Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 6
  • Sonu Bedi, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
September 2013
Print publication year:
2013
Online ISBN:
9781139087643

Book description

The conventional interpretation of equality under the law singles out certain groups or classes for constitutional protection: women, racial minorities, and gays and lesbians. The United States Supreme Court calls these groups 'suspect classes'. Laws that discriminate against them are generally unconstitutional. While this is a familiar account of equal protection jurisprudence, this book argues that this approach suffers from hitherto unnoticed normative and political problems. The book elucidates a competing, extant interpretation of equal protection jurisprudence that avoids these problems. The interpretation is not concerned with suspect classes but rather with the kinds of reasons that are already inadmissible as a matter of constitutional law. This alternative approach treats the equal protection clause like any other limit on governmental power, thus allowing the Court to invalidate equality-infringing laws and policies by focusing on their justification rather than the identity group they discriminate against.

Reviews

'This work will appeal to both scholars of public law and political theory. Highly recommended.'

M. W. Bowers Source: Choice

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

References

Abbey, Ruth. 2007. “Back toward a Comprehensive Liberalism? Justice as Fairness, Gender, and Families,” Political Theory 35(5): 5–28.
Ackerman, Bruce. 1993. We the People: Foundations (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Ackerman, Bruce. 1985. Beyond Carolene Products, 98 Harvard Law Re-view 713.
Ackerman, Bruce. 1980. Social Justice and the Liberal State. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).
Alexander, Lawrence A. 2002. “Equal Protection and the Irrelevance of ‘Groups’” Issues in Legal Scholarship, The Origins and Fate of Antisubordination Theory: Article 1. http://www.bepress.com/ils/iss2/art1.
Allan, T. R. S. 1999. “The Rule of Law as the Rule of Reason: Consent and Constitutionalism,” 115 Law Quarterly Review221.
Amar, Akhil Reed. 1996. “Attainder and Amendment 2: Romer's Rightness,” 95 Michigan Law Review203.
American Sugar Refining Company v. Louisiana, 179 U.S. 89 (1900).
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2005. The Ethics of Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 1994. “Identity, Authenticity, Survival: Multi-cultural Societies and Social Reproductions,” in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Appleton, Susan Frelich. 2005. “Same-Sex Couples: Defining Marriage in the Twenty-First Century: Missing in Action? Searching for Gender Talk in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate,” 16 Stanford Law and Policy Review97.
Araiza, William D. 2007. “Irrationality and Animus in Class-of-One Equal Protection Cases,” 34 Ecology Law Quarterly493.
Avins, Alfred. 1966. “Anti-Miscegenation Laws and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Intent,” 52 Virginia Law Review1224.
Ayres, Ian. 1996. “Narrow Tailoring,” 43 UCLA Law Review1781.
Ayres, Ian, and Sydney Foster. 2007. “Don't Tell, Don't Ask: Narrow Tailoring After Grutter and Gratz,” 85 Texas Law Review517.
Babst, Gordon. 2002. Liberal Constitutionalism, Marriage, and Sexual Orientation: A Contemporary Case for Dis-establishment. New York: Peter Lang.
Baehr v. Lewin, 74 Haw. 645 (Haw. 1993).
Baker v. Nelson, 409 U.S. 810 (1972).
Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999).
Balkin, Jack M. 2011. Living Originalism. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Balkin, Jack M. 2005. What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision, ed. Jack M. Balkin. New York: New York Press: 31–62.
Balkin, Jack M., and Reva Siegel. 2003. “The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?58 University of Miami Law Review9.
Ball, Carlos A. 2003. The Morality of Gay Rights: An Exploration in Political Philosophy. New York: Routledge Press.
Barnett, Randy. 2008. “Scrutiny Land,” 106 Michigan Law Review1479.
Barry, Brian. 2001. Culture and Equality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bartels, Brandon L. 2009. “The Constraining Capacity of Legal Doctrine on the U.S. Supreme Court,” American Political Science Review 103(3): 474–95.
Beauvoir, Simone de. 2009 [1949]. The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Knopf Press.
Bedi, Sonu. 2013. “Collapsing Suspect Class with Suspect Classification: Why Strict Scrutiny Is Too Strict and Maybe Not Strict Enough,” 47 University of Georgia Law Review301.
Bedi, Sonu. 2009. Rejecting Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bedi, Sonu. 2007. “Debate: What Is So Special About Religion? The Dilemma of the Religious Exemption,’The Journal of Political Philosophy 15(2): 235–49.
Bedi, Sonu. 2005. “Repudiating Morals Legislation: Rendering the Constitutional Right to Privacy Obsolete,” 53 Cleveland State Law Review447.
Benhabib, Seyla. 2002. The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Benhabib, Seyla. 1986. Critique, Norm, and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination,” The American Economic Review 94(4): 991–1013.
Bickel, Alexander. 1962. The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Blankenhorn, David. 2007. The Future of Marriage. Jackson, TN: En-counter Books.
Bolling v. Sharpe 347 U.S. 497 (1954).
Boonin, David. 2011. Should Race Matter? Unusual Answers to the Usual Questions. New York: Cambridge University.
Borooah, Vani K. 2001. “Racial Bias in Police Stops and Searches: An Economic Analysis,” European Journal of Political Economy 17: 17–37.
Bork, Robert H. 1990. The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law. New York: Touchstone.
