Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T23:10:21.886Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 June 2022

Michael Coppedge
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame, Indiana
Amanda B. Edgell
Affiliation:
University of Alabama
Carl Henrik Knutsen
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Oslo
Staffan I. Lindberg
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A.. 2001. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5): 13691401.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A.. 2002. Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4): 12311294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P.. 2008. Income and Democracy. American Economic Review, 98(3): 808842.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P.. 2009. Reevaluating the Modernization Hypothesis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(8): 10431058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Naidu, S., Restrepo, P., & Robinson, J. A.. 2019. Democracy Does Cause Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1): 47100.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A.. 2000. Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(4): 11671199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A.. 2019. The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty. New York: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Achen, C. 2000. Why Lagged Dependent Variables Can Suppress the Explanatory Power of Other Independent Variables. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. 2014. Democracy and the Politics of Electoral System Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. T. & Stasavage, D.. 2020. Origins of Early Democracy. American Political Science Review, 114(2): 502518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, F. Z. 2018. The Political Legacy of Islamic Conquest. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Politics, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Aidt, T. S. & Jensen, P. S.. 2014. Workers of the World, Unite! Franchise Extensions and the Threat of Revolution in Europe, 1820–1938. European Economic Review, 72(November): 5275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aidt, T. S. & Leon, G.. 2016. The Democratic Window of Opportunity: Evidence from Riots in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(4): 694717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertus, M. 2017. Landowners and Democracy: The Social Origins of Democracy Reconsidered. World Politics, 69(2): 233276.Google Scholar
Alemán, J. & Yang, D. D.. 2011. A Duration Analysis of Democratic Transitions and Authoritarian Backslides. Comparative Political Studies, 44(9): 11231151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alemán, E. and Kim, Y.. 2015. The democratizing effect of education. Research & Politics 2(4): 1-7.Google Scholar
Alesina, A., Baqir, R., & Easterly, W.. 1999. Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(4): 12431284.Google Scholar
Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R.. 2003. Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2): 155194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, A. & LaFerrara, E.. 2005. Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 63(3): 762800.Google Scholar
Alexander, M., Harding, M., & Lamarche, C.. 2011. Quantile Regression for Time-Series-Cross-Section Data. International Journal of Statistics and Management System, 6(1–2): 4772.Google Scholar
Almond, G. A. & Verba, S.. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Altman, D., Rojas-de-Galarreta, F., & Urdinez, F.. 2021. An Interactive Model of Democratic Peace. Journal of Peace Research, 58(3): 384398.Google Scholar
Alvarez, M. 1998. Presidentialism and Parliamentarism: Which Works? Which Lasts? Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Anckar, C. 2008. Size, Islandness, and Democracy: A Global Comparison. International Political Science Review, 29(4): 440441.Google Scholar
Anckar, C. 2011. Religion and Democracy: A Worldwide Comparison. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Anckar, D. 1999. Homogeneity and Smallness: Dahl and Tufte Revisited. Scandinavian Political Studies, 22(1): 2944.Google Scholar
Anckar, D. 2002. Why Are Small Island States Democracies? The Round Table, 91(365): 375390.Google Scholar
Anckar, D. 2004. Direct Democracy in Microstates and Small Island States. World Development, 32(2): 379390.Google Scholar
Anckar, D. & Anckar, C.. 1995. Size, Insularity and Democracy. Scandinavian Political Studies, 18(4): 211229.Google Scholar
Anckar, D. & Anckar, C.. 2000. Democracies without Parties. Comparative Political Studies, 33(2): 225247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, D., Møller, J., Rørbæk, L. L., & Skaaning, S. E.. 2014a. State Capacity and Political Regime Stability. Democratization, 21(7): 13051325.Google Scholar
Andersen, D., Møller, J., & Skaaning, S. E.. 2014b. The State-Democracy Nexus: Conceptual Distinctions, Theoretical Perspectives, and Comparative Approaches. Democratization, 21(7): 12031220.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. 2004. Does God Matter, and If So Whose God? Religion and Democratization. Democratization, 11(4): 192217.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. 2007. The Catholic Contribution to Democratization’s “Third Wave”: Altruism, Hegemony or Self-Interest? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 20(3): 383399.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (ed.). 2006. Religion, Democracy and Democratization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Andersen, J. J. & Aslaksen, S.. 2013. Oil and Political Survival. Journal of Development Economics, 100(1): 89106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, J. J. & Ross, M. L.. 2014. The Big Oil Change: A Closer Look at the Haber–Menaldo Analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 47(7): 9931021.Google Scholar
Ang, J. B., Fredriksson, P. G., & Gupta, S. K.. 2020. Crop Yield and Democracy. Land Economics, 96(2): 265290.Google Scholar
Angrist, J. & Pischke, J. S.. 2014. Mastering ‘Metrics: The Path from Cause to Effect. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ansell, B. & Samuels, D.. 2010. Inequality and Democratization: A Contractarian Approach. Comparative Political Studies, 43(12): 15431574.Google Scholar
Ansell, B. & Samuels, D.. 2014. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arato, A. 1993 [1981]. Civil Society and the State, Poland 1980–81, From Neo-Marxism to Democratic Theory. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 171211.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . 1932. The Politics, trans H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aronow, P. M. & Samii, C.. 2013. Estimating Average Causal Effects under Interference between Units. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 11(4): 19121947.Google Scholar
Arriol, L. R. 2013. Multi-Ethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aslaksen, S. 2010. Oil and Democracy – More Than a Cross-Country Correlation? Journal of Peace Research, 47(4): 421431.Google Scholar
Bäck, H. & Hadenius, A.. 2008. Democracy and State Capacity: Exploring a J-Shaped Relationship. Governance, 21(1): 124.Google Scholar
Bairoch, P. 1976. Europe’s Gross National Product, 1800–1975. Journal of European Economic History, 5(2): 273340.Google Scholar
Baldacchino, G. 2012. Islands and Despots. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 50(1): 103120.Google Scholar
Banaszak, L. A. 1996. Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Banks, A. S. 1971. Cross-Polity Time-series Data. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Banks, A. S. & Wilson, Kenneth A.. 2018. Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive. Databanks International. www.cntsdata.com/.Google Scholar
Barbour, S. & Carmichael, C.. 2000. Language and Nationalism in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, R. 1998. Determinants of Economic Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Barro, R. J. 1992. Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2): 407443.Google Scholar
Barro, R. J. 1999. Determinants of Democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 107 (6): 158183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, R. J. & Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 2004. Economic Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bartolini, S. 2000. The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartusevicius, H. & Skaaning, S. E.. 2018. Revisiting Democratic Civil Peace: Electoral Regimes and Civil Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 55(5): 625640.Google Scholar
Bates, R. 1981. States and Markets in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, series on social choice and political economy.Google Scholar
Bates, R. H. 1983. Modernization, Ethnic Competition and the Rationality of Politics. In Rothchild, D. & Olorunsola, V. A., eds., State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas. London: Routledge, pp. 223250.Google Scholar
Bättig, M. & Bernauer, T. 2009. National Institutions and Global Public Goods: Are Democracies More Cooperative in Climate Change Policy? International Organization, 63(2): 281308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, M. A. & Lake, D. A. 2003. The Political Economy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital. American Journal of Political Science, 47(2): 333347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, F. R., Breunig, C., Green-Pedersen, C., Jones, B. D., Mortensen, P. B., Nuytemans, M. & Walgrave, S.. 2009. Punctuated Equilibrium in Comparative Perspective. American Journal of Political Science, 53(3): 603620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, M., Bethke, F. S. & Lambach, D.. 2016. The Democratic Dividend of Nonviolent Resistance. Journal of Peace Research, 53(6): 758761.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, E. 2014. Electoral Protest and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beissinger, M. R. 2007. Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions. Perspectives on Politics, 59(2): 259276.Google Scholar
Bellin, E. 2004. The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Politics, 36(2): 139157.Google Scholar
Benhabib, J. & Spiegel, M.. 1994. The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Aggregate Cross-Country Data. Journal of Monetary Economics, 34(2): 143173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benhabib, J., Corvalan, A. & Spiegel, M. M.. 2011. Reestablishing the Income-Democracy Nexus. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Working Paper 2011–09.Google Scholar
Bentzen, J. S., Kaarsen, N. & Wingender, A. M.. 2016. Irrigation and Autocracy. Journal of the European Economic Association, 15(1): 153.Google Scholar
Berg-Schlosser, D. 2009. Long Waves and Conjunctures of Democratization. In Haerpfer, C. W., Bernhagen, P., Inglehart, R. F. & Welzel, C., eds., Democratization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.4154.Google Scholar
Berlin, I. (2002[1958]). Two Concepts of Liberty. In Berlin, I., ed., Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 166217.Google Scholar
Berman, S. 1997. Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic. World Politics, 49(3): 401429.Google Scholar
Bernhard, M. 2016. The Moore Thesis: What’s Left after 1989? Democratization, 23(1): 118140.Google Scholar
Bernhard, M. & Jung, D. J.. 2017. The Wages of Extrication: Civil Society and Inequality in Postcommunist Eurasia, Comparative Politics, 49(3): 373390.Google Scholar
Bernhard, M. & Karakoç, E.. 2007. Civil Society and the Legacies of Dictatorship. World Politics, 59(4): 539567.Google Scholar
Bernhard, M., Hicken, A., Reenock., C. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2020. Parties, Civil Society, and the Deterrence of Democratic Defection. Studies in Comparative International Development, 55(1): 126.Google Scholar
Bernhard, M., Nordstrom, T.. & Reenock, C.. 2001. Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival. Journal of Politics, 63(3): 775803.Google Scholar
