, J. R. and von Caemmerer, S. (1996) Carbon dioxide diffusion inside leaves. Plant Physiology 110: 339–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eyring, H. (1935) The activated complex in chemical reactions. Journal of Chemical Physics 3: 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fall, R. (2003) Abundant oxygenates in the atmosphere: A biochemical perspective. Chemical Reviews 103: 4941–4951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fang, C. and Moncrieff, J. B. (2001) The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 155–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fang, C., Smith, P., Moncrieff, J. and Smith, J. U. (2005) Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature 433: 57–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Farquhar, G. D. (1989) Models of integrated photosynthesis of cells and leaves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 323: 357–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R. and Hubick, K. T. (1989) Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology 40: 503–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farquhar, G. D., Firth, P. M., Wetselaar, R. and Weir, B. (1980a) On the gaseous exchange of ammonia between leaves and the environment: Determination of the ammonia compensation point. Plant Physiology 66: 710–714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Farquhar, G. D., Lloyd, J., Taylor, J. A., et al. (1993) Vegetation effects on the isotope composition of oxygen in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature 363: 439–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farquhar, G. D., O’Leary, M. H. and Berry, J. A. (1982) On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 9: 121–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farquhar, G. D. and von Caemmerer, S. (1982) Modelling of photosynthetic response to environmental conditions. In: Physiological Plant Ecology II. Water Relations and Carbon Assimilation (Lange, O. L., Nobel, P. S., Osmond, C. B., and Ziegler, H., eds.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 549–588.Google Scholar

Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S. and Berry, J. A. (1980b) A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 plants. Planta 149: 78–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S. and Berry, J. A. (2001) Models of photosynthesis. Plant Physiology 125: 42–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Farquhar, G. D. and Wong, S. C. (1984) An empirical model of stomatal conductance. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 11: 191–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fassnacht, K. S., Gower, S. T., Norman, J. M. and McMurtrie, R. E. (1994) A comparison of optical and direct methods for estimating foliage surface area index in forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 71: 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fell, D. A. (1992) Metabolic control analysis: A survey of its theoretical and experimental development. Biochemical Journal 286: 313–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fernàndez, N., Paruelo, J. M., Delibes, M., et al. (2010) Ecosystem functioning of protected and altered Mediterranean environments: A remote sensing classification in Donana, Spain. Remote Sensing of Environment 114: 211–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fernie, A. R., Carrari, F. and Sweetlove, L. J. (2004) Respiratory metabolism: Glycolysis, the TCA cycle and mitochondrial electron transport. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7: 254–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fick, A. (1855) On liquid diffusion. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 10: 31–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Field, C. B. (1983) Allocating leaf nitrogen for the maximisation of carbon gain: Leaf age as a control on the allocation programme. Oecologia 56: 341–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Field, C. B., Lobell, D. B., Peters, H. A. and Chiariello, N. R. (2007) Feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fierer, N., Craine, J. M., McLauchlan, K. and Schimel, J. P. (2005) Litter quality and the temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Ecology 86: 320–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts, J. N. (2000) Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Finnigan, J. J. (2000) Turbulence in plant canopies. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 32: 519–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finnigan, J. J., Einaudi, F. and Fua, D. (1984) The interaction between an internal gravity wave and turbulence in the stably-stratified nocturnal boundary layer. Journal of Atmospheric Science 41: 2409–2436.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finnigan, J. J., Shaw, R. H. and Patton, E. G. (2009) Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 637: 387–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Firestone, M. K. and Davidson, E. A. (1989) Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil. In: Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere (Andreae, M. O. and Schimel, D. S., eds.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 7–21.Google Scholar

Fitzjarrald, D. R. and Moore, K. E. (1990) Mechanisms of nocturnal exchange between the rain forest and atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 95: 16839–16850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