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
Brake, Elizabeth. 2012. Minimizing Marriage: Marriage, Morality, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brake, Elizabeth. 2004. “Rawls and Feminism: What Should Feminists Make of Liberal Neutrality?Journal of Moral Philosophy 1(3): 293–309.
Bressman, Lisa Schulz. 2003. “Beyond Accountability: Arbitrariness and Legitimacy in the Administrative State,” 78 New York University Law Review461.
Brest, Paul. 1976. “Foreword: In Defense of the Antidiscrimination Principle,” 90 Harvard Law Review 1.
Brest, Paul, Sanford Levinson, Jack M. Balkin, Akhil Reed Amar, and Reva B. Siegel, eds. 2006. Processes of Constitutional Decision Making: Cases and Materials. 5th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Brettschneider, Corey. 2012. When the State Speaks, What Should It Say? How Democracies Can Protect Expression and Promote Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Breyer, Stephen. 2005. Active Liberty: Interpreting our Democratic Constitution. New York: Knopf Press.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294 (1955).
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Brown v. City of Oneonta, 221 F. 3d 329 (2nd Cir. 2000).
Brown, Wendy. 2002. “Suffering the Paradoxes of Rights,” in Left Legalism/Left Critique, eds. Wendy Brown and Janet Halley. Durham: Duke University Press: 420–34.
Brown, Wendy. 1995. States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge Press.
Bybee, Keith J., and Cyril Ghosh. 2009. “Legalizing Public Reason: The American Dream, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Management of Radical Disputes,” Studies in Law, Politics and Society 49: 125–56.
Cahill, Sean. 2004. Same Sex Marriage in the United States: Focus on the Facts: Post 2004 Election Edition. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Califano v. Goldfarb, 430 U.S. 199 (1977).
Califano v. Webster, 430 U.S. 313 (1977).
Card, Claudia. 1996. “Against Marriage and Motherhood,” Hypatia 11(3): 1–23.
Case, Mary Anne. 1995. “Disaggregating Gender from Sex and Sexual Orientation: The Effeminate Man in the Law and Feminist Jurisprudence,” 105 Yale Law Journal1.
Chemerinsky, Erwin. 2011. Constitutional Law, 4th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Chin, Gabriel J. 1996. “The Plessy Myth: Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases,” 82 Iowa Law Review156.
City of Cleburne v. Cleburne, 473 U.S. 432, 441 (1985).
City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989).
Clayton, Matthew. 2006. Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clear, Todd R. 2002. “The Problem with ‘Addition by Subtraction’: The Prison-Crime Relationship in Low-Income Communities,” in Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, eds. Marc Mauer and Meda Chesney-Lind. New York: The New Press.
Cohen, David S. 2011. “The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation,” 20 Columbia Journal of Gender and Law51.
Cohen, David S. 2010. “Keeping Men ‘Men’ and Women Down: Sex Segregation, Anti-Essentialism, and Masculinity,” 33 Harvard Journal of Law and Gender509.
Cole, David. 1999. No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System. New York: New York University Press.
Colker, Ruth. 1986. “Anti-Subordination above All: Sex, Race, and Equal Protection.” 61 New York University Law Review1003.
Cooke, Jacob E., ed. 1961. The Federalist. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976).
Crenshaw, Kimberle. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics,” 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum139.
Crittenden, Ann. 2001. The Price of Motherhood: Why the Most Important Job in the World Is Still the Least Valued. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Cruz, David. 2010. “Equality's Centrality: Proposition 8 and the California Constitution,” 19 Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice45.
Dahl, Robert. 1957. “Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker,” The Journal of Public Law 6: 279–95.
Dane, Perry. 2009. “A Holy Secular Institution,” 58 Emory Law Journal1123.
Delgado, Richard. 2003. Justice at War: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights during Time of Crisis. New York: New York University Press.
Den Otter, Ronald C. 2009. “Is There Really Any Good Argument Against Plural Marriage?” ExpressO. http://works.bepress.com/ronald_den_otter/1.
Den Otter, Ronald. 2009. Judicial Review in an Age of Moral Pluralism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
DePaulo, Bella. 2006. Singled Out: How Singles Are Stereotyped, Stigmatized, and Ignored, and Still Live Happily Ever After. St. Martin's Griffin: New York.
Developments in the Law: Race and the Criminal Process,” 1998. 101 Harvard Law Review1427.
Dudas, Jeffrey R. 2008. The Cultivation of Resentment: Treaty Rights and the New Right. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Dudas, Jeffrey R. 2005. “In the Name of Equal Rights: “Special” Rights and the Politics of Resentment in Post–Civil Rights America,” Law & Society Review 39(4): 723–58.
Dworkin, Ronald. 1986. Law's Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Eberle, Christopher J. 2002. Religious Conviction in Liberal Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eisenberg, Melvin A. (2002). “Symposium: A Tribute to Professor Joseph M. Perillo, The Duty to Rescue in Contract Law,” 71 Fordham Law Review647.
Ellison, Christopher G., Jason D. Boardman, David R. Williams, and James S. Jackson, 2001. “Religious Involvement, Stress, and Mental Health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study,” Social Forces 80(1): 215–49.
Elshtain, Jean Bethke. 1993. Democracy on Trial. CBC Massey Lecture Series. Toronto, ON: House of Anansi Press Ltd.
Ely, John. 1980. Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968).
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. 1993 [1981]. Women in Law, 2nd ed. Champaign: Illinois University Press.