Bernhard, M., Reenock, C. & Nordstrom, T.. 2003. Economic Performance And Survival In New Democracies: Is There a Honeymoon Effect? Comparative Political Studies, 36(4): 404431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernhard, M., Reenock, C. & Nordstrom, T.. 2004. The Legacy of Western Overseas Colonialism on Democratic Survival. International Studies Quarterly, 48(1): 225250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethke, F. S. & Pinckney, J.. 2021 Nonviolent Resistance and the Quality of Democracy, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 38(5): 503523.Google Scholar
Benavot, A. 1996. Education and Political Democratization: Cross-National and Longitudinal Findings. Comparative Education Review 40(4): 377403.Google Scholar
Beyer, P. (ed.). 2001. Religion in the Process of Globalization. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag.Google Scholar
Bisbee, J., Dehejia, R., Pop-Eleches, C. & Samii, C.. 2017. Local Instruments, Global Extrapolation: External Validity of the Labor Supply–Fertility Local Average Treatment Effect. Journal of Labor Economics, 35(1): S99147.Google Scholar
Bizzarro, F., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Hicken, A., Bernhard, M., Skaaning, S. E., Coppedge, M. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2018. Party Strength and Economic Growth. World Politics, 70(2): 275320.Google Scholar
Bizzarro, F., Hicken, A. & Self, D.. 2017. The V-Dem Party Institutionalization Index: A New Global Indicator (1900–2015). V-Dem Working Paper Paper Series 2017–48. The Varieties of Democracy Institute.Google Scholar
Blaug, M. 1966. Literacy and Economic Development. The School Review, 74(4): 393418.Google Scholar
Blaydes, L. 2017. State Building in the Middle East. Annual Review of Political Science, 20: 487504.Google Scholar
Blaydes, L. & Chaney, E.. 2013. The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian West and the Muslim World before 1500 CE. American Political Science Review, 107(1): 1634.Google Scholar
Bobba, M. & Coviello, D. 2007. Weak Instruments and Weak Identification, In Estimating the Effects of Education, on Democracy. Economics Letters, 96(3): 301306.Google Scholar
Boese, Vanessa A. 2019 How (not) to Measure Democracy. International Areas Studies Review, 22(2): 95-127.Google Scholar
Boix, C. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boix, C. 2011. Democracy, Development, and the International System. American Political Science Review, 105(4): 809828.Google Scholar
Boix, C., Miller, M. K. & Rosato, S.. 2013. A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007. Comparative Political Studies, 46(12): 15231554.Google Scholar
Boix, C. & Stokes, S. C.. 2003. Endogenous Democratization. World Politics, 55(4): 517549.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles & Svolik, M. W.. 2013. The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships. The Journal of Politics, 75(2): 300316.Google Scholar
Bollen, K. A. & Jackman, R. W.. 1985. Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income. American Sociological Review, 50(4): 438457.Google Scholar
Bollen, K. A. & Jackman, R. W.. 1995. Income Inequality and Democratization Revisited: Comment on Muller. American Sociological Review, 60(6): 983989.Google Scholar
Bollyky, T. J., Templin, T., Cohen, M., Schoder, D., Dieleman, J. L. & Wigley, S.. 2019. The Relationships between Democratic Experience, Adult Health, and Cause-Specific Mortality in 170 Countries Between 1980 and 2016: An Observational Analysis. The Lancet, 393(10181): 16281640.Google Scholar
Bolt, J., Inklaar, R., de Jong, H. & van Zanden, J. L.. 2018. Rebasing “Maddison”: New Income Comparisons and the Shape of Long-run Economic Development. Maddison Project Working paper 10.Google Scholar
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J. L.. 2014. The Maddison Project: Collaborative Research on Historical National Accounts. The Economic History Review, 67(3): 627651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borcan, O., Olsson, O. & Putterman, L.. 2018. State History and Economic Development: Evidence from Six Millennia. Journal of Economic Growth, 23(1): 140.Google Scholar
Brambor, T., Goenaga, A., Lindvall, J. & Teorell, J.. 2020. The Lay of the Land: Information Capacity and the Modern State. Comparative Political Studies, 53(2): 175213.Google Scholar
Brancati, D. 2016. Democracy Protests: Origins, Features and Significance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. & Chang, E.. 2006. State‐Building and Democratization in Africa: Forwards, Backwards or Together? Comparative Political Studies, 39(9): 10591083.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. & van de Walle, N.. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Braudel, F. 1972 [1949]. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vols. 12. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Brecke, P. 2001. The Long-Term Patterns of Violent Conflict in Different Regions of the World, in Uppsala Conflict Data Conference, Uppsala.Google Scholar
Brinks, D. & Coppedge, M.. 2006. Diffusion Is No Illusion. Comparative Political Studies, 39(4): 463–89.Google Scholar
Broadberry, S. 2013. Accounting for the Great Divergence. Online. www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/users/Broadberry/AccountingGreatDivergence6.pdf, accessed November 23, 2016.Google Scholar
Broadberry, S. & Klein, A.. 2012. Aggregate and per capita GDP in Europe, 1870–2000: Continental, Regional and National Data with Changing Boundaries. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 60(1): 79107.Google Scholar
Brown, G. G. 1944. Missions and Cultural Diffusion. American Journal of Sociology, 50(3): 214219.Google Scholar
Brownlee, J. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bruce, S. 2004. Did Protestantism Create Democracy? Democratization, 11(4): 320.Google Scholar
Brumberg, D., Diamond, L. J. & Plattner, M. F. (eds.). 2003. Islam and democracy in the Middle East. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, B. & Smith, A.. 2009. Political Survival and Endogenous Institutional Change. Comparative Political Studies, 42(2):167197.Google Scholar
Buhaug, H. & Gates, S.. 2002. The Geography of Civil War. Journal of Peace Research, 39 (4) 417433.Google Scholar
Bunce, V. J. & Wolchik, S. L.. 2011. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, E. 1972. Pan-Islam and Moroccan Resistance to French Colonial Penetration, 1900–1912. The Journal of African History, 13(1): 97118.Google Scholar
Burkhart, R. E. 2007. Democracy, Capitalism, and Income Inequality: Seeking Causal Directions. Comparative Sociology, 6(4): 481507.Google Scholar
Burkhart, R. E. 1997. Comparative Democracy and Income Distribution: Shape and Direction of the Causal Arrow. Journal of Politics, 59(1): 148164.Google Scholar
Burkhart, R. E. & Lewis-Beck, M. S.. 1994. Comparative Democracy: The Economic Development Thesis. American Political Science Review, 88(4): 903910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buruma, I. 2010. Taming the Gods: Religion and Democracy on Three Continents. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J. C., Harrison, G. E. & Quiggin, P.. 1980. The Demography of Micro-States. World Development, 8(12): 953962.Google Scholar
Campante, F. R. & Chor, D.. 2012. Why Was the Arab World Poised for Revolution? Schooling, Economic Opportunities, and the Arab Spring. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2): 167188.Google Scholar
Campante, F. R. & Chor, D.. 2014. The People Want the Fall of the Regime: Schooling, Political Protest, and the Economy. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(3): 495517.Google Scholar
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. & Stokes, D. E.. 1980. The American Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Capoccia, G. & Ziblatt, D.. 2010. The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond. Comparative Political Studies, 43(8–9): 931968.Google Scholar
Carbone, G. & Memoli, V.. 2015. Does Democratization Foster State Consolidation? Governance, 28(1): 524.Google Scholar
Cardoso, F. H. & Faletto, E.. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Trans. By Marjory Mattingly Urquidi. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R. L. 1970. A Theory of the Origin of the State. Science, 169(3947): 733738.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R. L. 1988. The Circumscription Theory: Challenge and Response. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(4): 497511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carneiro, R. L. 2012. The Circumscription Theory: A Clarification, Amplification, and Reformulation. Social Evolution and History, 11(2): 530.Google Scholar
Carothers, T. 2002. The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy, 13(1): 521.Google Scholar
Carothers, T. & Youngs, R.. 2017. Democracy Is Not Dying: Seeing Through the Doom and Gloom. Foreign Affairs, 11 April 2017.Google Scholar
Cartledge, P. 2016. Democracy: A life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Casper, G. & Tufis, C.. 2003. Correlation versus Interchangeability: The Limited Robustness of Empirical Findings on Democracy using Highly Correlated Data Sets. Political Analysis, 11(2): 196203.Google Scholar
Castelló-Climent, A. 2008. On the Distribution of Education and Democracy. Journal of Development Economics, 87(2): 179190.Google Scholar
Celestino, M. R. & Gleditsch, K. S.. 2013. Fresh Carnations or All Thorn, No Rose? Nonviolent Campaigns and Transitions in Autocracies. Journal of Peace Research, 50(3): 385400.Google Scholar
Cervellati, M., Fortunato, P. & Sunde, U.. 2006. Growth and endogeneous political institutions. In Eicher, T. S. & Garcia-Peñalosa, C., eds., Institutions, Development and Economic Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chaisty, P., Cheeseman, N. & Power, T.. 2014. Rethinking the “Presidentialism Debate”: Conceptualizing Coalitional Politics in Cross-regional Perspective. Democratization, 21(1): 7294.Google Scholar
Chambers, S. & Kopstein, J.. 2001. Bad Civil Society. Political Theory, 29(6): 837865.Google Scholar
Chaney, E. 2012. Democratic Change in the Arab World, Past and Present. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring: 363414.Google Scholar
Che, Y., Lub, Y., Tao, Z. & Wang, P.. 2013. The Impact of Income on Democracy Revisited. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41(1): 159169.Google Scholar
Cheibub, J. A. 2007. Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheibub, J. A., Gandhi, J. & Vreeland., J. 2010. Democracy and Dictatorship Revisisted. Public Choice, 143(1): 67101.Google Scholar
Cheibub, J. A. & Limongi, F.. 2002. Democratic Institutions and Regime Survival: Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies Reconsidered. Annual Review of Political Science, 5(1): 151–79.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, E. 2011. Non-violent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes Dataset v.1.1. University of Denver. Available at: www.du.edu/korbel/sie/research/chenow_navco_data.html.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, E. & Stephan, M. J.. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Non-violent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chu, L. T. 2011. Unfinished Business: The Catholic Church, Communism, and Democratization. Democratization, 18(3): 631654.Google Scholar
Ciccone, A. 2011. Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: A Comment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(4): 215227.Google Scholar
Claassen, C. 2020. In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion. American Political Science Review, 114(1): 3653.Google Scholar
Clague, C., Gleason, S. & Knack, S.. 2001. Determinants of Lasting Democracy in Poor Countries: Culture, Development, and Institutions. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 773: 1641.Google Scholar
Clark, W. R., Golder, M. & Golder, S. N.. 2017. Principles of Comparative Politics. 3rd ed. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Colagrossi, M., Rossignoli, D. & Maggioni, M. A.. 2020. Does Democracy Cause Growth? A Meta-analysis (of 2000 regressions). European Journal of Political Economy 61.Google Scholar
Collier, R. B. 1999. Paths Towards Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, R. B. & Collier, D.. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, P. & Hoeffler, A.. 2004. Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4): 563595.Google Scholar
Colomer, J. M. 2007. Great Empires, Small Nations: The Uncertain Future of the Sovereign State. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Congdon Fors, H. 2014. Do Island States Have Better Institutions? Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(1): 3460.Google Scholar