FitzPatrick, E. A. (1993) Soil horizons. Catena 20: 361–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flanagan, L. B., Comstock, J. P. and Ehleringer, J. R. (1991) Comparison of modeled and observed environmental influences on the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of leaf water in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Physiology 96: 588–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Flexas, J., Barbour, M. M., Brendel, O., et al. (2012) Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2: An unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. Plant Science 193–194: 70–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Foken, T. (2008) The energy balance closure problem: An overview. Ecological Applications 18: 1351–1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Foken, T. (2008) Micrometeorology. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Francey, R. J., Allison, C. E., Etheridge, D. M., et al. (1999) A 1000-year high precision record of δ13C in atmospheric CO2. Tellus (B) 51: 170–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franks, P. J., Cowan, I. R. and Farquhar, G. D. (1998) A study of stomatal mechanics using the cell pressure probe. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 94–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franks, P. J., Cowan, I. R., Tyerman, S. D., et al. (1995) Guard-cell pressure aperture characteristics measured with the pressure probe. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 795–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franks, P. J. and Farquhar, G. D. (2001) The effect of exogenous abscisic acid on stomatal development, stomatal mechanics, and leaf gas exchange in Tradescantia virginiana. Plant Physiology 125: 935–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frenzen, P. and Vogel, C. A. (1992) The turbulent kinetic energy budget in the atmospheric surface layer: A review and an experimental reexamination in the field. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 60: 49–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friend, A. D. (1991) Use of a model of photosynthesis and leaf microenvironment to predict optimal stomatal conductance and leaf nitrogen partitioning. Plant, Cell and Environment 14: 895–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friend, A. D., Woodward, F. I. and Switsur, V. R. (1989) Field measurements of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen and δ13C along altitudinal gradients in Scotland. Functional Ecology 3: 117–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fuentes, J. D., Wang, D., Bowling, D. R., et al. (2007) Biogenic hydrocarbon chemistry within and above a mixed deciduous forest. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 56: 165–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fuller, E. N., Schetter, P. D. and Giddings, J. C. (1966) A new method for prediction of binary gas-phase diffusion coefficients. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 58: 19–27.Google Scholar

Fung, I., Field, C. B., Berry, J. A., et al. (1997) Carbon 13 exchanges between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 507–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gale, J. (1973) Availability of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis at high altitudes: theoretical considerations. Ecology 53: 494–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gao, W., Shaw, R. H. and Paw, U. K. T. (1989) Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 47: 349–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardiner, B. A. (1994) Wind and wind forces in a plantation spruce forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 67: 161–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gates, D. M. (1980) Biophysical Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gates, D. M., Alderfer, R. and Taylor, E. (1968) Leaf temperatures of desert plants. Science 159: 994–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaudinski, J. B., Trumbore, S. E., Davidson, E. A. and Zheng, S. H. (2000) Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: Radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes. Biogeochemistry 51: 33–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gausman, H. W. (1985) Plant Leaf Optical Properties in Visible and Near-Infrared Light. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech. Press.Google Scholar

Ghashghaie, J., Badeck, F.-W., Lanigan, G., et al. (2003) Carbon isotope fractionation during dark respiration and photorespiration in C3 plants. Phytochemistry Reviews 2: 145–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghirardo, A., Koch, K., Taipale, R., et al. (2010) Determination of de novo and pool emissions of terpenes from four common boreal/alpine trees by 13CO2 labelling and PTR-MS analysis. Plant, Cell and Environment 33: 781–792.Google ScholarPubMed

Giardina, C. P. and Ryan, M. G. (2000) Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature. Nature 404: 858–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gifford, R. M. (1994) The global carbon cycle: A viewpoint on the missing sink. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 21: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillon, J. and Yakir, D. (2000) Internal conductance to CO2 diffusion and C18OO discrimination in C3 leaves. Plant Physiology 123: 201–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillon, J. and Yakir, D. (2001) Influence of carbonic anhydrase activity in terrestrial vegetation on the 18O content of atmospheric CO2. Science 291: 2584–2587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Givnish, T. J. (1986) Optimal stomatal conductance, allocation of energy between leaves and roots, and the marginal cost of transpiration. In: On the Economy of Plant Form and Function (Givnish, T., ed.), pp. 171–213.