Epstein, Lee, and Jack Knight. 1998. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Epstein, Lee and Thomas G. Walker. 2013, 2012. Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints and Rights, Liberties, and Justice, 8th Edition (Vols. 1 and 2).
Epstein, Richard, ed. 2009. Economics of Constitutional Law. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Epstein, Richard A. 1995. Cases and Materials on Torts, 6th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Eskridge, William N., Jr. 2000. “Comparative Law and the Same-Sex Marriage Debate: A Step-by-Step Approach Toward State Recognition,” 31 McGeorge Law Review641.
Eskridge, William N., Jr. 1999. Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Eskridge, William N., Jr. 1996. The Case for Same-Sex Marriage: From Sexual Liberty to Civilized Commitment. New York: The Free Press.
Eskridge, William N. Jr. 1993. “A History of Same-Sex Marriage,” 79 Virginia Law Review1419.
Estlund, David. 1997. “Shaping and Sex: Commentary on Parts I and II,” in Sex, Preference, and Family: Essays on Law and Nature, eds. David M. Estlund and Martha C. Nussbaum. New York: Oxford University Press: 148–70.
Estlund, David. 1996. “Debate: The Survival of Egalitarian Justice in John Rawls's Political Liberalism,” The Journal of Political Philosophy 4(1): 68–78.
Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947).
Farber, Daniel, and Suzanne Sherry. 1996. “The Pariah Principle,” 13 Constitutional Commentary 257.
Fallon, Richard. 2007. “Strict Judicial Scrutiny,” 54 University of California at Los Angeles Law Review1267.
Farrell, Robert C. 2011. “The Two Versions of Rational-Basis Review and Same-Sex Relationships,” 86 Washington Law Review281.
Farrell, Robert C. 2009. “The Equal Protection Class-of-One Claim: Olech, Engquist, and the Supreme Court's Misadventure,” 61 South Carolina Law Review1.
Farrell, Sandi. 2004. “Reconsidering the Gender-Equality Perspective for Understanding LGBT Rights,” 13 Law and Sexuality605.
Feldblum, Chai R. 1996. “Sexual Orientation, Morality, and the Law: Devlin Revisited,” 57 University of Pittsburg Law Review237.
Fineman, M. A. 1995. The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies. New York: Routledge.
Finnis, John. 1993. “Law, Morality, and Sexual Orientation,” 69 Notre Dame Law Review1049.
Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 631 F.3d 213 (5th Cir. 2011), certiorari granted 132 S.Ct. 1536 (Feb. 21, 2012).
Fiss, Owen M. 1976. “Groups and the Equal Protection Clause,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 5(2): 107–77.
Foley, Edward B. 1992. “Political Liberalism and Establishment Clause Jurisprudence,” 43 Case Western Reserve Law Review963.
Ford, Richard T. 2002. “‘Beyond ‘Difference’: A Reluctant Critique of Legal Identity Politics,” in Left Legalism/Left Critique, eds. Wendy Brown and Janet Halley. Durham: Duke University Press: 38–79.
Forde-Mazrui, K. 2011. “Tradition as Justification: The Case of Opposite Sex Marriage,” 78 University of Chicago of Law Review281.
Forst, Rainer. 2002. Contexts of Justice: Political Philosophy beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Frank, John P., and Robert F. Munro. 1950. “The Original Understanding of “Equal Protection of the Laws,50 Columbia Law Review131.
Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the ‘‘Postsocialist’’ Condition. New York: Routledge.
Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).
Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980).
Galston, William A. 1991. Liberal Purposes: Goods, Virtues, and Diversity in the Liberal State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gaus, Gerald F. 1996. Justificatory Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974).
George, Robert. 2004. “What's Sex Got to Do with It? Marriage, Morality, and Rationality,” 49 American Journal of Jurisprudence63.
George, Robert. 1999. “Same-Sex Marriage and Moral Neutrality,” in Homosexuality and American Public Life, ed. Christopher Wolfe. Dallas, TX: Spence Publishing, pp. 141–53.
George, Robert P. 1993. Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gerstmann, Evan. 2008. Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gerstmann, Evan. 1999. The Constitutional Underclass: Gays, Lesbians, and the Failure of Class-Based Equal Protection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gillman, Howard, Mark Graber, and Keith Whittington, eds. 2013. American Constitutionalism: Structures of Government (Vol. I); Rights and Liberties (Vol. II). New York: Oxford University Press.
Gilroy, Paul. 1993. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Goldberg, Suzanne B. 2004a. “Equality without Tiers,77 Southern California Law Review481.
Goldberg, Suzanne B. 2004b. “Morals-Based Justifications for Lawmaking: Before and After Lawrence v. Texas,” 88 Minnesota Law Review1233.
Goldberg, Suzanne B. 1995. “Civil rights, ‘Special rights,’ and Our Rights,” in Eyes Right! Challenging the Right Wing Backlash, ed. Chip Berlet. Boston: South End Press, pp. 109–12.
Goldberg-Hiller, Jonathan. 1998. “‘Entitled to be Hostile’: Narrating the Political Economy of Civil Rights,” Social and Legal Studies 7(4): 517–38.
Goldberg-Hiller, Jonathan, and Neal Milner. 2003. “Rights as Excess: Understanding the Politics of Special Rights,” Law and Social Inquiry 28(4): 1075–118.
Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007).
Goodell, Maia. 2010. “Physical-Strength Rationales for De Jure Exclusion of Women from Military Combat Positions,” 34 Seattle University Law Review17.
Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health, 440 Mass. 309 (Mass. 2003).