Congleton, R. D. 2011. Perfecting Parliament: Constitutional Reform, Liberalism, and the Rise of Western Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, S. J., Hays, J. C. & Franzese, R. J.. 2020. “Model Selection and Spatial Interdependence.” Chapter 39. In Curini, L.. & Franzese, R. J., eds., The SAGE Handbook for Research Methods in Political Science & International Relations. Los Angeles: SAGE.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M. 1994. Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M. 2012. Democratization and Research Methods. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Alvarez, A. & Maldonado, C.. 2008. Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: Contestation and Inclusiveness. Journal of Politics, 70(3): 335350.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M. & Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Hicken, A., Kroenig, M., Lindberg, S. I., McMann, K., Paxton, P., Semetko, H. A., Skaaning, S. E., Staton, J. & Teorell, Jan. 2011. Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9(2): 247267.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Glynn, A., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Pemstein, D., Seim, B., Skaaning, S. E. & Teorell, J.. 2020. Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Lindberg, S. I., Skaaning, S. E. & Teorell, J.. 2017. “Comparisons and Contrasts.” University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 45.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Denison, B., Tiscornia, L and Lindberg, S. I., “Varieties of Democratic Diffusion: Neighbors, Trade, and Alliance Networks,” Varieties of Democracy Institute Working Paper No. 2 (revised), June 2016.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Lindberg, S. I., Skaaning, S. E., Teorell, J. & Ciobanu, V.. 2014. V-Dem Country Coding Units v3. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, M. S., Glynn, A., Hicken, A., Lührmann, A., Marquardt, K.L., McMann, K., Paxton, P., Pemstein, D., Seim, B., Sigman, R., Skaaning, S. E., Staton, J., Wilson, S., Cornell, A., Gastaldi, L., Gjerløw, H., Ilchenko, N., Krusell, J., Maxwell, L., Mechkova, V., Medzihorsky, J., Pernes, J., von Römer, J., Stepanova, N., Sundström, A., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y., Wig, T. & Ziblatt, D. 2019a. V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v9, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, M. S., Glynn, A., Hicken, A., Lührmann, A., Marquardt, K. L., McMann, K., Paxton, P., Pemstein, D., Seim, B., Sigman, R., Skaaning, S. E., Staton, J., Cornell, A., Gastaldi, L., Gjerløw, H., Mechkova, V., von Römer, J., Sundtröm, A., Tzelgov, E., Uberti, L., Wang, Y., Wig, T. & Ziblatt, D.. 2019b. V-Dem Codebook v9, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Ciobanu, V. & Gastaldi, L.. 2019c. V-Dem Country Coding Units v9. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Marquardt, K. L., Medzihorsky, J., Pemstein, D., Pernes, J., von Römer, J., Stepanova, N., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y. & Wilson, S.. 2019d. V-Dem Methodology v9 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Krusell, J., Marquardt, K., Medzihorsky, J., Pernes, J., Stepanova, N., Skaaning, S. E., Teorell, J., Pemstein, D., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y., Wilson, S. & Lindberg., S. 2019e. The Methodology of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). Bulletin of Sociological Methodology, 143(1): 107133.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M. & Kuehn, D.. 2019. Introduction: Absorbing the Four Methodological Disruptions in Democratization Research? Democratization, 26(1): 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, A. & Lapuente, V.. 2014. Meritocratic Administration and Democratic Stability. Democratization, 21(7): 1286–304.Google Scholar
Cornell, A., Møller, J. & Skaaning, S. E.. 2020. Democratic Stability in an Age of Crisis Reassessing the Interwar Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cornell, A., Møller, J., Skaaning, S. E. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2016. Civil Society, Party Institutionalization, and Democratic Breakdown in the Interwar Period. V-Dem Working Paper 2016:24. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2727717 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2727717Google Scholar
Correlates of War Project 2017, State System Membership List, v2016. Available at: http://correlatesofwar.orgGoogle Scholar
Corrin, J. P. 2010. Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Cranmer, S. J., Desmarais, Bruce A., & Morgan, Jason W.. 2021. Inferential Network Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cribari-Neto, F. 2004. Asymptotic Inference under Heteroskedasticity of Unknown Form. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 45(2): 215233.Google Scholar
Crone, P. 1980. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cuaresma, J. C., Oberhofer, H. & Raschky, P. A.. 2011. Oil and the duration of dictatorships. Public Choice, 148 (3–4): 505530.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. 1989. Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Curtin, P. D. 1998. Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dahlum, S. 2017. Schooling for dissent? Education, autocratic regime instability and transitions to democracy. Oslo: University of Oslo. PhD Thesis.Google Scholar
Dahlum, S. 2018. Modernization theory – What Do We Know After 60 Years? The Annals of Comparative Democratization, 16(3): 46.Google Scholar
Dahlum, S., Knutsen, C. H. & Wig, T.. 2019. Who Revolts Empirically Revisiting the Social Origins of Democracy. Journal of Politics, 81(4): 14941499.Google Scholar
Dalgaard, C. J., Knudsen, A. B. & Selaya, P.. 2020. The Bounty of the Sea and Long-run Development. Journal of Economic Growth, 25(3): 259295.Google Scholar
Davenport, C. 2007. State Repression and Political Order. Annual Review of Political Science, 10: 123.Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. 1962. Towards a Theory of Revolution. American Sociological Review, 27(1): 519.Google Scholar
De Juan, A. & Pierskalla, J. H.. 2017. The Comparative Politics of Colonialism and Its Legacies: An Introduction. Politics and Society, 45(2): 159172.Google Scholar
De Swaan, A. 2001. Words of the World: The Global Language System. Polity.Google Scholar
de Tocqueville, A. 1838. Democracy in America. New York: G. Dearborn.Google Scholar
Della Porta, D. 2014. Mobilizing for Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Denison, B. & Coppedge, M.. 2017. Varieties of Democratic Diffusion in Military Alliance Networks. Unpublished manuscript. University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1992. Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(4): 450499.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. 1992. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 2002. Thinking about Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy, 13(2): 2135.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 2010. Why are There no Arab Democracies? Journal of Democracy, 21(1): 93112.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 2016. Democracy in Decline. Foreign Affairs, 13 June 2016.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. & Morlino., L. 2004. The Quality of Democracy: An Overview. Journal of Democracy, 15(4): 2031.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. & Plattner, M., eds. 1994. Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. & Plattner, M., eds. 2015. Democracy in Decline? Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L., Plattner, M. F. & Costopoulos, P. J., (eds.). 2005. World Religions and Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. & Tsalik, S.. 1999. Size and Democracy: The Case for Decentralization. In Diamond, L., eds., Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 117160.Google Scholar
Djuve, V. L., Knutsen, C. H. & Wig, T.. 2020. Patterns of Regime Change Since the French Revolution. Comparative Political Studies, 53(6): 923958.Google Scholar
Dommen, E. 1980. Some Distinguishing Characteristics of Island States. World Development, 8(12): 931–43.Google Scholar
Doorenspleet, R. 2000. Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization. World Politics, 52(3): 384406.Google Scholar
Dorsch, M. T. & Maarek, P.. 2014. A Note on Economic Inequality and Democratization. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 20(4): 599610.Google Scholar
Doumenge, F. 1985. The Viability of Small Intertropical Islands. In Dommen, E. & Hein, P., eds., States, Microstates, and Islands. Dover: Croom Helm, pp. 70118.Google Scholar
Drake, P. W. 2009. Between Tyranny and Anarchy: A History of Democracy in Latin America, 1800-2006. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Dunning, T. 2012. Natural Experiments in The Social Sciences: A Design-Based Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dworkin, R. 1996. Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the Constitution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dyson, T. 2012. On Demographic and Democratic Transitions. Population and Development Review, 38 (Supplement): 83102.Google Scholar
Easterly, W. & Levine, R.. 1997. Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4): 12031250.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). 2017. Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the “Deplorables,” Available at: pages.eiu.com/rs/783-XMC-194/images/Democracy_Index_2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Edgell, A. B., Mechkova, V., Altman, D., Bernhard, M. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2018. When and Where Do Elections Matter: A Global Test of the Democratization by Elections Hypothesis. Democratization, 24(3): 422444.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N. (ed.). 1968. The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ekiert, G. & Kubik, J.. 1999. Rebellious Civil Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
El Badawi, I. & Makdisi, S.. 2007. Explaining the Democracy Deficit in the Arab World. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(5): 813831.Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. J.. 1972. Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism. In Schopf, T. J. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper, pp. 82115.Google Scholar
Elgie, R. (2005). From Linz to Tsebelis: Three Waves of Presidential/Parliamentary Studies? Democratization, 12(1): 106122.Google Scholar
Elis, R., Haber, S. & Horrillo, J.. 2017. Climate, Geography, and the Evolution of Economic and Political Systems. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Elkins, Z. 2013. The Weight of History and the Rebuilding of Brazilian Democracy. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, 88: 257303.Google Scholar
Engerman, S. L. & Sokoloff, K. L.. 2012. Economic Development in the Americas since 1500: Endowments and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Englebert, P. 2000. Solving the Mystery of the Africa Dummy. World Development, 28(10): 18211835.Google Scholar
Epstein, D. L., Bates, R., Goldstone, J. Kristensen, I. & O’Halloran, S.. 2006. Democratic Transitions. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3): 551569.Google Scholar
Epstein, D. L., Leventoglu, B. & O’Halloran, S.. 2012. Minorities and Democratization. Economics and Politics, 24(3): 259278.Google Scholar
Esposito, J. L., & Voll, J. O.. 1996. Islam and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Faria, H., Montesinos-Yufa, H. & Morales, D.. 2014. Should the Modernization Hypothesis Survive Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Yared? Some More Evidence. Econ Journal Watch, 11(1): 1736.Google Scholar
Fariss, C. J., Crabtree, C. D., Anders, T., Jones, Z. M., Linder, F. J., & Markowitz, J. N.. 2017. Latent Estimation of GDP, GDP per capita, and Population from Historic and Contemporary Sources. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Political Science, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Fayad, G., Bates, R. H.. & Hoeffler, A.. 2012. Income and Democracy: Lipset’s Law Inverted. OxCarre Research Paper 61.Google Scholar
Fernandes, T. & Branco, R.. 2017. Long-Term Effects: Social Revolution and Civil Society in Portugal, 1974–2010. Comparative Politics, 49(3): 411431.Google Scholar