Gleixner, G. and Schmidt, H. L. (1997) Carbon isotope effects on the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase reaction, origin for non-statistical 13C distributions in carbohydrates. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 5382–5387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goh, K. M., Rafter, T. A., Stout, J. D. and Walker, T. W. (1976) Accumulation of soil organic matter and its carbon isotope content in a chronosequence of soils developed on aeolian sand in New Zealand. Journal of Soil Science 27: 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E. (2007) Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth’s atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 1514–1521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gonzalez, J. M., Simo, R., Massana, R., et al. (2000) Bacterial community structure associated with a dimethyl sulfoniopropionate-producing North Atlantic algal bloom. Applied Environmental Microbiology 66: 4237–4246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gorton, H. L., Herbert, S. K. and Vogelmann, T. C. (2003) Photoacoustic analysis indicates that chloroplast movement does not alter liquid-phase CO2 diffusion in leaves of Alocasia brisbanensis. Plant Physiology 132: 1529–1539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorton, H. L., Williams, W. E. and Vogelmann, T. C. (1999) Chloroplast movement in Alocasia macrorrhiza. Physiologia Plantarum 106: 421–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gower, S. T. and Norman, J. M. (1990) Rapid estimation of leaf area index in forests using the LiCor LA1 2000. Ecology 72: 1896–1900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosse, W., Armstrong, J. and Armstrong, W. (1996) A history of pressurised gas-flow studies in plants. Aquatic Botany 54: 87–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grote, R., Mayrhofer, S., Fischbach, R. J., et al. (2006) Process-based modelling of isoprenoid emissions from evergreen leaves of Quercus ilex (L.). Atmospheric Environment 40:152–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guenther, A. B., Jiang, X., Heald, C. L., et al. (2012) The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): An extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions. Geoscientific Model Development 5: 1471–1492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutschick, V. P. (1991) Joining leaf photosynthesis models and canopy photon-transport models. In: Photon-Vegetation Interaction: Applications in Optical Remote Sensing and Plant Ecology (Myneni, R. B. and Ross, J., eds.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 501–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutschick, V. P. and Simonneau, T. (2002) Modelling stomatal conductanceof field-grown sunflower under varying soil water content and leaf environment: Comparison of three models of stomatal response to leaf environment and coupling with an abscisic acid-based model of stomatal response to soil drying. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 1423–1434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutschick, V. P. and Weigel, F. W. (1984) Radiation transfer in vegetative canopies and layered media: Rapidly solvable exact integral equation not requiring Fourier resolution. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Transfer 31: 71–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutteridge, S. and Pierce, J. (2006) A unified theory for the basis of the limitations of the primary reaction of photosynthetic CO2 fixation: Was Dr. Pangloss right?Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 103: 7203–7204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, R. D., Fogel, M. L. and Berry, J. A. (1993) Photosynthetic fractionation of the stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon. Plant Physiology 101: 37–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guyot, G., Scoffoni, C. and Sack, L. (2012) Combined impacts of irradiance and dehydration on leaf hydraulic conductance: Insights into vulnerability and stomatal control. Plant, Cell and Environment 35: 857–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Haefner, J. W., Buckley, T. N. and Mott, K. A. (1997) A spatially explicit model of patchy stomatal responses to humidity. Plant, Cell and Environment 20: 1087–1097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ham, J. M. and Heilman, J. L. (2003) Experimental test of density and energy-balance corrections on carbon dioxide flux as measured using open-path eddy covariance. Agronomy Journal 95: 1393–1403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hansen, L. D., Hopkin, M. S., Rank, D. R., et al. (1994) The relation between plant growth and respiration: A thermodynamic model. Planta 194: 77–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harding, D. J., Lefsky, M. A., Parker, G. G. and Blair, J. B. (2001) Laser altimeter canopy height profiles: Methods and validation for closed-canopy, broadleaf forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 76: 283–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hari, P., Makela, A., Berninger, F. and Pohja, T. (1999) Field evidence for the optimality hypothesis of gas exchange in plants. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26: 239–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harley, P. C., Loreto, F., Di Marco, G. and Sharkey, T. D. (1992a) Theoretical considerations when estimating the mesophyll conductance to CO2 flux by analysis of the response of photosynthesis to CO2. Plant Physiology 98: 1429–1436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K. and Lerdau, M. T. (1999) Ecological and evolutionary aspects of isoprene emission from plants. Oecologia 118: 109–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harley, P. C. and Sharkey, T. D. (1991) An improved model of C3 photosynthesis at high CO2 – reversed O2 sensitivity explained by lack of glycerate re-entry into the chloroplast. Photosynthesis Research 27: 169–178.Google Scholar

