Introduction

So says the 1994 OECD Jobs Study as one if its policy recommendations for the reduction of unemployment. As a further recommendation, it adds

The idea here is to boost the relative demand for low-skill workers.

The first recommendation is one which is often made. Indeed, commentators point to the very high level of social security contributions faced by employers in many European countries (over 40 per cent in Belgium, France and Italy, for example) as being crucial to the allegedly poor state of the European labour market, including its high unemployment. However, a glance at Denmark, where employers pay no social security contributions, non-wage labour costs are negligible and unemployment is around the EU average quickly reveals the weakness of this view. Figure 10.1 shows why. Here we see average unit labour costs (i.e. labour costs incurred in producing $10 of value added) in 13 OECD countries where we have split these into wage costs and payroll taxes. Figure 10.1 shows clearly that there is no significant relationship between unit labour costs and payroll tax rates, the slope of a regression of the former on the latter being a mere 14 cents for every 10 percentage points of tax, with a t-static of 0.5.