Fernando, B., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Hicken, A., Bernhard., M., Skaaning, S. E., Coppedge., M. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2018. Party Strength and Economic Growth. World Politics, 70(2): 275320.Google Scholar
Fieldhouse, D. K. 1966. The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Study from the Eighteenth Century. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Findley, M. G., Kikuta, K. & Denly, M.. 2021. External Validity. Annual Review of Political Science, 24: 365393.Google Scholar
Finkel, S. E., Pérez-Liñan, A. & Seligson, M. A.. 2007. The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990–2003. World Politics, 59(3): 404439.Google Scholar
Fish, M. S. 2002. Islam and Authoritarianism. World politics, 55(1): 437.Google Scholar
Fish, S. 2006. Stronger Legislatures, Stronger Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 17(1): 520.Google Scholar
Fishman, R. 2017. How Civil Society Matters in Democratization: Setting the Boundaries of Post-Transition Political Inclusion. Comparative Politics, 49(3): 391409.Google Scholar
Fjelde, H., Knutsen, C. H.. & Nygård, H. M.. 2021. Which Institutions Matter? Re-Considering the Democratic Civil Peace. International Studies Quarterly, 65(1): 223237.Google Scholar
Fortin, J. 2012. Is There a Necessary Condition for Democracy? The Role of State Capacity in Postcommunist Countries. Comparative Political Studies, 45(7): 903930.Google Scholar
Fox, J. 2008. A World Survey of Religion and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Franzese, R. J., Jr. 2018. Sessions 3–6: Estimating, Evaluating, Interpreting, and Presenting Models of Spatial and Spatiotemporal Interdependence. Lecture slides for Spatial-Econometric Analysis of Interdependence, ICPSR Summer Program, Ann Arbor, MI (July, 9–13).Google Scholar
Franzese, R. J., Jr. & Hays, J. C.. 2008a. Interdependence in Comparative Politics: Substance, Theory, Empirics, Substance. Comparative Political Studies, 41(4–5):742780.Google Scholar
Franzese, R. J., Jr. & Hays, J. C.. 2008b. Empirical Models of Spatial Interdependence. In Box-Steffensmeier, J., Brady, H. & Collier, D., eds., Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 570604. Corrected web version accessed May 18, 2019 from www-personal.umich.edu/~franzese/FranzeseHaysSpatialInterdepOxfordHandbook.Corrected.pdf: p. 24.Google Scholar
Freeman, J. R. & Quinn, D. P.. 2012. The Economic Origins of Democracy Reconsidered. American Political Science Review, 106(1): 5880Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. 2004. The Imperative of State-Building. Journal of Democracy, 15(2): 1731.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. 2014. States and Democracy. Democratization, 21(7): 13261340.Google Scholar
Gandhi, J. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A.. 2007. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies, 40(11): 12791301.Google Scholar
Gasiorowski, M. J. 1995. Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis. American Political Science Review, 89(4): 882897.Google Scholar
Gasiorowski, M. J. & Power, T. J.. 1998. The Structural Determinants of Democratic Consolidation: Evidence from the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 31(6): 740771.Google Scholar
Gassebner, M., Gutmann, J. & Vogt, S.. 2016. When to expect a coup d’etat? An Extreme Bounds Analysis of Coup Determinants. Public Choice, 169(3): 293313.Google Scholar
Gassebner, M., Lamla, M. J. & Vreeland, J. R.. 2009. Extreme Bounds of Democracy. Working Paper 224. Zurich: KOF Swiss Economic Institute.Google Scholar
Gassebner, M., Lamla, M. J. & Vreeland, J. R.. 2013. Extreme Bounds of Democracy. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57(2): 171195.Google Scholar
Geddes, B. 1999. What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years? Annual Review of Political Science, 2: 115144.Google Scholar
Geddes, B. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Geddes, B. 2007. What Causes Democratization. In Goodin, R. E., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Political Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Geddes, B., Wright, J. & Frantz, E.. 2014. Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set. Perspectives on Politics, 12(2): 313331.Google Scholar
Gerring, J. 2012. Mere Description. British Journal of Political Science, 42(4): 721746.Google Scholar
Gerring, J. 2012. Social Science Methodology: A Unified Framework. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, J., Apfeld, B.., Wig, T.. & Tollefsen, A. F.. 2022. The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, J., Bond., P., Brandt, W. T.. & Moreno, C.. 2005. Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective. World Politics, 57(3): 323364.Google Scholar
Gerring, J., Hicken., A., Weitzel., D. & Cojocaru, L.. 2018. Electoral Contestation: A Comprehensive Polity-Level Analysis. V-Dem Working Paper 2018:73. V-Dem Institute.Google Scholar
Gerring, J., Hoffman, M.. & Zarecki, D.. 2018. The Diverse Effects of Diversity on Democracy. British Journal of Political Science, 48(2): 283314.Google Scholar
Gerring, J., Thacker, S. C.. & Alfaro, R.. 2012. Democracy and Human Development. Journal of Politics, 74(1): 117.Google Scholar
Gerring, J. & Veenendaal, W.. 2020. Population and Politics: The Impact of Scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, J., Wig., T., Veenendaal., W., Weitzel., D., Teorell., J. & Kikuta, K.. 2021. Why Monarchy? The Rise and Demise of a Regime Type. Comparative Political Studies, 54(3–4): 585622.Google Scholar
Gerring, J. C. H. Knutsen., M. Maguire., S. E. Skaaning., J. Teorell. & Coppedge, M.. 2021. Electoral Democracy and Human Development: Issues of Conceptualization and Measurement. Democratization, 28(2): 308332.Google Scholar
Gibler, D. M. 2009. International Military Alliances, 1648–2008. CQ Press.Google Scholar
Giuliano, P. & Nunn, N.. 2013. The Transmission of Democracy: From the Village to the Nation-State. American Economic Review, 103(3): 8692.Google Scholar
Gjerløw, H. & Knutsen, C. H.. 2019. Leaders, Private Interests, and Socially Wasteful Projects: Skyscrapers in Democracies and Autocracies. Political Research Quarterly, 72(2): 504520.Google Scholar
Gjerløw, H., Knutsen., C. H., Wig., T. & Wilson, M. C.. 2018. Stairways to Denmark: Does the Sequence of State-building and Democratization Matter for Economic Development. Working Paper 2018:72. Varieties of Democracy Institute.Google Scholar
Glaeser, E. L., Ponzetto, G. A. M.. & Shleifer, A.. 2007. Why Does Democracy Need Education? Journal of Economic Growth, 12(2): 7799.Google Scholar
Gleditsch, K. S. 2002. Expanded Trade and GDP Data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(5): 712724.Google Scholar
Gleditsch, N. P., Wallensteen., P., Eriksson., M., Sollenberg., M. & Strand, H.. 2002. Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 39(5): 615637.Google Scholar
Gleditsch, K. S. & Ward, M. D.. 1999. Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of the Independent States since 1816. International Interactions, 25(4): 393413.Google Scholar
Gleditsch, K. S. & Ward, M. D.. 2006. Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization. International Organization, 60(4): 911933.Google Scholar
Go, J. 2003. A Globalizing Constitutionalism? Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000. International Sociology, 18(1): 7195.Google Scholar
Goertz, G. 2003. International Norms and Decision Making: A Punctuated Equilibrium Model. Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Goldring, E. & Greitens, S. C.. 2019. Rethinking Democratic Diffusion: Bringing Regime Type Back In. Comparative Political Studies, 53(2): 319353.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J. H. 2001. The Uses of History in Sociology: Reflections on Some Recent Tendencies. British Journal of Sociology, 42(2): 211230.Google Scholar
González, Ocantos E. 2016. Shifting Legal Visions: Judicial Change and Human Rights Trials in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodliffe, J. & Hawkins, D.. 2015. Dependence Networks and the Diffusion of Domestic Political Institutions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(4): 903929.Google Scholar
Gould, A. 1999. Origins of Liberal Dominance: State Church, and Party in Nineteenth Century Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Graham, B. A. T., Miller, M. K.. & Strøm, K. R.. 2017. Safeguarding Democracy: Powersharing and Democratic Survival. American Political Science Review, 111(4): 686704.Google Scholar
Gu, M. Li. & Bomhoff, E.. 2012. Religion and Support for Democracy: A Comparative Study for Catholic and Muslim Countries. Politics and Religion, 5(2): 280316.Google Scholar
Gundlach, E. & Paldam, M.. 2009. A Farewell to Critical Junctures: Sorting Out Long-Run Causality of Income and Democracy. European Journal of Political Economy, 25(3): 340354.Google Scholar
Gunitsky, S. 2014. From Shocks to Waves: Hegemonic Transitions and Democratization in the Twentieth Century. International Organization, 68(3): 561.Google Scholar
Gunitsky, S. 2017. Aftershocks: Great Powers and Domestic Reforms in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, T. R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haber, S. & Menaldo, V.. 2011. Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse. American Political Science Review, 105(1): 126.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory on Law and Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hadenius, A. 1992. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hadenius, A. & Teorell, J.. 2005. Cultural and Economic Prerequisites of Democracy: Reassessing Recent Evidence. Studies in comparative international development, 39(4), 87106.Google Scholar
Hadenius, A. & Teorell, J.. 2007. Pathways from Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 18(1): 143156.Google Scholar
Haggard, S. & Kaufman, R. R. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, S. & Kaufman, R.. 2016. Dictators and Democrats: Elites, Masses, and Regime Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, J. K. & Sigman, R.. 2011. Leviathan’s Latent Dimensions: Measuring State Capacity for Comparative Political Research. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1899933Google Scholar
Hariri, J. G. 2012. The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood. American Political Science Review, 106(3): 471–94.Google Scholar
Hariri, J. G. 2015. A contribution to the Understanding of Middle Eastern and Muslim Exceptionalism. The Journal of Politics, 77(2): 477490.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. 1960. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hays, J. C., Kachi, A.. & Franzese, R. J. Jr. 2010. A Spatial Model Incorporating Dynamic, Endogenous Network Interdependence: A Political Science Application. Statistical Methodology, 7(3): 406428.Google Scholar
Hechter, M. 1975. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development. Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Heckman, J. J. 1979. Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica, 47(1): 153161.Google Scholar
Hefner, R. W. (ed.). 2009. Remaking Muslim politics: Pluralism, contestation, democratization. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hegre, H. 2014. Democracy and Armed Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 51(2): 159172.Google Scholar
Hegre, H., Bernhard, M.. & Teorell, J.. (2020). Civil Society and the Democratic Peace. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(1): 3262.Google Scholar
Hegre, H. & Sambanis, N.. 2006. Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(4): 508535.Google Scholar
Heid, B., Langer, J.. & Larch, M.. 2012. Income and Democracy: Evidence from System GMM Estimates. Economics Letters, 116(2): 166169.Google Scholar
Held, D. 2006. Models of Democracy. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hendrix, C. S. & Haggard, S.. 2015. Global Food Prices, Regime Type, and Urban Unrest in the Developing World. Journal of Peace Research, 52(2): 143157.Google Scholar
Hendrix, C. S. & Salehyan, I.. 2012. Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1): 3550.Google Scholar
Hensel, P. R. 2018. ICOW Colonial History Data Set, version 1.1. Available at www.paulhensel.org/icowcol.html.Google Scholar