Harley, P. C., Thomas, R. B., Reynolds, J. F. and Strain, B. R. (1992b) Modelling photosynthesis of cotton grown in elevated CO2. Plant, Cell and Environment 15: 271–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrison, S. P., Morfopoulos, C., Srikanta-Dani, S., et al. (2012) Volatile isoprenoid emissions from plastid to planet. New Phytologist 197: 49–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hartley, I. P. and Ineson, P. (2008) Substrate quality and the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 1567–1574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heiden, A. C., Kobel, K., Langebartels, C., et al. (2003) Emissions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds from plants – Part I: Emissions from lipoxygenase activity. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 45: 143–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heinrich, R. and Rapoport, T. A. (1974) A linear steady-state treatment of enzymatic chains: General properties, control and effector strength. European Journal of Biochemistry 42: 107–120.Google ScholarPubMed

Heinsch, F. A., Zhao, M. S., Running, S. W., et al. (2006) Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44: 1908–1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henry, H. A. L., Brizgys, K. and Field, C. B. (2008) Litter decomposition in a California annual grassland: Interactions between photodegradation and litter layer thickness. Ecosystems 11: 545–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henze, D. K. and Seinfeld, J. H. (2006) Global secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation. Geophysical Research Letters 33: Article number L09812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henze, D. K., Seinfeld, J. H., Ng, N. L., et al. (2008) Global modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation from aromatic hydrocarbons: High- vs. low-yield pathways. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8: 2405–2420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hereid, D. P. and Monson, R. K. (2001) Nitrogen oxide fluxes between corn (Zea mays L.) leaves and the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 35: 975–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirose, T. and Werger, M. J. A. (1987) Maximizing daily canopy photosynthesis with respect to the leaf nitrogen allocation pattern in the canopy. Oecologia 72: 520–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Högberg, P., Högberg, M. N., Gottlicher, S. G., et al. (2008) High temporal resolution tracing of photosynthate carbon from the tree canopy to forest soil microorganisms. New Phytologist 177: 220–228.Google ScholarPubMed

Högberg, P. and Read, D. J. (2006) Towards a more plant physiological perspective on soil ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 548–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hogstrom, U. (1988) Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer – a re-evaluation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 42: 55–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holbrook, N. M. and Zwieniecki, M. A. (1999) Embolism repair and xylem tension: Do we need a miracle?Plant Physiology 120: 7–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hollinger, D. Y., Ollinger, S. V., Richardson, A. D., et al. (2010) Albedo estimates for land surface models and support for a new paradigm based on foliage nitrogen concentration. Global Change Biology 16: 696–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holtslag, A. A. M. and Nieuwstadt, F. T. M. (1986) Scaling the atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 36: 201–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holzapfel-Pschorn, A., Conrad, R. and Seiler, W. (1985) Production, oxidation and emission of methane in rice paddies. FEMS Microbiology Letters 31: 343–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holzapfel-Pschorn, A. and Seiler, W. (1986) Methane emission during a cultivation period from an Italian rice paddy. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: 11803–11814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hopkins, F. M., Torn, M. S. and Trumbore, S. E. (2012) Warming accelerates decomposition of decades-old carbon in forest soils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 109: E1753–E1761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Houweling, S., Dentener, F. and Lelieveld, J. (2000) Simulation of preindustrial atmospheric methane to constrain the global source strength of natural wetlands. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 105:17243–17255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hrmova, M. and Fincher, G. B. (2001) Plant enzyme structure: Explaining substrate specificity and the evolution of function. Plant Physiology 125: 54–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hubick, K. T., Farquhar, G. D. and Shorter, R. (1896) Correlation between water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse peanut (Arachis) germplasm. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13: 803–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hudak, A. T., Crookston, N. L., Evans, J. S., et al. (2008) Nearest neighbor imputation of species-level, plot-scale forest structure attributes from LiDAR data. Remote Sensing of Ennvironment 112: 2232–2245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huijnen, V., Williams, J., van Weele, M., et al. (2010) The global chemistry transport model TM5: Description and evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version 3.0. Geoscientific Model Development 3: 445–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunt, J. C. R., Kaimal, J. C. and Gaynor, J. E. (1988) Eddy structure in the convective boundary layer – new measurements and new concepts. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 114: 827–858.Google Scholar

Huxman, T. E., Snyder, K. A., Tissue, D., et al. (2004) Precipitation pulses and carbon fluxes in semiarid and arid ecosystems. Oecologia 141: 254–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