Gotanda, Neil. 1991 A Critique of “Our Constitution Is Color-Blind,” 44 Stanford Law Review1.
Graber, Mark. (2002). “Constitutional Politics and Constitutional Theory: A Misunderstood and Neglected Relationship,” Law & Social Inquiry 27(2): 309–38.
Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365 (1971).
Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003).
Greenawalt, Kent. 1995. Private Consciences and Public Reasons. New York: Oxford University Press.
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
Grossberg, Michael. 1988. Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
Gunther, Gerald. 1972. “Foreword: In Search of Evolving Doctrine on a Changing Court: A Model for a Newer Equal Protection,” 86 Harvard Law Review1.
Gutmann, Amy. 2003. Identity in Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gutmann, Amy. 1993. “The Challenge of Multiculturalism in Political Ethics,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 22(3): 171–206.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 2001. “Remarks on Legitimation through Human Rights,” in The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays, ed. and trans. Max Pensky. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1990. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. C. Lenhardt and S. W. Nicholsen. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Hackstaff, Karla B. 1999. Marriage in a Culture of Divorce. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hall, Stuart. 1992. “New Ethnicities,” in ‘Race’, Culture and Difference, eds. J. Donald and A. Rattansi. London: Sage, p. 258.
Halley, Janet. 2010. “Behind the Law of Marriage (I): From Status/Contract to the Marriage System,” 6 Unbound: Harvard Journal of the Legal Left1.
Halley, Janet. 1994. “Sexual Orientation and the Politics of Biology: A Critique of the Argument from Immutability,” 46 Stanford Law Review503.
Harcourt, Bernard E. 2007. Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Harris, David. 2002. Profiles in Injustice: Why Police Profiling Cannot Work. New York: The New Press.
Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980).
Hartley, Christie, and Lori Watson. 2010. “Is a Feminist Political Liberalism Possible?Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 5 (1).
Hartley, Christie, and Lori Watson, 2009. “Feminism, Religion, and Shared Reasons: A Defense of Exclusive Public Reason,” Law and Philosophy 28(5): 493–536.
Hasday, Jill Elaine. 2008. “Fighting Women: The Military, Sex, and Extrajudicial Constitutional Change,” 93 Minnesota Law Review96.
Helfand, Michael A. 2009. “The Usual Suspect Classifications: Criminals, Aliens and the Future of Same-Sex Marriage,” 12 University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 1.
Hellman, Deborah. 2008. When Is Discrimination Wrong. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Heymann, Jody. 2000. The Widening Gap: Why America's Working Families are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done about it. New York: Basic Books.
In re Marriage, 43 Cal. 4th 757 (Cal. 2008).
Irons, Peter. 1993. Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese-American Internment Cases. University of California Press.
Jagose, Annamarie. 1997. Queer Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
Jenkins, David. 2003. “From Unwritten to Written: Transformation in the British Common-Law Constitution,” 36 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law863.
Jones, Nicole, Bernadette Pelissier, and Jody Klein-Saffran. 2006. “Predicting Sex Offender Treatment among Individual Convicted of Sexual Offense Crimes,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 18(1): 83–98.
Jordan-Zachery, Julia S. 2007. “Am I a Black Woman or a Woman Who Is Black? A Few Thoughts on the Meaning of Intersectionality,” Politics and Gender 3(2): 254–63.
Joslin, Courtney G. 2011. “Searching for Harm: Same-Sex Marriage and the Well-Being of Children,” 46 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review81.
Kahn v. Shevin, 416 U.S. 351 (1974).
Kalscheur, Gregory A. 2006. “Moral Limits on Morals Legislation: Lessons for U.S. Constitutional Law from the Declaration on Religious Freedom,” 16 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal1.
Katz, Sanford N. 2003. Family Law in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keck, Thomas. 2009. “Beyond Backlash: Assessing the Impact of Judicial Decisions on LGBT Rights,” Law and Society Review 43(1): 151–86.
Kennedy, Randall. 1997. Race, Crime and the Law. New York: Pantheon Books.
Khalsa, Ruth K. 2005. Note. “Polygamy as a Red Herring in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate,” 54 Duke Law Journal1664.
Klarman, Michael J. 2005. ‘‘Brown and Lawrence (and Goodridge),’’ 104 University of Michigan Law Review431.
Klarman, Michael J. 1994a. “Brown, Racial Change, and the Civil Rights Movement,” 80 Virginia Law Review7.
Klarman, Michael J. 1994b. “How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis,” The Journal of American History 81(1): 81–118.
Knowles, John, Nicola Persico, and Petra Todd. 2001. “Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence,” Journal of Political Economy 109: 203–29.
Koppelman, Andrew. 2004. “The Fluidity of Neutrality,” The Review of Politics 66(4): 633–48.
Koppelman, Andrew. 2002. The Gay Rights Question in Contemporary American Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Koppelman, Andrew. 1994. “Why Discrimination against Lesbians and Gay Men Is Sex Discrimination,” 69 New York University Law Review197.
Koppelman, Andrew. 1990. “Forced Labor: A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of Abortion,” 84 Northwestern University Law Review 480.
Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
Kukathas, Chandran. 2003. The Liberal Archipelago: A Theory of Diversity and Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kutz, Christopher. 2003. “Groups, Equality, and the Promise of Democratic Politics,” Issues in Legal Scholarship, The Origins and Fate of Antisubordination Theory: Article 13. http://www.bepress.com/ils/iss2/art13.