Herbst, J. 2009. Population Change, Urbanization, and Political Consolidation. In Goodin, R. E.. & Tilly, C., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hiroi, T. & Omori, S.. 2009. Perils of Parliamentarism? Political Systems and the Stability of Democracy Revisited. Democratization, 16(3): 485507.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. 1973. Peasants and Politics. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1(1): 322.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. 2018. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning in the American Right. The New Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. & Jamal, A.. 2014. Religion in the Arab Spring: Between Two Competing Narratives. Journal of Politics, 76(3): 593606.Google Scholar
Honaker, J. & King, G.. 2010. What to Do about Missing Values in Time-Series Cross-Section Data. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2): 561581.Google Scholar
Howard, M. M. 2002. The Weakness of Postcommunist Civil Society. Journal of Democracy, 13(1): 157169.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. L. 1990. Comparing Democratic Systems. Journal of Democracy 1(4): 73–9.Google Scholar
Houle, C. 2009. Inequality and Democracy: Why Inequality Harms Consolidation but Does Not Affect Democratization. World Politics, 61(4): 589622.Google Scholar
Houle, C., Kayser, M. A.. & Xiang, J.. 2016. Diffusion or Confusion? Clustered Shocks and the Conditional Diffusion of Democracy. International Organization, 70(4): 687726.Google Scholar
Hunt, R. C. 1989. Appropriate Social Organization? Water User Associations in Bureaucratic Canal Irrigation Systems. Human Organization, 48(1): 7990.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1993. The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3): 2249.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hyde, S. D. 2007. The Observer Effect in International Politics: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. World Politics, 60(1): 3763.Google Scholar
Imbens, G. W. & Rubin, D. B.. 2015. Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Infra, C. 2016. Reconstructing Global Inequality. Available at: www.clio-infra.eu/#datasets.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R., Foa., R., Peterson., C. & Welzel, C.. 2008. Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(4): 264285.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. & Welzel, C.. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackman, R. W. 1973. On the Relation of Economic Development and Democratic Performance. American Journal of Political Science, 17(3): 611–21.Google Scholar
Jamal, A. A. 2012. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. L., Mortensen, P. B.. & Serritzlew, S.. 2019. A Comparative Distributional Method for Public Administration Illustrated Using Public Budget Data. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(3): 460473.Google Scholar
Jones, E. L. 1981. The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, M. A. & Leal, D. L.. 2001. Political Participation: Does Religion Matter? Political Research Quarterly, 54(4): 751770.Google Scholar
Joseph, J. 2004. Language and Identity: National, Ethnic, Religious. Springer.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, S. 1996. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Karakoç, E. 2017. A Theory of Redistribution in New Democracies: Income Disparity in New Democracies in Europe. Comparative Politics, 49(3): 311330.Google Scholar
Katz, J. N. 2014. Causal Inference with Panel and TSCS Data. Lecture at the workshop on Advanced Causal Inference, Duke University Law School, August 15.Google Scholar
Keck, M. E. & Sikkink, K.. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, R. 2010. The Contradiction of Modernization: A Conditional Model of Endogenous Democratization. Journal of Politics, 72(3): 785798.Google Scholar
Kim, M. 2008. Spiritual Values, Religious Practices, and Democratic Attitudes. Politics and Religion, 1(2): 216236.Google Scholar
Klaas, B. 2016. The Despot’s Accomplice: How the West is Aiding and Abetting the Decline of Democracy. London: C. Hurst.Google Scholar
Klerman, D. M., Mahoney., P. G., Spamann., H. & Weinstein, M. I.. 2011. Legal Origin or Colonial History? Journal of Legal Analysis, 3(2): 379409.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H. 2011. Democracy, Dictatorship and Protection of Property Rights. Journal of Development Studies, 47(1): 164182.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H. 2012. Democracy and Economic Growth: A Review of Arguments and Results. International Area Studies Review, 15(4): 393415.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H. 2014. Income Growth and Revolutions. Social Science Quarterly, 95(4): 920937.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H. 2015. Reinvestigating the Reciprocal Relationship between Democracy and Income Inequality. Review of Economics and Institutions, 6(2): Article 1.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H. 2021. A Business Case for Democracy: Regime Type, Growth, and Growth Volatility. Democratization Online First. www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13510347.2021.1940965Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H., Teorell., J., Wig., T., Cornell., A., Gerring., J., Gjerløw., H., Skaaning, S. E.., Ziblatt., D., Marquardt., K., Pemstein., D. & Seim, B.. 2019a. Introducing the Historical Varieties of Democracy Dataset: Political Institutions in the Long 19th Century. Journal of Peace Research, 56(3): 440451.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H., Gerring., J., Skaaning, S. E.., Teorell., J., Maguire., M., Lindberg, S. I.. & Coppedge, M.. 2019b. Economic Development and Democracy: An Electoral Connection. European Journal of Political Research, 58(1): 292314.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H., Kotsadam., A., Olsen, E. H.. & Wig, T.. 2017. Mining and Local Corruption in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2): 320334.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H. & Nygård, H. M.. 2015. Institutional Characteristics and Regime Survival: Why Are Semi‐Democracies Less Durable Than Autocracies and Democracies? American Journal of Political Science, 59(3): 656670.Google Scholar
Knutsen, C. H., Nygård, H. M.. & Wig, T.. 2017b. Autocratic Elections: Stabilizing Tool or Force for Change? World Politics, 69(1): 98143.Google Scholar
Kopstein, J. & Wittenburg, J.. 2010. Beyond Dictatorship and Democracy: Rethinking National Minority Inclusion and Regime Type in Interwar Eastern Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 43(8–9): 10891118.Google Scholar
Korotayev, A. V. 1995. Mountains and Democracy: An Introduction. In Kradin, N. N. & Lynsha., V. A., eds., Alternative Pathways to Early State. Vladivostoik: Dal’nauka, pp. 6074.Google Scholar
Krieckhaus, J. T. 2006. Dictating Development: How Europe Shaped the Global Periphery. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Kuran, T. 1995. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kuran, T. 2011. The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
Kurlantzick, J. 2014. Democracy in Retreat: The Revolt of the Middle Class and the Worldwide Decline of Representative Government. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kuru, A. T. 2014. Authoritarianism and Democracy in Muslim Countries: Rentier States and Regional Diffusion. Political Science Quarterly, 129(3): 399427.Google Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes., F., Shleifer., A. & Vishny, R. W.. 1998. Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6): 11131155.Google Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes., F., Shleifer., A. & Vishny, R. W.. 1999. The Quality of Government. Journal of Economics, Law and Organization, 15(1): 222279.Google Scholar
Lai, B. & Melkonian-Hoover, R.. 2005. Democratic Progress and Regress: The Effect of Parties on the Transitions of States to and Away from Democracy. Political Research Quarterly, 58(4): 551564.Google Scholar
Lake, D. A. and Baum, M. A. 2001. The Invisible Hand of Democracy: Political Control and the Provision of Public Services. Comparative Political Studies 34(6): 587621.Google Scholar
Lambert, P. J. 2001. The Distribution and Redistribution of Income. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Land, K. & Deane, G.. 1992. On the Large-Sample Estimation of Regression Models with Spatial or Network-Effects Terms: A 2-Stage Least Squares Approach. Sociological Methodology, 22: 221248.Google Scholar
Lange, M., Mahoney, J.. & vom Hau, M. 2006. Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and British Colonies. American Journal of Sociology, 111(5): 14121462.Google Scholar
Lankina, T. & Getachew, L.. 2012. Mission or Empire, Word or Sword? The Human Capital Legacy in Postcolonial Democratic Development. American Journal of Political Science, 56(2): 465483.Google Scholar
Lankina, T. & Getachew, L.. 2013. Competitive Religious Entrepreneurs: Christian Missionaries and Female Education in Colonial and Post-Colonial India. British Journal of Political Science, 43(1): 103131.Google Scholar
Lauth, H. J. 2016. The Internal Relationships of the Dimensions of Democracy: The Relevance of Trade-offs for Measuring the Quality of Democracy. International Political Science Review, 37(5): 606617.Google Scholar
Leach, E. R. 1960. The Frontiers of “Burma”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 3(1): 4968.Google Scholar
Lee, A. & Paine, J.. 2020. Colonialism and Democracy: Origins of Pluralism and Authoritarianism in the Non-European World. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester.Google Scholar
Leeds, B., Ritter, J.., Mitchell, S.. & Long, A.. 2002. Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815-1944. International Interactions, 28(3): 237260.Google Scholar
Leeson, P. T. & Dean, A. M.. 2009. The Democratic Domino Theory: An Empirical Investigation. American Journal of Political Science, 53(3): 533551.Google Scholar
Lepsius, M. R. 2017. From Fragmented Party Democracy to Government by Emergency Decree and National Socialist Takeover: Germany. In Wendt., C., ed., Max Weber and Institutional Theory. Springer.Google Scholar
LeSage, J. & Pace, K.. 2009. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S. 1998. Institutionalization and Peronism. Party Politics, 4(1): 7792.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. A.. 2006. Linkage versus Leverage: Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change. Comparative Politics, 38(4): 379400.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S. & Way, L.. 2015. The Myth of Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1): 4558.Google Scholar
Levy, J. S. 1981. Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 1495–1975. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25(4): 581613.Google Scholar
Lewis, B. 1993. Islam and Liberal Democracy. Atlantic Monthly, 271(2): 8998.Google Scholar
Lewis, B. 2002. What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Phoenix, London.Google Scholar
Li, P. Y. R. & Thompson, W.. 1975. The ‘Coup Contagion’ Hypothesis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 19(1): 6384.Google Scholar
Li, Q. & Reuveny, R.. 2006. Democracy and Environmental Degradation. International Studies Quarterly, 50(4): 935956.Google Scholar
Lieberman, E. S. 2009. Boundaries of Contagion: How Ethnic Politics have shaped Government Responses to AIDS. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. 1999. Patterns of Democracy {Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. I. 2006a. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. I. 2006b. The Surprising Significance of African Elections. Journal of Democracy, 17(1): 139151.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. I. eds. 2009. Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J. 1978. Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. In Linz, J. & Stepan, A., eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1130Google Scholar
Linz, J. 1990. The Perils of Presidentialism. Journal of Democracy, 1(1): 5169.Google Scholar
Linz, J. 1990. The Virtues of Parliamentarism. Journal of Democracy, 1(4): 8491.Google Scholar