IPCC (2001) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Third Assessment Report. Geneva: United Nations Environmental Program.Google Scholar

IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ishii, H. T., Jennings, G. M., Sillett, S. C. and Koch, G. W. (2008) Hydrostatic constraints on morphological exploitation of light in tall Sequoia sempervirens trees. Oecologia 156: 751–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jacob, D., Field, B. D., Jin, E. M., et al. (2002) Atmospheric budget of acetone. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 107: Article number 4100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacob, D., Field, B. D., Li, Q. B., et al. (2005) Global budget of methanol: constraints from atmospheric observations. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 110: Article number D08303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacob, D. J. and Wofsy, S. C. (1990) Budgets of reactive nitrogen, hydrocarbons and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 95: 16737–16754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janott, M., Gayler, S., Gessler, A., et al. (2011) A one-dimensional model of water flow in soil-plant systems based on plant architecture. Plant and Soil 341: 233–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarman, P. D. (1974) The diffusion of carbon dioxide and water vapour through stomata. Journal of Experimental Botany 25: 927–936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarvis, P. G. (1971) The estimation of resistances to carbon dioxide transfer. In: Plant Photosynthetic Production Manual of Methods (Sestàk, J., Catsky, J. and Jarvis, P. G., eds.). The Hague: W. Junk, pp. 566–631.Google Scholar

Jarvis, P. G. (1995) Scaling processes and problems. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 1079–1089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarvis, P. G. and Leverenz, J. (1983) Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology (Lange, O. L., Nobel, P. S., Osmond, C. B. and Ziegler, H., eds.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 233–280.Google Scholar

Jarvis, P. G. and McNaughton, K. G. (1986) Stomatal control of transpiration: Scaling up from leaf to region. Advances in Ecological Research 15: 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarvis, P., Rey, A., Petsikos, C., et al. (2007) Drying and wetting of Mediterranean soils stimulates decomposition and carbon dioxide emission: The “Birch effect.”Tree Physiology 27: 929–940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jenny, H. (1980) The Soil Resource: Origin and Behaviour. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jensen, H. W. (2001) Realistic Image Synthesis Using Photon Mapping. Wellesley, MA: AK Peters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jin, Z. H., Charlock, T. P., Smith, W. L., et al. (2004) A parameterization of ocean surface albedo. Geophysical Research Letters 31: Article number L22301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B. (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications 10: 423–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joffre, S. M., Kangas, M., Heikinheimo, M. and Kitaigorodskii, S. A. (2001) Variability of the stable and unstable atmospheric boundary-layer height and its scales over a boreal forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 99: 429–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, F. H., Eyring, H. and Williams, R. W. (1942) The nature of enzyme inhibitions in bacterial luminescence: Sulfanilamide, urethane, temperature and pressure. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 20: 247–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, D. L., Nguyen, C. and Finlay, R. D. (2009) Carbon flow in the rhizosphere: Carbon trading at the soil-root interface. Plant and Soil 321: 5–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, H. G. (1998) Stomatal control of photosynthesis and transpiration. Journal of Experimental Botany 49: 387–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jordan, D. B. and Ogren, W. L. (1981) Species variation in the specificity of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxlase-oxygenase. Nature 291: 513–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jordan, D. B. and Ogren, W. L. (1984) The CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase – dependence on ribulose bisphosphate concentration, pH and temperature. Planta 161: 308–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

June, T., Evans, J. R. and Farquhar, G. D. (2004) A simple new equation for the reversible temperature dependence of photosynthetic electron transport: A study on soybean leaf. Functional Plant Biology 31: 275–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kacser, H. and Burns, J. A. (1973) The control of flux. Society of Experimental Biology Symposium 27: 65–104.Google ScholarPubMed

Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J. (1994) Atmospheric Boundary Flows: Their Structure and Measurement. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kaimal, J. C. and Wyngaard, J. C. (1990) The Kansas and Minnesota Experiments. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 50: 31–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaimal, J. C., Wyngaard, J. C., Izumi, Y. and Coté, O. R. (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 98: 563–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karl, T., Curtis, A. J., Rosenstiel, T. N., et al. (2002) Transient releases of acetaldehyde from tree leaves – products of a pyruvate bypass mechanism?Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 1121–1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katul, G. G., Ellsworth, D. S. and Lai, C. T. (2000) Modelling assimilation and intercellular CO2 from measured conductance: A synthesis of approaches. Plant, Cell and Environment 23: 1313–1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kattge, J., Knorr, W., Raddatz, T., et al. (2009) Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models. Global Change Biology 15: 976–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keeley, J. E. and Rundel, P. W. (2005) Fire and the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands. Ecology Letters 8: 683–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keeling, C. D. (1958) The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 13: 322–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keeling, C. D. (1961) The concentration and isotopic abundance of carbon dioxide in rural and marine air. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 24: 277–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keeling, C. D. (1979) The Suess effect: 13Carbon–14Carbon interrelations. Environment International 2: 229–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kemmitt, S. J., Lanyon, C. V., Waite, I. S., et al. (2008) Mineralization of native soil organic matter is not regulated by the size, activity or composition of the soil microbial biomass – a new perspective. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, J., Verma, S. B., Billesbach, D. P. and Clement, R. J. (1998) Diel variation in methane emission from a midlatitude prairie wetland: Significance of convective through flow in Phragmites australis. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 103: 28029–28039.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim, K. -H., and Andreae, M. O. (1987) Carbon disulfide in seawater and the marine atmosphere over the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 92: 14733–14738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirschbaum, M. U. F. (1995) The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 753–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirschbaum, M. U. F. (2000) Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming?Biogeochemistry 48: 21–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knorr, W., Prentice, I. C., House, J. I. and Holland, E. A. (2005) Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming. Nature 433: 298–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kokhanovsky, A. and Schreier, M. (2009) The determination of snow specific surface area, albedo and effective grain size using AATSR space-borne measurements. International Journal of Remote Sensing 30: 919–933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kolmogorov, A. (1941) The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds’ numbers. Doklady Akademiia Nauk SSSR 30: 301–305.Google Scholar

Körner, C. and Diemer, M. (1987) In situ photosynthetic responses to light, temperature and carbon dioxide in herbaceous plants from low and high altitude. Functional Ecology 1: 179–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kraut, D. A., Carroll, K. S. and Herschlag, D. (2003) Challenges in enzyme mechanism and energetics. Annual Review of Biochemistry 72: 517–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kreim, M. and Giersch, C. (2007) Measuring in vivo elasticities of Calvin cycle enzymes: Network structure and patterns of modulations. Phytochemistry 68: 2152–2162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kreuzwieser, J., Papadopoulou, E. and Rennenberg, H. (2004) Interaction of flooding with carbon metabolism of forest trees. Plant Biology 6: 299–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Murphy, S. M., et al. (2006) Secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 1869–1877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Krupa, S. V. (2003) Effects of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) on terrestrial vegetation: A review. Environmental Pollution 124:179–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kruse, J. and Adams, M. A. (2008) Sensitivity of respiratory metabolism and efficiency to foliar nitrogen during growth and maintenance. Global Change Biology 14: 1233–1251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuzyakov, Y. (2006) Sources of CO2 efflux from soil and review of partitioning methods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 425–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuzyakov, Y., Friedel, J. K. and Stahr, K. (2000) Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 32: 1485–1498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuzyakov, Y. and Gavrichkova, O. (2010) Time lag between photosynthesis and carbon dioxide efflux from soil: A review of mechanisms and controls. Global Change Biology 16: 3386–3406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laidler, K. J. and King, M. C. (1983) The development of transition state theory. Journal of Physical Chemistry 87: 2657–2664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lambers, H., Mougel, C., Jaillard, B. and Hinsinger, P. (2009) Plant-microbe-soil interactions in the rhizosphere: An evolutionary perspective. Plant and Soil 321: 83–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Langford, A. O. and Fehsenfeld, F. C. (1992) Natural vegetation as a source or sink for atmospheric ammonia – a case study. Science 255: 581–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lanigan, G. J., Betson, N., Griffiths, H. and Seibt, U. (2008) Carbon isotope fractionation during photorespiration and carboxylation in Senecio. Plant Physiology 148: 2013–2020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laothawornkitkul, J., Taylor, J. E., Paul, N. D. and Hewitt, C. N. (2009) Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system. New Phytologist 183: 27–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Le Mer, J. and Roger, P. (2001) Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: A review. European Journal of Soil Biology 37: 25–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leclerc, M. Y., Beissner, K. C., Shaw, R. H., et al. (1990) The influence of atmospheric stability on the budgets of the Reynolds stress and turblent kinetic energy within and above a deciduous forest. Journal of Applied Meteorology 29: 916–933.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leclerc, M. Y., Thurtell, G. W. and Kidd, G. E. (1988) Measurements and Langevin simulations of mean tracer concentration fields downwind from a circular line source inside an alfalfa canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 43: 287–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Kroll, J. H., et al. (2006) Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the photooxidation of 16 different terpenes. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres 111: Article number D17305.Google Scholar

