This book is the second volume of a planned trilogy on the challenges of electoral integrity around the world, including why it matters, why electoral integrity fails, and what can be done to address these problems.

The study is part of the Electoral Integrity Project (EIP), a six-year research project. Research has been generously supported by the award of the Kathleen Fitzpatrick Australian Laureate from the Australian Research Council, as well as grants from International IDEA, Global Integrity, and at Harvard by the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, the Roy and Lila Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, and the Australian Studies Committee. I am also most grateful to the World Values Survey Association for including the electoral integrity battery in the sixth wave survey.

The EIP is based at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government and the Department of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney. I am indebted to Graeme Gill, Duncan Ivison, Michael Spence, and Simon Tormey for facilitating the arrangement in Sydney, as well as to all colleagues in the department. The book would not have been possible without the research team at Sydney, who have played an essential role in stimulating ideas, providing critical feedback and advice, generating related publications, and organizing events, especially developing the Perception of Electoral Integrity (PEI) dataset. I owe an immense debt to Richard W. Frank, Ferran Martinez i Coma, Max Grömping, and Andrea Abel van Es, as well as Fellows and interns visiting the project.

The intellectual foundations for this study build upon a series of earlier books for Cambridge University Press that have compared electoral institutions, voting behavior, political culture, and processes of democratization, particularly the first volume of the trilogy, Why Electoral Integrity Matters (Cambridge University Press 2014).

As always, this book also owes immense debts to many friends and colleagues. I also appreciate all colleagues and friends who provided encouraging comments about this project during its gestation, including Sarah Birch, David Carroll, Ivor Crewe, Larry Diamond, Jorge Dominguez, Jörgen Elklit, David Ellwood, Mark Franklin, Ben Goldsmith, Thad Hall, Carolien Van Ham, Susan Hyde, John Keane, Judith Kelley, Alex Keyssar, Larry LeDuc, Jane Mansbridge, Ian McAllister, Marc Plattner, Ben Reilly, Andy Reynolds, Sidney Verba, and Chad Vickery.