Linz, J. & Stepan, A.. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J. & Valenzuela., A., eds. 1994. The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J. J. 1994. Introduction: Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference? In Linz, J. J.. & Valenzuela., A., eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J. J. & Stepan, A.. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Liou, Y. M. & Musgrave, P.. 2014. Refining the Oil Curse: Country-Level Evidence from Exogenous Variations in Resource Income. Comparative Political Studies, 47(11): 15841610.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. M. 1959. Some Social Requisites for Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1): 69105.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. M. 1960. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Garden City: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Lipset, S. M., Seong, K. R.. & Torres, J. C.. 1993. A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy. International Political Science Review, 45(2): 154175.Google Scholar
Lohmann, S. 1994. The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91. World Politics, 47(1): 42101.Google Scholar
Londregan, J. R. & Poole, K. T.. 1996. Does High Income Promote Democracy? World Politics, 49(1): 130.Google Scholar
López-Córdova, J. E. & Meissner, C. M.. 2008. The Impact of International Trade on Democracy: A Long-Run Perspective. World Politics, 60(4): 539575.Google Scholar
Luebbert, G. 1991. Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origin of Regimes in Interwar Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lührmann, A. 2021. Disrupting the Autocratization Sequence: Towards Democratic Resilience. Democratization, 28(5): 10171039.Google Scholar
Lührmann, A. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2019. A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What Is New About It? Democratization, 26(7): 10951113.Google Scholar
Lührmann, A., Mechkova., V., Dahlum., S., Maxwell., L., Ohlin., M., Petrarca, C. S.., Sigman., R., Wilson., M. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2018. State of the World 2017: Autocratization and Exclusion? Democratization, 25(8): 13211340.Google Scholar
Lührmann, A., Tannenberg, M.. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2018. Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes. Politics and Governance, 6(1): 6077.Google Scholar
Lust, E. 2011. Missing the Third Wave: Islam, Institutions, and Democracy in the Middle East. Studies in Comparative International Development, 46(2): 163190.Google Scholar
Maddison, A. 2001. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Madrid, R. L. 2003. Retiring the State: The Politics of Pension Privatization in Latin America and Beyond. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Maeda, K. 2010. Two Modes of Democratic Breakdown: A Competing Risks Analysis of Democratic Durability. The Journal of Politics, 72(4): 11291143.Google Scholar
Magaloni, B. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Magaloni, B. & Kricheli, R.. 2010. Political Order and One-Party Rule. Annual Review of Political Science, 13(1): 123143.Google Scholar
Mahoney, J. 2010. Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, S. 1993. Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination. Comparative Political Studies, 26(2): 198228.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, S., eds. 2018. Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, S. & Pérez-Liñán, A.. 2013. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, S. & Torcal, M.. 2006. Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the Third Wave of Democratization. In Katz, R. S. and Crotty, W., eds., Handbook of Political Parties. London: Sage, pp. 204227.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, S. & Scully, T., eds. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, S. & Shugart, M. S.. 1997. Juan Linz, Presidentialism and Democracy. A Critical Appraisal. Comparative Politics, 29(4): 449471.Google Scholar
Malthus, T. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard.Google Scholar
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D.. & Weil, D. N.. 1992. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2): 407437.Google Scholar
Mann, M. 1986. The Sources of Social Power, Volume I: A History of Power from the Beginnings to 1760 AD. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, M. 2004. Fascists. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mansfield, E. D. & Snyder, J. L.. 2007. The Sequencing ‘Fallacy’. Journal of Democracy, 18(3): 510.Google Scholar
Mantilla, L. F. 2010. Mobilizing Religion for Democracy: Explaining Catholic Church Support for Democratization in South America. Politics and Religion, 3(3): 553579.Google Scholar
Maoz, Z. & Henderson, E. A.. 2013. The World Religion Dataset, 1945-2010: Logic, Estimates, and Trends. International Interactions, 39(3): 265291.Google Scholar
Maoz, Z. & Russett, B.. 1993. Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace. American Political Science Review, 87(3): 640654.Google Scholar
Marquardt, K. L. 2018. Identity, Social Mobility, and Ethnic Mobilization: Language and the Disintegration of the Soviet Union. Comparative Political Studies, 51(7): 831867.Google Scholar
Marquardt, K. L. & Pemstein, D.. 2018. IRT Models for Expert-Coded Panel Data. Political Analysis, 26(4): 431456.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. G., Gurr, T. R.. & Jaggers, K.. 2013. POLITY IV PROJECT: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2013. Center for Systemic Peace.Google Scholar
Matloff, J. 2017. No Friends but the Mountains: Dispatches from the World’s Violent Highlands. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mayoral, L. & Olsson, O.. 2019. Pharoah’s Cage: Environmental Circumscription and Appropriability in Early State Development. Working paper. Online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3496225Google Scholar
Mayshar, J., Moav, O.. & Neeman, Z.. 2017. Geography, Transparency, and Institutions. American Political Science Review, 111(3): 622636.Google Scholar
Mayshar, J., Moav., O., Neeman., Z. & Pascali, L.. 2019. The Origin of the State: Land Productivity or Appropriability? Unpublished manuscript, Hebrew University.Google Scholar
Mazzuca, S. L. & Munck, G. L.. 2014. State or Democracy First? Alternative Perspectives on the State-Democracy Nexus. Democratization, 21(7): 12211243.Google Scholar
McConnaughy, C. M. 2014. The Woman Suffrage Movement in America: A Reassessment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McDonald, P. J. 2015. Great Powers, Hierarchy, and Endogenous Regimes: Rethinking the Domestic Causes of Peace. International Organization, 69(3): 557588.Google Scholar
Mechkova, V., Lührmann, A.. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2017. How Much Backsliding? Journal of Democracy, 28(4): 162169.Google Scholar
Mellinger, A. D., Sachs, J. D.. & Gallup, J.. 2000. Climate, Coastal Proximity, and Development. In Clark., G. L., Gertler, M. S.. & Feldman., M. P., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 169194.Google Scholar
Meltzer, A. H. & Richard, S. F.. 1981. A Rational Theory of the Size of Government. Journal of Political Economy, 89(5): 914927.Google Scholar
Menaldo, V. 2012. The Middle East and North Africa’s Resilient Monarchs. Journal of Politics, 74(3): 707722.Google Scholar
Michael, C., Denison, B., Tiscornia, L. & Lindberg, S. I. 2016. Varieties of Democratic Diffusion: Neighbors, Trade, and Alliance Networks, Varieties of Democracy Institute Working Paper No. 2 (revised).Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, S. 2012. The Origins of Ethnolinguistic Diversity. American Economic Review, 102(4): 1508–39.Google Scholar
Mickey, R. 2015. Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America’s Deep South, 1944-1972. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Midlarsky, M. I. 1995. Environmental Influences on Democracy: Aridity, Warfare, and a Reversal of the Causal Arrow. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39(2): 224262.Google Scholar
Migdal, J. 1988. Strong Societies, Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1861/1958. Considerations on Representative Government. New York: Liberal Arts Press.Google Scholar
Miller, M. K. 2012. Economic Development, Violent Leader Removal, and Democratization. American Journal of Political Science, 56(4): 10021020.Google Scholar
Miller, M. K. 2015. Democratic Pieces: Autocratic Elections and Democratic Development since 1815. British Journal of Political Science, 45(3): 501530.Google Scholar
Miller, M. K. 2016. Democracy by Example? Why Democracy Spreads When the World’s Democracies Prosper. Comparative Politics, 49(1): 83116.Google Scholar
Miller, M. K., Joseph, M.. & Ohl, D.. 2018. Are Coups Really Contagious? An Extreme Bounds Analysis of Political Diffusion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(2): 410441.Google Scholar
Milner, H. & Kubota, K.. 2005. Why the Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries. International Organization, 59(1): 107143.Google Scholar
Milner, H. V. & Mukherjee, B.. 2009. Democratization and Economic Globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 163181.Google Scholar
Møller, J. & Skaaning, S. E.. 2011. Requisites of Democracy: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Explanation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Møller, J. & Skaaning, S. E.. 2011. Stateness First? Democratization, 18(1): 124.Google Scholar
Møller, J. & Skaaning, S. E.. 2013. Democracy and Democratization in Comparative Perspective: Conceptions, Conjunctures, Causes, and Consequences. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Montalvo, J. G. & Reynal-Querol, M.. 2005a. Ethnic Diversity and Economic Development. Journal of Development Economics, 76(2): 293323.Google Scholar
Montalvo, J. G. & Reynal-Querol, M.. 2005b. Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars. American Economic Review, 95(3): 796816.Google Scholar
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat. 1748 [1989]. The Spirit of the Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, B. 1966. Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Moral-Benito, E. 2013. Likelihood-Based Estimation of Dynamic Panels With Predetermined Regressors. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 31(4): 451472.Google Scholar
Moral-Benito, E. & Bartolucci, C.. 2012. Income and Democracy: Revisiting the Evidence. Banco de Espana Working Paper No. 1115Google Scholar
Muller, E. N. 1988. Democracy, economic development, and income inequality. American Sociological Review, 53(1): 5068.Google Scholar
Muller, E. N. 1995. Economic Determinants of Democracy. American Sociological Review, 60 (4): 966982.Google Scholar
Munck, G. L. 2009. Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Munck, G. L. 2019. The Quest for Knowledge About Societies: How Advances in the Social Sciences Have Been Made. Book manuscript, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Munck, G. L. & Verkuilen, J.. 2002. Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices. Comparative Politics Studies, 35(1): 534.Google Scholar
Murdie, A. & Peksen, D.. 2014. Women and Contentious Politics: A Global Event-Data Approach to Understanding Women’s Protest. Political Research Quarterly, 68(1): 180192.Google Scholar
Murshed, S. M., Bergougui, B., Badiuzzaman, M., & Pulok, M. H. 2020. Fiscal Capacity, Democratic Institutions and Social Welfare Outcomes in Developing Countries. Defence and Peace Economics, Online first https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2020.1817259.Google Scholar
Murtin, F. & Wacziarg, R.. 2014. The Democratic Transition. Journal of Economic Growth, 19(2): 141181.Google Scholar
Myerson, R. B. 2006. Federalism and Incentives for Success of Democracy. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 1: 323.Google Scholar
Narizny, K. 2012. Anglo-American Primacy and the Global Spread of Democracy: An International Genealogy. World Politics, 64(2): 341373.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. V. R. 2005. The Rise of ‘Muslim Democracy’. Journal of Democracy, 16(2): 1327.Google Scholar
Negretto, G. 2006. Minority Presidents and Democratic Performance in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(3): 6392.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E. & Plümper, T.. 2016. W. Political Science Research and Methods, 4(1): 175193.Google Scholar
Noland, M. 2008. Explaining Middle Eastern Political Authoritarianism I: The Level of Democracy. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 4(1): 130.Google Scholar
Norris, P. 2012. Making Democratic Governance Work: How Regimes Shape Prosperity, Welfare, and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norris, P. & Inglehart, R.. 2011. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Nunn, N. & Puga, D.. 2012. Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1): 2036.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G. & Schmitter, P. C.. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Vol. 4: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UniversityGoogle Scholar
O’Loughlin, J., Ward., M. D., Lofdahl, C. L.., Cohen, J. S.., Brown, D. S.. & Reilly, D.. 1998. The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946–1994. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88(4): 545574.Google Scholar
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Olsson, O. 2005. Geography and Institutions: A Review of Plausible and Implausible Linkages. Journal of Economics, 86(1): 167194.Google Scholar
Olsson, O. 2009. On the Democratic Legacy of Colonialism. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37(4): 534551.Google Scholar
Ott, D. 2000. Small is Democratic: An Examination of State Size and Democratic Development. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Owolabi, O. 2010. Forced Settlement, Colonial Occupation and Divergent Political Regime Outcomes in the Developing World, 1946–2004. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Conference, Washington DC, 2–5 September.Google Scholar
Owolabi, O. 2012. The Colonial Origins of Development and Underdevelopment, Democracy and Authoritarianism: Forced Settlement, Occupation and the Divergent Consequences of Colonial Rule in the West Indies and Sub-Saharan Africa. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar
Paine, J. 2019. Democratic Contradictions in European Settler Colonies. World Politics, 71(3): 542585.Google Scholar
Paxton, P. 2000. Women’s Suffrage in the Measurement of Democracy: Problems of Operationalization. Studies in Comparative International Development, 35(3): 92111.Google Scholar
Paxton, P., Hughes, M. M.. & Green, J. L.. 2006. The International Women’s Movement and Women’s Political Representation, 1893–2003. American Sociological Review, 71(6): 898920.Google Scholar
Peattie, R. 1936. Mountain Geography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pelke, L. & Friesen, P.. 2019. Democratization Articles Dataset: An Introduction. Democratization, 26(1): 140160.Google Scholar
Pemstein, D., Marquardt., K. L., Tzelgov., E., Wang., Y., Medzihorsky., J., Krusell., J., Miri., F. & von Römer, J.. 2019. The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data. V-Dem Working Paper No. 21. 4th edition. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.Google Scholar
Pemstein, D., Meserve, S.. & Melton, J.. 2010. Democratic Compromise: A Latent Variable Analysis of Ten Measures of Regime Type. Political Analysis, 18(4): 426449.Google Scholar
Persson, T. & Tabellini, G.. 2009. Democratic Capital: The Nexus of Political and Economic Change. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 1(2): 88126.Google Scholar
Pettersson, T. 2019. UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset Codebook v 19.1. Available at: https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/.Google Scholar
Pettersson, T., Högbladh, S.. & Öberg, M.. 2019. Organized violence, 1989-2018 and peace agreements. Journal of Peace Research, 56(4): 589603.Google Scholar
Pevehouse, J. C. 2002. With a Little Help from My Friends? Regional Organizations and the Consolidation of Democracy. American Journal of Political Science, 46(3): 611626.Google Scholar
Philpott, D. 2004. Christianity and Democracy: The Catholic Wave. Journal of Democracy, 15(2): 3246.Google Scholar
Platteau, J. P. 2008. Religion, politics, and development: Lessons from the lands of Islam. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 68(2): 329351.Google Scholar
Plattner, M. F. 2019. Illiberal Democracy and the Struggle on the Right. Journal of Democracy, 30(1): 519.Google Scholar
Ponticelli, J. & Voth, H. J.. 2011. Austerity and Anarchy: Budget Cuts and Social Unrest in Europe, 1919-2009. Working Paper. Online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1908561Google Scholar
Potrafke, N. 2012. Islam and Democracy. Public Choice, 151 (1–2): 185192.Google Scholar
Power, T. J. & Gasiorowski, M. J.. 1997. Institutional Design and Democratic Consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 30(2): 123155.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. 2004. Institutions Matter? Government and Opposition, 39(2): 527540.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., Alvarez., M., Cheibub, J. A.. & Limongi, F.. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. & Limongi, F.. 1997. Modernization: Theories and Facts. World Politics, 49(2): 155183.Google Scholar
Puddington, A. & Roylance, T.. 2017. The Freedom House Survey for 2016: The Dual Threat of Populists and Autocrats. Journal of Democracy, 28(2): 105119.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi., R. & Nanetti, R.. 1994. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rabushka, A. & Shepsle, K. A.. 1972. Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Political Instability. Columbus: Merrill.Google Scholar
Rahman, A. & Venhoven, R.. 2018. Freedom and Happiness in Nations: A Research Synthesis. Applied Research on Quality of Life, 13(2): 435456.Google Scholar
Rapport, M. 2008. 1848: Year of Revolution. London: Little.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reenock, C., Bernhard, M., & Sobek, D.. 2007. Regressive Socioeconomic Distribution and Democratic Survival. International Studies Quarterly, 51(3): 677699.Google Scholar
Reenock, C., Staton, J. K.. & Radean, M.. 2013. Legal Institutions and Democratic Survival. Journal of Politics, 75(2): 491505.Google Scholar
Reilly, B. 2012. Institutional Designs for Diverse Democracies: Consociationalism, Centripetalism and Communalism Compared. European Political Science, 11(2): 259270.Google Scholar
Reynal-Querol, M. 2002. Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(1): 2954.Google Scholar
Richards, J. 1982. Politics in Small Independent Communities: Conflict or Consensus? Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 20(2): 155171.Google Scholar
Riggs, F. 1993. Fragility of the Third World Regimes. International Social Science Journal, 136; 199243.Google Scholar
Riley, D. 2010. The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania 1870–1945. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, K. M. 1998. Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, T. L. 2015. The Durability of Presidential and Parliament-Based Dictatorships. Comparative Political Studies, 48(7): 915948.Google Scholar
Rød, E. G., Knutsen, C. H.. & Hegre, H. et al. 2020. The Determinants of Democracy: A Sensitivity Analysis. Public Choice, 185(1–2): 87111.Google Scholar
Ross, M. 2015. What Have We Learned About the Resource Curse? Annual Review of Political Science, 18: 239259.Google Scholar
Ross, M. & Mahdavi, P.. 2015. Oil and Gas Data, 1932–2014. Harvard Dataverse.Google Scholar
Ross, M. L. 2001. Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics, 53(3): 325361.Google Scholar
Ross, M. L. 2012. The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rothstein, B. 1998. Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rothstein, B. & Broms, R.. 2013. Governing Religion: The Long-Term Effects of Sacred Financing. Journal of Institutional Economics, 9(4): 469490.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J. J. (1993[1762]). The Social Contract. In Rousseau, J. J., ed., The Social Contract and Discourses. London: Dent, pp. 180309.Google Scholar
Rowley, C. K. & Smith, N.. 2009. Islam’s Democracy Paradox: Muslims Claim to Like Democracy, So Why Do They Have So Little? Public Choice, 139(3): 273299.Google Scholar
Royle, S. A. 2001. A Geography of Islands: Small Island Insularity. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rudolph, S. H. 1997. Introduction: Religion, States, and Transnational Civil Society. In Rudolph, S. H.. & Piscatori., J., eds., Transnational Religion and Fading States. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Rudra, N. 2005. Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4): 704730.Google Scholar
Rueschemeyer, D., Stephens, E. H.. & Stephens, J. D.. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rummel, R. 1997. Death by Government. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Rustow, D. 1970. Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Comparative Politics, 2(3): 337363.Google Scholar
Sadowski, Y. 2006. Political Islam: Asking the Wrong Questions? Annual Review Political Science, 9: 215240.Google Scholar
Saghaug Broderstad, T. 2018. A Meta-Analysis of Income and Democracy. Democratization, 25(2): 293311Google Scholar
Saideman, S. M., Lanoue., D. J., Campenni., M. & Stanton, S.. 2002. Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1985–1998. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1): 103129.Google Scholar
Sambanis, N. 2001. Do Ethnic and Non-Ethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part I). Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(3): 259282.Google Scholar
Sanborn, H. & Thyne, C. L.. 2014. Learning democracy: Education and the fall of authoritarian regimes. British Journal of Political Science, 44(4): 773797.Google Scholar
Sarkees, M. R. & Wayman, F.. 2010. Resort to War: 1816 – 2007. Washington: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sawer, M. 2012. Marxism and the Question of the Asiatic Mode of Production, (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9685-4Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E.E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Rinehart and Company.Google Scholar
Schimmelfennig, F. 2007. European Regional Organizations, Political Conditionality, and Democratic Transformation in Eastern Europe. East European Politics & Societies, 21(1): 126141.Google Scholar
Schönholzer, D. 2020. The Origin of the Incentive Compatible State: Environmental Circumscription. Unpublished manuscript, Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Schulz, J., Barahmi-Rad., D., Beauchamp., J. & Henrich, J.. 2018. The Origins of WEIRD Psychology. Online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3201031Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. 1949. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3rd ed. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. 2017. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Selway, J. & Templeman, K.. 2012. The Myth of Consociationalism? Conflict Reduction in Divided Societies. Comparative Political Studies, 45(12): 15421571.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1993. Capability and Well-Being. In Nussbaum, M.. & Sen., A., eds., The Quality of Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3053.Google Scholar
Seul, J. 1999. “Ours Is the Way of God”: Religion, Identity, and Intergroup Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 36(5): 553569.Google Scholar
Sharabi, H. 1988. Neopatriarchy: A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shugart, M. S. & Carey, J. M.. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies. Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sing, M. 2010. Explaining Democratic Survival Globally (1946–2002). The Journal of Politics, 72(2): 438455.Google Scholar
Singer, D. J., Bremer, S., and Stuckey, J. (1972). Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965. In B. Russett (ed.), Peace, War, and Numbers, pp. 1948. Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Siverson, R. M. & Emmons, J.. 1991. Birds of a Feather Democratic Political Systems and Alliance Choices in the Twentieth Century. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35(2): 285306.Google Scholar
Skaaning, S. E. 2020. Waves of Autocratization and Democratization: A Critical Note on Conceptualization and Measurement. Democratization, 27(8): 15331542.Google Scholar
Skaaning, S. E., Gerring, J.. & Bartusevičius, H.. 2015. A Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 48(12): 14911525.Google Scholar
Skaaning, S. E. & Jeminez, M.. 2017. The Global State of Democracy, 1975–2015. In International IDEA, The Global State of Democracy: Exploring Democracy’s Resilience. Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pp. 233.Google Scholar