Lee, X., Goulden, M. L., Hollinger, D. Y., et al. (2011) Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher latitudes. Nature 479: 384–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lee, X., Neumann, H. H., DenHartog, G., et al. (1997) Observation of gravity waves in a boreal forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 84: 383–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lefsky, M. A., Cohen, W. B., Parker, G. G. and Harding, D. J. (2002) Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem studies. Bioscience 52: 19–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Legg, B. J. and Raupach, M. R. (1982) Markov chain simulation of particle dispersion in inhomogeneous flows – the mean drift velocity induced by a gradient in Eulerian velocity variance. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 24: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lelieveld, J., Butler, T. M., Crowley, J. N., et al. (2008) Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest. Nature 452: 737–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lemeur, R. and Blad, B. L. (1974) Critical review of light models for estimating shortwave radiation regime of plant canopies. Agricultural Meteorology 14: 255–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lenschow, D. H. (1995) Micrometeorological techniques for measuring biosphere-atmosphere trace gas exchange. In: Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water (Matson, P. A. and Harriss, R. C., eds.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, pp. 126–163.Google Scholar

Lerdau, M., Guenther, A. and Monson, R. (1997) Plant production and emission of volatile organic compounds. Bioscience 47: 373–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lerdau, M. T., Munger, W. and Jacob, D. J. (2000) The NO2 flux conundrum. Science 289: 2291–2293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leuning, R. (1983) Transport of gases into leaves. Plant, Cell and Environment 6: 181–194.Google Scholar

Leuning, R. (1995) A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis model for C3 plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 339–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leuning, R., Kelliher, F. M., DePury, D. G. G. and Schulze, E. -D. (1995) Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration: scaling from leaves to canopies. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 1183–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, J. and Dobbie, J. S. (1998) Four-stream isosector approximation for solar radiative transfer. Journal of Atmospheric Science 55: 558–567.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, X. and Strahler, A. H. (1995) A hybrid geometric optical radiative transfer approach for modeling albedo and directional reflectance of discontinuous canopies. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 33: 466–480.Google Scholar

Liesack, W., Schnell, S. and Revsbech, N. P. (2000) Microbiology of flooded rice paddies. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 24: 625–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lipson, D. and Näsholm, T. (2001) The unexpected versatility of plants: Organic nitrogen use and availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Oecologia 128: 305–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Liu, S. H., Liu, H. P., Xu, M., et al. (2001) Turbulence spectra and dissipation rates above and within a forest canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 98: 83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liu, X. Z., Wan, S. Q., Su, B., et al. (2002) Response of soil CO2 efflux to water manipulation in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Plant and Soil 240: 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lloyd, J. (1991) Modelling stomatal responses to environment in Macademia integrifolia (L.) Batsch. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 18: 649–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lloyd, J. and Farquhar, G. D. (1994) 13C discrimination during CO2 assimilation by the terrestrial biosphere. Oecologia 99: 201–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lloyd, J., Grace, J., Miranda, A. C., et al. (1995) A simple calibrated model of Amazon rainforest productivity based on leaf biochemical properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 18: 1129–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lloyd, J., Patino, S., Paiva, R. Q., et al. (2010) Optimisation of photosynthetic carbon gain and within-canopy gradients of associated foliar traits for Amazon forest trees. Biogeosciences 7: 1833–1859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A. (1994) On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. Functional Ecology 8: 315–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lohammer, T., Larsson, S., Linder, S. and Falk, S. O. (1980) FAST – Simulation models of gaseous exchange in Scots pine. Ecological Bulletin 32: 505–523.Google Scholar