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Kymlicka, Will. 1989. Liberalism, Community, and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Larmore, Charles E. 1987. Patterns of Moral Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
Law, Sylvia. 1988. “Homosexuality and the Social Meaning of Gender,” 1988 Wisconsin Law Review187.
Law, Sylvia A. 1984. “Rethinking Sex and the Constitution,” 132 University of Pennsylvania Law Review955.
Lax, Jeffrey R. and Justin Phillips. 2009. “Gay Rights in the States: Public Opinion and Policy Responsiveness,” American Political Science Review 103(3): 367–86.
Lecce, Steven. 2008. Against Perfectionism: Defending Liberal Neutrality. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
Leeb, Claudia. 2008. “Toward a Theoretical Outline of the Subject: The Centrality of Adorno and Lacan for Feminist Political Theorizing,” Political Theory 36(3): 351–76.
Lemieux, Scott. 2007. “Scalia and Thomas: Originalist Sinners,” American Prospect. June. http://prospect.org/article/scalia-and-thomasoriginalist-sinners.
Lemieux, Scott E., and David J. Watkins. 2009. “Beyond the ‘Countermajoritarian Difficulty’: Lessons from Contemporary Democratic Theory,Polity 41(1): 30–62.
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971).
Levin, Ronald M. 1997. “The Anatomy of Chevron: Step Two Reconsidered,” 72 Chicago Kent Law Review1253.
Levinson, Sanford. 1995. “How Many Times Has the United States Constitution Been Amended? (A)<26; (B) 26; (C) 27; (D) >27: Accounting for Constitutional Change,” in Responding to Imperfection: The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment, ed. Sanford Levinson. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 13–36.
Littleton, Christine A. 1987. Reconstructing Sexual Equality, 75 California Law Review Cal. L. 1279.
Liu, Frederick, and Stephen Macedo. 2005. “The Federal Marriage Amendment and the Strange Evolution of the Conservative Case against Gay Marriage,” PS: Political Science & Politics 38: 211–15.
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
Luker, Kristin. 1984. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984).
Lyng v. Castillo, 477 U.S. 635 (1986).
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1988. Whose Justice? Which Rationality?Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Mac Donald, Heather. 2001. “The Myth of Racial Profiling,” City Journal 11(2): 15–27.
Macedo, Stephen. 1997. “Sexuality and Liberty: Making Room for Nature and Tradition,” in Sex, Preference, and Family: Essays on Law and Nature, eds. David M. Estlund and Martha C. Nussbaum. New York: Oxford University Press.
Macedo, Stephen. 1995a. “Homosexuality and the Conservative Mind,” 84 Georgetown Law Review261.
Macedo, Stephen. 1995b. “Reply to Critics,” 84 Georgetown Law Review329.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd ed. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1989. Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1987. “Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination,” in Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press: 32–45.
March, Andrew. 2011. “Is There a Right to Polygamy? Marriage, Equality, and Subsidizing Families in Liberal Public Justification,” Journal of Moral Philosophy 8: 246–72.
March, Andrew. 2010. “What Lies beyond Same-Sex Marriage? Marriage, Reproductive Freedom and Future Persons in Liberal Public Justification,” Journal of Applied Philosophy 27(1): 39–58.
Markell, Patchen. 2003. Bound by Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mason, Rebecca. 2010. “Reorienting Deliberation: Identity Politics in Multicultural Societies,” Studies in Social Justice 4(1): 7–23.
Massachusetts v. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 682 F.3d 1 (1st Circuit 2012).
Mathews, Jud, and Alec Stone Sweet. 2011. “All the Things in Proportion? American Rights Review and the Problem of Balancing,” 60 Emory Law Journal797.
Maynard v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190 (1888).
McConnell, Michael W. 1997. “The Importance of Humility in Judicial Review: A Comment on Ronald Dworkin's “Moral Reading” of the Constitution,” 65 Fordham Law Review1269.
McConnell, Michael W. 1996. “Segregation and the Original Understanding: A Reply to Professor Maltz,” 13 Constitutional Commentary233.
McConnell, Michael W. 1995. “Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions,” 81 Virginia Law Review947.
McConnell, Michael W. 1991. “The Selective Funding Problem: Abortions and Religious Schools,” 104 Harvard Law Review989.
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky, 545 U.S. 844 (2005).
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819).
McLaughlin v. State of Florida, 379 U.S. 184 (1964).
McNulty, Thomas L. 2001. “Assessing the Race-Violence Relationship at the Macro Level: the Assumption of Racial Invariance and the Problem of Restricted Distributions,” Criminology 39(2): 467–90.
Meloy, Michelle L. 2005. “The Sex Offender Next Door: An Analysis of Recidivism, Risk Factors, and Deterrence of Sex Offenders on Probation,” Criminal Justice Policy Review 16(2): 211–36.
Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC, 497 U.S. 547 (1990).
Metz, Tamara. 2010. Untying the Knot: Marriage, the State, and the Case for Their Divorce. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Metz, Tamara. 2007. “The Liberal Case for Disestablishing Marriage,” Contemporary Political Theory 6: 196–217.
Michael M. vs. Superior Court of Sonoma County, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982).
Morrison, Matthew M. 2009. Comment, “Class Dismissed: Equal Protection, the ‘Class-of-One,’ and Employment Discrimination after Engquist v. Oregon Department of Agriculture,” 80 University of Colorado Law Re-view839.
Nagel, Thomas. 1973. “Equal Treatment and Compensatory Discrimination,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 2: 348–63.
Nickel, James W. 2007. Making Sense of Human Rights, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
Nussbaum, Martha. 2010. From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha. 2009. Reply. 54 Villa Nova Law Review677.
Nussbaum, Martha. 2004. Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha. 1999. Sex and Social Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Okin, Susan Moller. 2005. “‘Forty Acres and a Mule’ for Women: Rawls and Feminism,” Politics, Philosophy & Economics 4(2): 233–48.
Okin, Susan Moller. 2004. “Justice and Gender: An Unfinished Debate,” 72 Fordham Law Review1537.
Okin, Susan Moller. 2002. “‘Mistresses of Their Own Destiny’: Group Rights, Gender, and Realistic Rights of Exit,” Ethics 112(2): 205–30.
Okin, Susan Moller. 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Okin, Susan Moller. 1994. “Political Liberalism, Justice, and Gender,” Ethics 105(1): 23–43.
Okin, Susan Moller. 1989. Justice, Gender, and the Family. New York: Basic Books.
Oyama v. California, 332 U.S. 633 (1948).
Palmore v. Sidoti, 466 U.S. 429 (1984).
Parekh, Bhikhu C. 2000. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007).
Parker, Frank R. 1996. “Damaging Consequences of the Rehnquist Court's Commitment to Color-Blindness versus Racial Justice,” 45 American University Law Review763.
Perry, Michael. 2009. “Religion as a basis of law-making? Herein of the non-establishment of religion,” Philosophy Social Criticism 35(1–2): 105–26.
Perry, Michael J. 2003. Under God? Religious Faith and Liberal Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Perry v. Brown, 671 F.3d 1052 (9th Cir. 2012).
Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 704 F.Supp.2d 921 (N.D.Cal. 2010).
Persico, Nicola. 2002. “Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policing,” American Economic Review 92(5): 1472–97.
Personnel Administrator of Mass. v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979).
Peterson, Ruth D., and Lauren J. Krivo. 2005. “Macrostructural Analyses of Race, Ethnicity, and Violent Crime: Recent Lessons and Directions for Research,” Annual Review of Sociology 31: 331–56.
Pettinga, Gayle Lynn. 1987. “Rational Basis with Bite: Intermediate Scrutiny by Any Other Name,” 62 Indiana Law Journal779.
Pettit, Philip. 1997. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pinello, Daniel R. 2003. Gay Rights and American Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
Polikoff, Nancy D. 2008. Beyond (Straight and Gay) Marriage: Valuing All Families Under the Law. Boston: Beacon Press.
Posner, Richard. 2010. Economic Analysis of Law, 8th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Posner, Richard. 1992. Sex and Reason. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Powe, Jr., Lucas A. 2000. The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Powell, Jefferson. 2011. “Reasoning about the Irrational: The Roberts Court and the Future of Constitutional Law,” 86 Washington Law Review217.
Pratt, Travis, and Frances Cullen. 2005. “Assessing Macro-Level Predictors and Theories of Crime: A Meta-Analysis,” in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, ed. M. Tonry. Vol. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 373–450.
Quong, Jonathan. 2011. Liberalism without Perfection. New York: Oxford University Press.
Quong, Jonathan. 2004. “The Scope of Public Reason,” Political Studies 52(2): 233–50.
Quong, Jonathan. 2002. “Are Identity Claims Bad for Deliberative Demo-cracy?Contemporary Political Theory 1: 307–27.
Rauch, Jonathan. 1997. “Marrying Somebody,” in Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con, A Reader, ed. Andrew Sullivan. New York: Vintage Books: 285–8.
Raven v. Deukmejian, 52 Cal.3d 336 (Cal. 2009).
Rawls, John. 1999 [1971]. A Theory of Justice, rev. ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, John. 1996 [1993]. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls, John. 1997. “The Ideal of Public Reason Revisited,” 64 University of Chicago Law Review765.
Raz, Joseph. 1986. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
Regan, Donald H. 1979. “Rewriting Roe v. Wade,” 77 Michigan Law Review1569.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1878).
Richards, David A. J. 2005. The Case for Gay Rights: From Bowers to Lawrence and Beyond. Lawrence: Kansas University Press.
Richards, David A. J. 1999. Identity and the Case for Gay Rights: Race, Gender, Religion as Analogies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Richter, Nicole. 2000. “A Standard for ‘Class of One’ Claims under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: Protecting Victims of Non-Class Based Discrimination From Vindictive State Action,” 35 Valparaiso University Law Review197.
Risse, Mathias, and Richard Zeckhauser. 2004. “Racial Profiling,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 32(2): 131–70.
Robinson, Greg, and Toni Robinson. 2005. “Korematsu and Beyond: Japanese Americans and the Origins of Strict Scrutiny,” 68 Law and Contemporary Problems29.
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
Roosevelt, Kermit, III. 2006. The Myth of Judicial Activism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rosenberg, Gerald. 2009. “Much Ado about Nothing? The Emptiness of Rights’ Claims in the Twenty-First Century United States,” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 48: 1–41.
Rosenberg, Gerald. 2006. “Courting Disaster: Looking for Change in All the Wrong Places,” 45 Drake Law Review759.
Rosenberg, Gerald. 2004. “Substituting Symbol for Substance: What Did Brown Really Accomplish?PS: Political Science & Politics 37(2): 205–9.
Rosenberg, Gerald. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rosenblum, Darren. 1994. “Queer Intersectionality and the Failure of Recent Lesbian and Gay “Victories,” 4 Law & Sexuality: Review Lesbian & Gay Legal Issues83.
Rosenfeld, Michael. 1991. Affirmative Action and Justice: A Philosophical and Constitutional Inquiry. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Rosky, Clifford J. 2011. “Perry v. Schwarzenegger and the Future of Same-Sex Marriage Law,” 53 Arizona Law Review913.
Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).
Rubenfeld, Jed. 2005. What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision, ed. Jack M. Balkin. New York: New York Press: 109–20.
Rubenfeld, Jed. 1997. “Affirmative Action,” 107 Yale Law Journal427.
SampsonRobert J. 1987. “Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption,” American Journal of Sociology 93(2): 348–82.
Sampson, Robert J., and Lydia Bean, 2006. “Cultural Mechanisms and Killing Fields: A Revised Theory of Community-Level Racial Inequality,” in The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America, eds. Ruth D. Peterson, Lauren J. Krivo, and John Hagan. New York: New York University Press: 8–38.
Sampson, Robert J., and William Julius Wilson. 1995. “Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality,” in Crime and Inequality, eds. John Hagan and Ruth D. Peterson. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 37–54.
San Antonio v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 28 (1973).
Sandel, Michael J. 2010. Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?New York: Macmillan.
Sandel, Michael J. 1982. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scalia, Antonin. 1997. A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Scanlon, T.M. 1998. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Schacter, Jane. 1994. “The Gay Civil Rights Debate in the States: Decoding the Discourse of Equivalents,” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 29: 283–317.
Schauer, Frederick. 2003. Profiles, Probabilities, and Stereotypes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Schlesinger, A. M. 1992. The Disuniting of America. New York: W. W. Norton.
Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U.S. 498 (1975).
Schwartz v. Brodsky, 265 F.Supp. 2d 130 (D. Mass. 2003).
Schwartzman, Micah. 2011. “The Sincerity of Public Reason,” The Journal of Political Philosophy 19(4): 375–98.
Schweber, Howard. 2012. Democracy and Authenticity: Toward a Theory of Public Justification. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 1993. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth. 2002. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shachar, Ayelet. 2001. Multicultural Jurisdictions: Cultural Difference and Women's Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shapiro, Ian. 1999. Democratic Justice. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Shapiro, Martin. 1966. Freedom of Speech: The Supreme Court and Judicial Review. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sher, George. 1997. Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and PoliticsNew York: Cambridge University Press.
Sher, George. 1979. “Reverse Discrimination, the Future, and the Past,” Ethics 90: 81–8.
Shihadeh, Edward S., and Wesley Shrum. 2004. “Serious Crime in Urban Neighborhoods: Is There a Race Effect?” Sociology Spectrum 24(4): 507–33.
Siegel, Reva B. 2005. What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision, ed. Jack M. Balkin. New York: New York Press: 63–85.
Siegel, Reva. 2000. Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law: How “Color Blindness” Discourse Disrupts and Rationalizes Social Stratification,” 88 California Law Review77.
Siegel, Reva B. 1992. “Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection,” 44 Stanford Law Review261.
Siegel, Stephen A. 2006. “The Origin of the Compelling State Interest Test and Strict Scrutiny,” 48 American Journal of Legal History4.
Simon, Larry. 1978. “Racially Prejudiced Governmental Actions: A Motivation Theory of the Constitutional Ban against Racial Discrimination,” 15 San Diego Law Review1041.
Simon, Robert L. 1979. “Individual Rights and ‘Benign’ Discrimination,” Ethics 90: 88–97.
Simon, William H. 1999. “Three Limitations of Deliberative Democracy: Identity Politics, Bad Faith, and Indeterminacy,” Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, ed. Stephen Macedo. New York: Oxford University Press: 49–57.
Simson, Gary J. 2012. “Religion by Any Other Name? Prohibitions on Same-Sex Marriage and the Limits of the Establishment Clause,” 23 Columbia Journal of Gender and the Law132.
Singer, Joseph William. 2005. “Same Sex Marriage, Full Faith and Credit, and the Evasion of Obligation,” 1 Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties1.
Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942).
Skinner, Quentin. 2008. “Freedom as the Absence of Arbitrary Power,” in Republicanism and Political Theory, ed. Cécile Laborde and John Maynor. Blackwell: 83–101.
Solum, Lawrence B. 1993. “Constructing an Ideal of Public Reason,” 30 San Diego Law Review729.
Song, Sarah. 2007. Justice, Gender, and the Politics of Multiculturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stanton v. Stanton, 421 U.S. 7 (1975).
Steiker, Carol. 1985. “The Constitutional Status of Sexual Orientation: Homosexuality as a Suspect Classification,” 98 Harvard Law Review1285.
Stein, Edward. 2001a. The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stein, Edward. 2001b. “Evaluating the Sex Discrimination Argument for Lesbian and Gay Rights,” 49 University of California, Los Angeles Law Review471.
Stewart, Monte Neil. 2008. “Marriage Facts,” 31 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy313.
Stewart, Monte Neil. 2006. “Genderless Marriage, Institutional Realities, and Judicial Elision,” 1 Duke Journal of Constitutional Law and Public Policy1.
Stone, Geoffrey R. 2009. “Same-Sex Marriage and the Establishment Clause,” 54 Villa Nova Law Review617.
Stone, Geoffrey R., Louis M. Seidman, Cass R. Sunstein, Mark V. Tushnet, Pamela S. Karlan. 2005. Constitutional Law. New York: Aspen Publishers.
Strauss v. Horton, 46 Cal.4th 364 (Cal. 2009).
Sullivan, Andrew. 2003. “The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage, TIME, June 30.
Sullivan, Andrew. 1997. “Three's a Crowd,” in Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con, A Reader, ed. Andrew Sullivan. New York: Vintage Books.
Sullivan, Andrew. 1989. “Here Comes the Groom,” The New Republic, August 28: 20–2.
Sullivan, Kathleen M., and Gerald Gunther, eds. 2001. Constitutional Law, 14th ed. New York: Foundation Press.
Sullivan, Nikki. 2003. A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory. New York: New York University Press.
Sunstein, Cass R. 2005. “The Right to Marry,” 26 Cardozo Law Review2081.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1994. “Homosexuality and the Constitution,” 70 Indiana Law Journal1.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1993. The Partial Constitution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1988. “Sexual Orientation and the Constitution: A Note on the Relationship between Due Process and Equal Protection,” 55 University of Chicago Law Review1161.
Sunstein, Cass R. 1984. “Naked Preferences and the Constitution,” 84 Columbia Law Review1689.
Swaine, Lucas. 2008. The Liberal Conscience: Politics and Principle in a World of Religious Pluralism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Taylor, Charles. 1994. “The Politics of Recognition,” in Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 25–74.
Tempelman, Sasja. 1999. “Constructions of Cultural Identity: Multiculturalism and Exclusion.” Political Studies 47: 17–31.
Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1973. “Preferential Hiring,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 2: 364–84.
Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1971. “A Defense of Abortion,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1(1): 47–66.
Tribe, Laurence. 2008. The Invisible Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 (1987).
United States v. Carolene Products Company, 304 U.S. 144 (1938).
United States Railroad Retirement Board v. Fritz, 449 U.S. 166 (1980).
United States v. Avery, 137 F.3d 343 (6th Cir. 1997).
Village of Willowbrook, et al. v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562 (2000).
Valdes, Francisco. 1995. “Queers, Sissies, Dykes, and Tomboys: Deconstructing the Conflation of ‘Sex,’ ‘Gender,’ and ‘Sexual Orientation’ in Euro-American Law and Society,” 83 California Law Re-view1.
Varnum v. Brien, 763 N.W. 2d 862 (Iowa 2009).
Volokh, Eugene. 2003. “The Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope,” 116 Harvard Law Review1026.
Waldron, Jeremy. 2000. “Cultural Identity and Civic Responsibility,” Citizenship in Diverse Societies, eds. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman. New York: Oxford University Press.
Walker, Adrian. 2000. “Give Partners the Right to Marry,” Boston Globe, March 9. Section: Metro/Region: B1.
Wardle, Lynn D., ed. 2008. What's the Harm? Does Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage Really Harm Individuals, Families or Society?Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Warner, Michael. 1999. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229 (1976).
Wasserstrom, Richard A. 1977. “Racism, Sexism, and Preferential Treatment: An Approach to the Topics,” 24 University of California, Los Angeles Law Review581.
Watkins v. U.S. Army, 875 F.2d. 699 (9th Cir. 1989).
Watkins v. U.S. Army, 837 F.2d 1428 (9th Cir. 1988).
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636 (1975).
Weisburd, David, Stanton Wheeler, Elin Waring, and Nancy Bode. 1999. Crimes of the Middle Classes: White-Collar Offenders in the Federal Courts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
West, Robin. 2005. What Roe v. Wade Should have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision, ed. Jack M. Balkin. New York: New York Press.
West, Robin. 1988. “Jurisprudence and Gender,” 55 University of Chicago Law Review1.
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
Widiss, Deborah A., Elizabeth L. Rosenblatt, and Douglas NeJaime. 2007. “Exposing Sex Stereotypes in Recent Same-Sex Marriage Jurisprudence,” 30 Harvard Journal of Law & Gender461.
Williams, Joan C. 1989. “Deconstructing Gender,” 87 Michigan Law Re-view797.
Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483 (1955).
Wilson, James Q. 2003. The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families. New York: Harper Paperbacks.
Wilson, James Q. 1995. The Moral Sense. New York: The Free Press.
Windsor v. U.S. WL 4937310 (2nd Cir. 2012).
Winkler, Adam. 2006. “Fatal in Theory and Strict in Fact: An Empirical Analysis of Strict Scrutiny in the Federal Courts,” 59 Vanderbilt Law Review793.
Wolfson, Evan. 2004. Why Marriage Matters? America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Mary. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Wolfson, Evan. 1994. “Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men and the Intra-Community Critique,” 21 New York University Review of Law and Social Change568.
Wooldredge, John, and Amy Thistlethwaite. 2003. “Neighborhood Structure and Race-Specific Rates of Intimate Assault,” Criminology 41(2): 393–422.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886).
Young, Iris Marion. 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Yoshino, Kenji. 1996. “The Literary Argument for Heightened Scrutiny for Gays,” 96 Columbia Law Review1753 (1996).
Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374 (1978).
Zerilli, Linda Marie-Gelsomina. 2005. Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Zick, Timothy. 2001. “Angry White Males: The Equal Protection Clause and ‘Classes of One,’” 89 Kentucky Law Journal69.
Zivi, Karen. 2005. “Feminism and the Politics of Rights: A Qualified Defense of Identity-Based Rights Claiming,” Politics and Gender 1: 377–97.

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.