Slater, D. & Fenner, S.. 2011. State Power and Staying Power: Infrastructural Mechanisms and Authoritarian Durability. Journal of International Affairs, 65(1): 1529.Google Scholar
Slater, D., Smith, B.. & Nair, G.. 2014. Economic Origins of Democratic Breakdown? The Redistributive Model and the Postcolonial State. Perspectives on Politics, 12(2): 353374.Google Scholar
Smith, B. 2004. Oil Wealth and Regime Survival in the Developing World, 1960–1999. American Journal of Political Science, 48(2): 232246.Google Scholar
Smith, B. 2006. The Wrong Kind of Crisis: Why Oil Booms and Busts Rarely Lead to Authoritarian Breakdown. Studies in Comparative International Development, 40(4): 5576.Google Scholar
Snyder, J. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Solt, F. 2009. Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2): 231242.Google Scholar
Srebrnik, H. 2004. Small Island Nations and Democratic Values. World Development, 32(2): 329341.Google Scholar
Stamatov, P. 2010. Activist Religion, Empire, and the Emergence of Modern Long-distance Advocacy Networks. American Sociological Review, 75(4): 607628.Google Scholar
Starr, H. 1991. Democratic Dominoes Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35(2): 356381.Google Scholar
Starr, H. & Lindborg, C.. 2003. Democratic Dominoes Revisited: The Hazards of Governmental Transitions, 1974-1996. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(4): 490519.Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. 2016. Representation and Consent Why They Arose in Europe and Not Elsewhere. Annual Review of Political Science, 19: 145–62.Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. 2020. The Decline and Rise of Democracy: A Global History from Antiquity to Today. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. 1985. State Power and the Strength of Civil Society in the Southern Cone of Latin America. In Evans., P. B., Rueschemeyer, D.. & Skocpol., T., eds., Bringing the State Back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 317346.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. & Skach, C.. 1993. Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation. Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism. World Politics, 46(1): 122.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. C. 2000. Religion, Democracy, and the “Twin Tolerations”. Journal of Democracy, 11(4): 3757.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. C. & Robertson, G. B.. 2003. An “Arab” More than a “Muslim” Democracy Gap. Journal of Democracy, 14(3): 3044.Google Scholar
Stockton, H. 2001. Political Parties, Party Systems, and Democracy in East Asia Lessons from Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 34(1): 94119.Google Scholar
Strøm, K. 2000. Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 37(3): 261289.Google Scholar
Sutton, P. 2007. Democracy and Good Governance in Small States. In Kisanga, E. & Danchie., S. J., eds., Commonwealth Small States: Issues and Prospects. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.Google Scholar
Sutton, P. & Payne, A.. 1993. Lilliput Under Threat: The Security Problems of Small Island and Enclave Developing States. Political Studies, 41(4): 579593.Google Scholar
Svolik, M. 2008. Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation. American Political Science Review, 102(2): 153168.Google Scholar
Svolik, M. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, M. 2015. Which Democracies Will Last? Coups, Incumbent Takeovers, and the Dynamic of Democratic Consolidation. British Journal of Political Science, 45(4): 715738.Google Scholar
Templeman, K. A. 2012. The Origins and Decline of Dominant Party Systems: Taiwan’s Transition in Comparative Perspective. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Teorell, J. 2010. Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972-2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Teorell, J., Charron., N., Dahlberg., S., Holmberg., S., Rothstein., B., Sundin., P. & Svensson, R.. 2013. The Quality of Government Dataset, version 15. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, Available at: www.qog.pol.gu.se.Google Scholar
Teorell, J., Coppedge., M., Lindberg, S. I.. & Skaaning, S. E.. 2019. Measuring Polyarchy across the Globe, 1900–2017. Studies in Comparative International Development, 54(1): 7195.Google Scholar
Teorell, J. & Hadenius, A.. 2009. Elections as Levers of Democracy: A Global Inquiry. In Lindberg, S. I., ed., Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Teorell, J. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2019. Beyond Democracy-Dictatorship Measures: A New Framework Capturing Executive Bases of Power, 1789–2016. Perspectives on Politics, 17(1): 6684.Google Scholar
Tessler, M. 2002. Islam and democracy in the Middle East: The impact of religious orientations on attitudes toward democracy in four Arab countries. Comparative Politics, 34(3): 337354.Google Scholar
Tierney, B. 1988. The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. 1975. Reflections on the History of European State-Making. In Tilly, C., ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 384.Google Scholar
Tobler, W. R. 1970. A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography, 46: 234–40.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1988[1835/40Democracy in America. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Tollefsen, A. F., Strand, H.. & Buhaug, H.. 2012. PRIO-GRID: A Unified Spatial Data Structure. Journal of Peace Research, 49(2): 363374.Google Scholar
Treier, S. & Jackman, S.. 2008. Democracy as a Latent Variable. American Journal of Political Science, 52(1): 201217.Google Scholar
Treisman, D. 2015. Income, Democracy, and Leader Turnover. American Journal of Political Science, 59(4): 927942.Google Scholar
Treisman, D. 2020. Economic Development and Democracy: Predispositions and Triggers. Annual Review of Political Science, 23: 241257.Google Scholar
Tripp, A. M. 2001. The New Political Activism in Africa. Journal of Democracy, 12(3): 141155.Google Scholar
Troy, J. 2009. “Catholic Waves” of Democratization? Roman Catholicism and Its Potential for Democratization. Democratization, 16(6): 10931114.Google Scholar
Tsebelis, G. 1995. Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism. British Journal of Political Science, 25(3): 289325.Google Scholar
Tsui, K. K. 2010. Resource Curse, Political Entry, and Deadweight Costs. Economics & Politics, 22(3): 471497.Google Scholar
Tullock, G. 2005. The Social Dilemma of Autocracy, Revolution, Coup D’État, and War. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Tusalem, R. F. 2009. The Role of Protestantism in Democratic Consolidation among Transitional States. Comparative Political Studies, 42(7): 882915.Google Scholar
Ufen, A. 2008. Political Party and Party System Institutionalization in Southeast Asia: Lessons for Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. The Pacific Review, 21(3): 327350.Google Scholar
van Ham, C. & Seim, B.. 2018. Strong States, Weak Elections? How State Capacity in Authoritarian Regimes Conditions the Democratizing Power of Elections. International Political Science Review, 39(1): 4966.Google Scholar
Vanhanen, T. 1999. Domestic Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Nepotism: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Peace Research, 36(1): 5573.Google Scholar
Vanhanen, T. 2003. Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000 [computer file]. FSD1216, version 1.0 (2003-03-10). Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. Available at: www.fsd.uta.fi/en/data/catalogue/FSD1216/meF1216e.htmlGoogle Scholar
Varshney, A. 2007. Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict. In Boix, C.. & Stokes, S., eds., Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 274295.Google Scholar
Vasselai, F., Baltz, S.. & Hicken, A.. 2019. Presidents and/or Prime Ministers: A Historical Dataset. Working paper presented at the American Political Science Association Conference.Google Scholar
Veenendaal, W. P. 2013. Political Representation in Microstates: St. Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, and Palau. Comparative Politics, 45(4): 437456.Google Scholar
Veenendaal, W. P. 2014. A Big Prince in a Tiny Realm: Smallness, Monarchy, and Political Legitimacy in the Principality of Liechtenstein. Swiss Political Science Review, 21(2): 333349.Google Scholar
Wallace, J. 2013. Cities, Redistribution, and Authoritarian Regime Survival. The Journal of Politics, 75(3): 632645.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, I ´. 1974. The Modern World-System, vol. I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Lindenfors., P., Sundström., A., Jansson., F., Paxton., P. & Lindberg, S. I.. 2017. Women’s Rights in Democratic Transitions: A Global Sequence Analysis, 1900–2012. European Journal of Political Research, 56(4): 735756.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Mechkova, V.. & Andersson, F.. 2019. Does Democracy Enhance Health? New Empirical Evidence 1900–2012. Political Research Quarterly, 72(3): 554569.Google Scholar
Waylen, G. 2007. Engendering Transitions: Women’s Mobilization, Institutions, and Gender Outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1965. Politics as a Vocation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 1968 [1922]. Economy and Society. 2 Vols. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. 2013 [1909]. The Agrarian Sociology of Ancient Civilizations. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Weart, S. R. 1998. Never at War. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Weingast, B. 1997. The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law. American Political Science Review, 91(2): 245263.Google Scholar
Welzel, C. 2013. Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Welzel, C. 2014. Evolution, Empowerment, and Emancipation: How Societies Climb the Freedom Ladder. World Development, 64: 3351.Google Scholar
Welzel, C. 2015. Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weyland, K. G. 2007. Bounded Rationality and Policy Diffusion. Social Sector Reform in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weyland, K. 2014. Making Waves: Democratic Contention in Europe and Latin America since the Revolutions of 1848. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehead, L. 1986. International Aspects of Democratization. In O’Donnell., G., Schmitter, P. C.. & Whitehead, L., eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 346.Google Scholar
Whitehead, L. 2001. Three International Dimensions of Democratization. In Whitehead., L., eds., The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 327.Google Scholar
Wigley, S., Dieleman, J. L.., Templin., T., Mumford, J. E.. & Bollyky, T. J.. 2020. Autocratisation and Universal Health Coverage: Synthetic Control Study. British Medical Journal, 371: m4040.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, S. I. 2009. Riots. Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 329343.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. C. & Knutsen, C. H.. 2020. Geographical Coverage in Political Science Research. Perspectives on Politics, FirstView: 116.Google Scholar
Wimmer, A., Cederman, L. E.. & Min, B.. 2009. Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict. A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Dataset. American Sociological Review 74(2): 316337.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, K. A. 1957. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, E. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Woodberry, R. D. 2012. The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy. The American Political Science Review, 106(4): 244274.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2013. World Development Indicators 2013. Washington: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2016. World Development Indicators 2016. Washington: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yashar, D. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Zhukov, Y. M. & Stewart, B. M.. 2013. Choosing Your Neighbors: Networks of Diffusion in International Relations. International Studies Quarterly, 57(2): 271287.Google Scholar
Ziblatt, D. 2008. Does Landholding Inequality Block Democratization? A Test of the Bread and Democracy Thesis and the Case of Prussia. World Politics, 60(4): 610641.Google Scholar
Ziblatt, D. 2017. Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×