Long, S. P., Ainsworth, E. A., Rogers, A. and Ort, D. R. (2004) Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: Plants FACE the future. Annual Review of Plant Biology 55: 591–628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Long, S. P. and Bernacchi, C. J. (2003) Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations of photosynthesis? Procedures and sources of error. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 2393–2401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Long, S. P. and Drake, B. G. (1992) Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In: Crop Photosynthesis: Spatial and Temporal Determinants (Baker, N. and Thomas, H., eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific, pp. 69–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lothon, M., Lenschow, D. H. and Mayor, S. D. (2009) Doppler lidar measurements of vertical velocity spectra in the convective planetary boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 132: 205–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lovelock, J. E. and Margulis, L. (1974) Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: the Gaia hypothesis. Tellus 26: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lumley, J. L. and Panofsky, H. A. (1964) The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. Monographs and Texts in Physics and Astronomy, Vol. XII. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Luo, Y. Q. (2007) Terrestrial carbon-cycle feedback to climate warming. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 38: 683–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lusk, C. H., Reich, P. B., Montgomery, R. A., et al. (2008) Why are evergreen leaves so contrary about shade?Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 299–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mahecha, M. D., Reichstein, M., Carvalhais, N., et al. (2010) Global convergence in the temperature sensitivity of respiration at ecosystem level. Science 329: 838–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mahrt, L., Vickers, D., Nakamura, R., et al. (2001) Shallow drainage flows. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 101: 243–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Majeau, N. and Coleman, J. R. (1996) Effect of CO2 concentration on carbonic anhydrase and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase expression in pea. Plant Physiology 112: 569–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Malcher, J. and Kraus, H. (1983) Low-level jet phenomena described by an integrated dynamical PBL model. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 27: 327–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marin-Spiotta, E., Silver, W. L., Swanston, C. W. and Ostertag, R. (2009) Soil organic matter dynamics during 80 years of reforestation of tropical pastures. Global Change Biology 15: 1584–1597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Massman, W. J. (1998) A review of the molecular diffusivities of H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, O3, SO2, NH3, N2O, NO, and NO2 in air, O2 and N2 near STP. Atmospheric Environment 32: 1111–1127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Massman, W. J. and Weil, J. C. (1999) An analytical one-dimensional second-order closure model of turbulence statistics and the Lagrangian time scale within and above plant canopies of arbitrary structure. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 94: 81–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matzner, S. and Comstock, J. (2001) The temperature dependence of shoot hydraulic resistance: implications for stomatal behaviour and hydraulic limitation. Plant, Cell and Environment 24: 1299–1307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maurel, C., Verdoucq, L., Luu, D. -T. and Santoni, V. (2008) Plant aquaporins: membrane channels with multiple integrated functions. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59: 595–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCree, K. J. (1970) An equation for the rate of respiration of white clover plants grown under controlled conditions. In: Prediction and Measurement of Photosynthetic Productivity (Setlik, I., ed.). Wageningen: Pudoc Publishers, pp. 221–229.Google Scholar

McCulloh, K. A., Sperry, J. S. and Adler, F. R. (2003) Water transport in plants obeys Murray’s law. Nature 421: 939–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McCulloh, K., Sperry, J. S., Lachenbruch, B., et al. (2010) Moving water well: comparing hydraulic efficiency in twigs and trunks of coniferous, ring-porous, and diffuse-porous saplings from temperate and tropical forests. New Phytologist 186: 439–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McGill, W. B. (1996) Review and classification of ten soil organic matter (SOM) models. In: Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models (Smith, U. J, ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 111–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNaughton, K. G. (1989) Regional interactions between canopies and the atmosphere. In: Plant Canopies: their Growth, Form and Function (Russell, G., Marshall, B. and Jarvis, P. G., eds.). Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNevin, D. B., Badger, M. R., Whitney, S. M., et al. (2007) Differences in carbon isotope discrimination of three variants of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase reflect differences in their catalytic mechanisms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282: 36068–36076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Medlyn, B. E., Dreyer, E., Ellsworth, D., Forstreuter, M., Harley, P. C., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Le Roux, X., Montpied, P., Strassemeyer, J., Walcroft, A., Wang, K. and Loustau, D. (2002) Temperature response of parameters of a biochemically based model of photosynthesis. II: A review of experimental data. Plant, Cell and Environment 25: 1167–1179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar