Ackman, R.C., Green, P.A.G., and Young, A.G. 1982. Estimating Claims Outstanding. General Insurance Monograph. Institute of Actuaries.
Actuarial Standards Board. 2011. Actuarial Standard of Practice No. 20: Discounting of Property/- Casualty Unpaid Claim Estimates. Available at: http://www.actuarialstandardsboard.org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/02/asop020_163.pdf.
AISAM-ACME. 2007. AISAM-ACME study on non-life long tail liabilities. Reserve Risk and Risk Margin Assessment Under Solvency II. 17 October 2007.
Alai, D.H., Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2009. Mean-square error of prediction in the Bornhuetter– Ferguson claims reserving method. Annals of Actuarial Science, 4(1), 7–31.
Alai, D.H., Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2011. Mean-square error of prediction in the Bornhuetter– Ferguson claims reserving method: revisited. Annals of Actuarial Science, 5(01), 7–17.
A.M., Best. 2015. Best's Statement File: United Kingdom. Available at: http://www.ambest.com/sales/ statementuk/.
A.M., Best. 2016a. Best's Aggregates and Averages: Property/Casualty, United States and Canada. Oldwick, NJ: A.M. Best.
A.M., Best. 2016b. Best's Special Report: Asbestos and Environmental Liabilities. November 2016.
Antonio, K., and Beirlant, J. 2007. Actuarial statistics with generalized linear mixed models. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 40(1), 58–76.
Antonio, K., and Beirlant, J. 2008. Issues in claims reserving and credibility: a semiparametric approach with mixed models. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 75(3), 643–676.
Antonio, K., and Plat, R. 2014. Micro-level stochastic loss reserving for general insurance. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2014(7), 649–669.
Ashe, F. 1986. An essay at measuring the variance of estimates of outstanding claim payments. ASTIN Bulletin, 16(1), 99–112.
Association of British Insurers. 2015. Noise Induced Hearing Loss Claims. June 2015. Available at: http://www.abi.org.uk/News/News-releases/2015/06/Industrial-Deafness-claims.
ASTIN Committee. 2016. 2016 ASTINWorking Party Report on Non Life Reserving Survey.Available at: http://http://www.actuaries.org/index.cfm?DSP=ASTIN&=INDEX&LANG=EN.
BAI v Durham. 2012. BAI (Run Off) Limited (In Scheme of Arrangement) (Appellant) v Durham (Respondent) [2012] UKSC 14.
Bain, D. 2003. A practical implementation of Wright's operational time model. Society of Actuaries in Ireland CPD events, 6 November 2003.
Bardis, E.T., Majidi, A., and Murphy, D.M. 2012. A family of chain-ladder factor models for selected link ratios. Variance, 6(2), 143–160.
Barker v Corus. 2006. Barker v Corus (UK) plc [2006] UKHL 20. 479
Barnett, G., and Zehnwirth, B. (n.d.) The Need for Diagnostic Assessment of Bootstrap Predictive Models. InsureWare Pty research paper, Available at: http://www.insureware.com/Library/Technical/ AssessBootstrap.pdf.
Barnett, G., and Zehnwirth, B. 2000. Best estimates for reserves. Proceedings of theCasualty Actuarial Society, LXXXVII(167).
Beens, F., Bui, L., Collings, S., and Gill, A. 2010. Stochastic reserving using Bayesian models – can it add value? Presented to the Institute of Actuaries of Australia 17th General Insurance Seminar, 7–10 November 2010.
Benedikt, V. 1969. Estimating incurred claims. ASTIN Bulletin, 5(2), 210–212.
Benjamin, S., and Eagles, L. 1997. The curve fitting method. Claims Reserving Manual, Vol. 2. London: Institute of Actuaries. Section D3.a.
Benktander, G. 1976. An approach to credibility in calculating IBNR for casualty excess reinsurance. The Actuarial Review, 3(2), 7.
Berquist, J.R., and Sherman, R.E. 1977. Loss reserve adequacy testing: a comprehensive, systematic approach. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 74, 123–184.
Björkwall, S. 2011. Stochastic claims reserving in non-life insurance: bootstrap and smoothing models. Phd thesis, Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University.
Björkwall, S., Hössjer, O., and Ohlsson, E. 2009. Non-parametric and parametric bootstrap techniques for age-to-age development factor methods in stochastic claims reserving. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2009(4), 306–331.
Björkwall, S., Hössjer, O., and Ohlsson, E. 2010. Bootstrapping the separation method in claims reserving. ASTIN Bulletin, 40(2), 845–869.
Björkwall, S., Hössjer, O., Ohlsson, E., and Verrall, R.J. 2011. A generalized linear model with smoothing effects for claims reserving. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 49(1), 27–37.
Bolton, v MMI. 2006. Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council v Municipal Mutual Insurance Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 50.
Boor, J. 2006. Estimating tail development factors: what to do when the triangle runs out. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Winter.
Bornhuetter, R.L., and Ferguson, R.E. 1972. The actuary and IBNR. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 59, 181–195.
Boumezoued, A., Angoua, Y., Devineau, L., and Boisseau, J-P. 2011. One-year reserve risk including a tail factor: closed formula and bootstrap approaches. Laboratoire De Sciences Actuarielle et Financière, 2011.7 WP(2144).
Bouska, A. S., andMcIntyre, T.S. 1994. Measurement of U.S. pollution liabilities. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Summer.
Braun, C. 2004. The prediction error of the chain ladder method applied to correlated run-off triangles. ASTIN Bulletin, 34(2), 399–423.
Brown, D., Treen, R., and members of the Third Party Working Party. 2015. Update from the Third Party Working Party – Full Report. 29 January 2015. Available at: http://www.actuaries.org.uk/ research-and-resources/documents/update-third-party-working-party-full-report.
Bruce, N., and ROCWorking Party. 2013. Towards the optimal reserving process: actual vs expected techniques. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2013.
Bruce, N., and ROC Working Party. 2015. Towards the optimal reserving process: the fast close process. Presented to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, Edinburgh 19 January 2015.
Brydon, D., and Verrall, R. J. 2009. Calendar year effects, claims inflation and the chain-ladder technique. Annals of Actuarial Science, 4(9), 287–301.
Buchwalder, M., Bühlmann, H., Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M. V. 2005. Legal valuation in non-life insurance. Conference Paper. 36th ASTIN Colloquium. References 481
Buchwalder, M., Bühlmann, H., Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M. V. 2006. The mean square error of prediction in the chain ladder reserving method (Mack and Murphy revisited). ASTIN Bulletin, 36(2), 521–542.
Budden, M., Hadavas, P., and Hoffman, L. 2008. On the generation of correlation matrices. Applied Mathematics E-Notes, 279–282.
Bühlmann, H. 1983. Estimation of IBNR reserves by the methods chain ladder, Cape Cod, and complimentary loss ratio. Unpublished manuscript.
Bühlmann H., De Felice, M.,Gisler, A.,Moriconi, F., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2009. Recursive credibility formula for chain ladder factors and the claims development result. ASTIN Bulletin, 39(1), 275–306.
Bulmer, R., and Working Party. 2005. Reinsurance Bad Debt Provisions for General Insurance Companies: With Supplementary Note. October 2005. Available at: http://www.actuaries.org.uk.
documents/reinsurance–bad–debt-provisions–general-insurance–companies–supplementary– note–october. Canadian Institute ofActuaries. 2014. Educational Note: Premium Liabilities. Committee on Property and Casualty Insurance Financial Reporting. Document 214114.
Carrato, A., McGuire, G., and Scarth, R. 2015. A practitioner's introduction to stochastic reserving. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2015.
CEIOPS. 2010. CEIOPS’ advice for level 2 implementing measures on Solvency II.SCR Standard Formula – Article 111 j,k Undertaking Specific Parameters. CEIOPS DOC 71/10.
Chan, K., and Ramyar, M. 2014. How to net down and aggregate gross distribution. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2014.
Charpentier, A. 2012. R Code for Merz-Wüthrich Method. Available at: http://perso.univ-rennes1.fr/ arthur.charpentier/merz-wuthrich-triangle.R.
Charpentier, A. (ed.). 2014. Computational Actuarial Science with R. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Chrin, G., and Fell, B. 2010. Are you properly calculating your ceded reinsurance loss reserves. Casualty Loss Reserve Seminar.
Christofides, S. 1990. Regression models based on log-incremental payments. Claims Reserving Manual, Vol. 2. London: Institute of Actuaries.
Claims, Portal. 2015. Executive dashboard. Available at: http://www.claimsportal.org.uk/en/about/ executive-dashboard/.
Clark, D.R. 2003. LDF curve fitting and stochastic reserving: a maximum likelihood approach. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Fall, 41–91.
Claughton, A. 2013. Australian reserving methods. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2013.
Conort, X. 2011. Predictive modelling in insurance. SAS Talk,16 June 2011. Available at: http://www.actuaries.org.sg.
Cowling, C.A., Frankland, R., Hails, R.T.G., Kemp, M.H.D., Loseby, R.L., Orr, J.B., and Smith, A.D. 2011. Developing a framework for the use of discount rates in actuarial work: a discussion paper. Presented to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, London, 31 January 2011.
Craighead, D.H. 1979. Some aspects of the London reinsurance market in worldwide short-term business. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 106(III), 286.
Cross, S. L., and Doucette, J.P. 1994. Measurement of asbestos bodily injury liabilities. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Summer.
Czapiewski, C., Archer-Lock, P.R., Clark, P., Cresswell, C., Hindley, D., and Shepley, S. 1993. Reserving for outwards reinsurance. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 1993.
Dahms, R. 2007. A loss reserving method for incomplete claim data. Bulletin of the Swiss Association of Actuaries, 127–148.
Dal Moro, E., and Lo, J. 2014. An Industry question: the ultimate and one-year reserving uncertainty for different non-life reserving methodologies. ASTIN Bulletin, 44(3), 495–499.\Davis, H.T. 1941. Analysis of Economic Time Series. Bloomington Ind.
Davison, A. C., and Hinkley, D. V. 1997. Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Felice, M., and Moriconi, F. 2006. Process error and estimation error of year-end reserve estimation in the distribution free chain-ladder model. Alef Working Paper Rome November 2006. Department of Transport. 2015. Road safety data. Available at: data.gov.uk/dataset/road-accidentssafety- data.
Diers, D., and Linde, M. 2013. The multi-year non-life insurance risk in the additive loss reserving model. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 52(3), 590–598.
Dobson, A.J. 2002. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. 2nd edn. London: Chapman & Hall.
Dreksler, S., and ROC Working Party. 2013. Solvency II technical provisions for general insurers. Presented to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. 23 November 2013 (London).
Efron, B. 1979. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jacknife. Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1–26.
Efron, B., and Tibshirani, R. J. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability 57. London: Chapman & Hall.
EIOPA. 2011. Calibration of the premium and reserve risk factors in the standard formula of Solvency II. Report of the Joint Working Group on Non-Life Health NSLT Calibration.
EIOPA. 2014a. Guidelines on contract boundaries. EIOPA-BoS-14/165.
EIOPA. 2014b. Guidelines on the valuation of technical provisions. EIOPA-BoS-14/166.
EIOPA. 2014c. Guidelines on the valuation of technical provisions. EIOPA-BoS-14/166 EN.
EIOPA. 2014d. Technical specification for the preparatory phase (part I). EIOPA-14/209 30 April 2014.
Embrechts, P., Lindskog, F., and McNeil, A. 2001. Modelling dependence with copulas and applications to risk management. Working paper from ETHZ. Available at: http://www.math.ethz.ch/ embrecht/ftp/-copchapter.pdf.
England, P. D. 2001. Addendum to “Analytic and bootstrap estimates of prediction errors in claims reserving”. Actuarial Research Paper No. 138, Department of Actuarial Science and Statistics, City University, London.
England, P.D. 2010. Stochastic made “simple”. Presented to theGeneral InsuranceReserving Seminar, Institute of Actuaries, 28 June 2010.
England, P.D., and Cairns, M. 2009. Are the upper tails of predictive distributions of outstanding liabilities underestimated when using bootstrapping. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2009.
England, P.D., and Verrall, R.J. 1999. Analytic and bootstrap estimates of prediction errors in claims reserving. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 25, 281–293.
England, P.D., and Verrall, R.J. 2001. A flexible framework for stochastic claims reserving. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 88, 1–38.
England, P.D., and Verrall, R.J. 2002. Stochastic claims reserving in general insurance (with discussion). British Actuarial Journal, 8, 443–544.
England, P.D., and Verrall, R.J. 2006. Predictive distributions of outstanding liabilities in general insurance. Annals of Actuarial Science, 1, 221–270.
England, P.D., Cairns, M., and Scarth, R. 2012. The 1-year view of reserving risk: The “actuary in the box” vs emergence patterns. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2012.
England, P.D., Verrall, R.J., andWüthrich, V. 2012. Bayesian over-dispersed Poisson model and the Bornhuetter & Ferguson claims reserving method. Annals of Actuarial Science, 6(9), 258–283.
European Parliament. 2009. Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II) (recast). Official Journal of the European Union, 52.
European Parliament. 2015. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35 of 10 October 2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II). Official Journal of the European Union, 58.
Fairchild, v Glenhaven. 2002. Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002] UKHL 22.
Fisher, W.H., and Lange, J.T. 1973. Loss reserve testing: a report year approach. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 60, 189–207.
Forray, S.J. 2011. The Munich chain ladder: overview and example. Mid-western Actuarial Forum, Chicago, 28 March 2011.
Francis, L. 2010. An introduction to the Munich chain ladder. Casualty Actuarial Society SpringForum, May 2010.
Frees, E.W., and Valdez, A.E. 1998. Understanding relationships using copulas. North American Actuarial Journal, 2, 1–25.
Friedland, J. 2010. Estimating Unpaid Claims Using Basic Techniques. Arlington, VA: Casualty Actuarial Society.
Friedland, J. 2013. Fundamentals of General Insurance Actuarial Analysis. Schaumburg, IL: Society of Actuaries.
Fulcher, G., and Edwards, M. 2013. Risk: behaviour under control. The Actuary. Available at: http://www.theactuary.com/features/2013/10/risk-behaviour-under-control/.
Gesmann, M. 2013. Barnett and Zehnwirth PTF using R. Available from line 184 onwards at gist.github.com/mages/4590362.
Gesmann, M. 2013. Reserving based on log-incremental payments in R. Available at: lamages.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/reserving-based-on-log-incremental.html.
Gesmann, M.,Murphy, D., and Zhang, W. 2014. ChainLadder: Statistical Methods for the Calculation of Outstanding Claims Reserves in General Insurance. R package version 0.1.8.
Gibson, E.R., Barlow, C., Bruce, N.A., Felisky, K., Fisher, S., Hilary, N.G.J., Hilder, I.M., Kam, H.,
Matthews, P.N., and Winter, R. 2009. Reserving and uncertainty: a meta-study of the general insurance reserving issues task force and reserving oversight committee research into this areas between 2004 and 2009. Presented to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, 2 November 2009.
Gisler, A., and Wüthrich, M. V. 2008. Credibility for the chain ladder reserving method. ASTIN Bulletin, 38(2), 565–600.
Gluck, S. M. 1997. Balancing development and trend in loss reserve analysis. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 84, 482–532.
Gravelsons, B., and Brankin, G. 2015. What next for noise induced hearing loss claims? GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2015.
Hachemeister, C.A., and Stanard, J.N. 1975. IBNR claims count estimation with static lag functions. ASTIN Colloquium, Portimäo, Portugal.
Happ, S., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2013. Paid-incurred chain reserving method with dependence modelling. ASTIN, 43(1), 1–20.
Happ, S., Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2012. Claims development result in the paid-incurred chain reserving method. Insurance Mathematics and Economics, 51(1), 66–72.
Harnek, R.F. 1966. Formula loss reserves. Insurance Accounting and Statistical Procedures.
Hart, D.G., Buchanan, R.A., Howe, B.A., and Institute of Actuaries of Australia. 2007. The Actuarial Practice of General Insurance. Sydney: Institute of Actuaries of Australia.
Hayne, R., Leise, J., and Working Party. 2005. The Analysis and Estimation of Loss & ALAE Variability: A Summary Report. CAS Working Party on Quantifying Variability in Reserve Estimates. Heneghan v Manchester Dry Docks. 2014. Heneghan (Deceased) v Manchester Dry Docks & Others [2014] EWHC 4190.
Herman, S.C., Shapland, M. R., and CAS Tail Factor Working Party. 2013. The Estimation of Loss Development Tail Factors: A Summary Report. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Fall.
Hiabu, M., Margraf, C., Martínez-Miranda, M.D., and Nielsen, J.P. 2016. The link between classical reserving and granular reserving through double chain ladder and its extensions. British Actuarial Journal, 21(1), 97–116.
Hilder, I.M., Paillot, C., Rothwell, M., Sheaf, S., and Toller, J. 2008. The implications of the underwriting and reserving cycles for reserving. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2008.
Hindley, D.J., Allen, M., Czernuszewicz, A.J., Ibeson, D.C.B., McConnell, W.D., and Ross, J.G. 2000. The Lloyd's reinsurance to close process. British Actuarial Journal, 6(12), 651–720. Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull). 2000. Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Limited [2000] 3 All ER 421.
Hovinen, E. 1981. Additive and continuous IBNR. ASTIN Colloquium, Loen, Norway.
Hürlimann, W. 2009. Credible loss ratio reserves: the Benktander, Neuhaus and Mack methods revisited. ASTIN Bulletin, 39(1), 81–99. IAA. 2010. Stochastic Modeling: Theory and Reality from an Actuarial Perspective. Ottawa: Association Actuarielle Internationale/International Actuarial Association. IFoA PPOWorking Party. 2016. A helpful handbook. Draft. June 2016. Available at: http://www.actuaries. org.uk/documents/information-actuaries-valuing-periodical-payment-orders.
Iman, R.L., and Conover, W.J. 1982. A distribution-free approach to inducing rank correlation among input variables. Communications in Statistics, B11, 311–334.
Institute and Faculty of Actuaries – General Insurance Practice Executive Committee. 2010. Asbestos Briefing Note. Available at: http://www.actuaries.org.uk/documents/asbestos-briefing-note.
ISVAP. 2006. Reserve requirements and capital requirements in non-life insurance: an analysis of the Italian MTPL insurance market by stochastic claims reserving models. Report prepared by De Felice M., Moriconi F., Matarazzo L., Cavastracci S. and Pasqualini S., Rome, October 2006.
Jarvis, S., Sharpe, J., and Smith, A.D. 2016. Ersatz Model Tests (June 1, 2016). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2788478 or dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2788478.
Johnson, W. 1989. Determination of outstanding liabilities for unallocated loss adjustment expenses. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 77, 111–125.
Jones, A.R., Copeman, P.J., Gibson, E.R., Line, N.J.S., Lowe, J.A., Martin, P., Matthews, P. N., and
Powell, D.S. 2006. A change agenda for reserving. Report of the General Insurance Reserving Issues Taskforce (GRIT). British Actuarial Journal, 12(03), 435–599.
Jones, B.A., Scukas, C.J., Frerman, K.S., Holt, M.S., and Fendley, V.A. 2013. A mortality-based approach to reserving for lifetime workers’ compensation claims. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Fall.
Jones, T., and ROCWorking Party. 2007. Quantification and reporting of uncertainty for GI reserving. Paper produced by the Reserving Oversight Committee of the UK Actuarial Profession.
Joubert, P., andLangdell, S. 2013. Modelling: mastering the correlation matrix. TheActuary. Available at: http://www.theactuary.com/features/2013/09/modelling-mastering-the-correlation-matrix/.
Kaas, R., Goovaerts, M., Dhaene, J., and Denuit, M. 2009. Modern Actuarial Risk Theory Using R. New York: Springer.
Kirschner, G. S., Kerley, C., and Isaacs, B. 2002. Two approaches to calculating correlated reserve indications across multiple lines of business. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Fall, 211–245.
Kirschner, G. S., Kerley, C., and Isaacs, B. 2008. Two approaches to calculating correlated reserve indications across multiple lines of business. Variance, 2(1), 15–38.
Kittel, J. 1981. Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expenses in an Inflationary Environment. Available at: http://www.casact.org/pubs/dpp/dpp81/81dpp311.pdf.
Kremer, E. 1982. IBNR-claims and the two-way model of ANOVA. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 1982(1), 47–55.
Kuang, D., Nielsen, B. and Nielsen, J.P. 2008. Forecasting with the age-period-cohort model and the extended chain-ladder model. Biometrika, 95(4), 987–991.
Kuang, D., Nielsen, B. and Nielsen, J.P. 2008. Identification of the age-period-cohort model and the extended chain-ladder model. Biometrika, 95(4), 979–986.
Kuang, D., Nielsen, B. and Nielsen, J.P. 2011. Forecasting in an extended chainladder-type model. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 78(2), 345–359.
Latent Claims Working Party. 1990. Report of the Latent Claims Working Party presented to the GISG Convention at Newquay, October 1990. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 1990.
Latent Claims Working Party. 1991. Report of the Latent Claims Working Party presented to the GISG Convention at LlandrindodWells, October 1991. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 1991.
Lee, A. 2010. Practical implementation of granular reserving. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2010
Leong, J., Wang, S., and Chen, H. 2012. Back-testing the ODP bootstrap of the paid chain-ladder model with actual historical claims data. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Summer.
Line, N., Archer-Lock, P.R., Fisher, S., Hilder, I., Shah, S., Wenzel, K., and White, M. 2003. The cycle survival kit: an investigation into the reserving cycle and other issues. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2003.
Liu, H., and Verrall, R.J. 2009. A bootstrap estimate of the predictive distribution of outstanding claims for the Schnieper model. ASTIN Bulletin, 39(2), 677–689.
Liu, H., and Verrall, R.J. 2009. Predictive distributions for reserves which separate true IBNR and IBNER claims. ASTIN Bulletin, 39(1), 214–225.
Liu, H., and Verrall, R.J. 2010. Bootstrap estimation of the predictive distribution of reserves using paid and incurred claims. Variance, 4(2), 121–135.
Lloyd's Market Association. 2015. Loss Ratio Triangulations. Available at: http://www.lmalloyds.com/ lma/web/Market data and statistics/Loss Ratio Triangulations/Latest Reports.aspx.
Lloyd's of London. 1908. Instructions for the guidance of Auditors. Addendum to Minutes of the Committee of Lloyd's of London. 23 December 1908, London Metropolitan Archives, City of London CLC/B/148/A/001/MS31571/068 from Lloyd's of London Collection.
Lloyd's of London. 2012. Lloyd's Signing Actuaries Forum. 5 December 2012. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com/∼/media/files/the%20market/operating%20at%20lloyds/valuation%20of%20 liabilities/archive/lloyds%20signing%20actuaries%20forum%202012.pdf.
Lloyd's of London. 2014. Solvency II Model Validation Guidance. April 2014. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com/the-market/operating-at-lloyds/solvency-ii/information-for-managing-agents/ guidance-and-workshops/model-validation.
Lloyd's of London. 2015a. Lloyd's Finance Directors Reserving Forum. 3 July 2015. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com/∼/media/files/the%20market/operating%20at%20lloyds/resources/reserving/ fd%20reserving%20forum%203%20july%202015.pdf.
Lloyd's of London. 2015b. Lloyd's Minimum Standards MS9 Reserving. October 2015. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com/the-market/operating-at-lloyds/resources/reserving-guidance.
Lloyd's of London. 2015c. Risk Code Mappings and Descriptions. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com/the-market/operating-at-lloyds/resources/risk codes.
Lloyd's of London. 2015d. Solvency II. Syndicate SCR for 2016 Year of Account. Worked examples to illustrate the treatment of RI contract boundaries. August 2015. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com.
Lloyd's of London. 2015e. Technical Provisions under Solvency II. Detailed Guidance. July 2015 update. Available at: http://www.lloyds.com.
Lo, J. 2011. Extending the Mack bootstrap – hypothesis testing and resampling techniques. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2011.
London Market Group and Boston Consulting Group. 2015. London Matters – The Competitive Position of the London Insurance Market. Fact Base. Available at: http://www.londonmarketgroup.co.uk/.
Lowe, S.P., and Mohrman, D.F. 1984. Discussion of extrapolating, smoothing and interpolating development factors. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 71.
Lunn, D.J., Thomas, A., Best, N., and Spiegelhalter, D. 2000. WinBUGS – a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility. Statistics and Computing, 10, 325–337.
Lyons, G., Forster, W., Kedney, P., Warren, R., and Wilkinson, H. 2002. Claims Reserving Working Party paper. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2002.
MacDonnell, S., and MUQ Working Party. 2016. Reserve uncertainty framework. Measuring Uncertainty Qualitatively Working Party 2016. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2016.
Mack, T. 1991.Asimple parametric model for rating automobile insurance or estimating IBNR claims reserves. ASTIN Bulletin, 21(1), 93–109.
Mack, T. 1993. Distribution-free calculation of the standard error of chain ladder reserve estimates. ASTIN Bulletin, 23(2), 213–225.
Mack, T. 1993. Measuring the variability of chain ladder reserve estimates. Casualty Actuarial Society Spring Forum, May 1993.
Mack, T. 1997. Measuring the variability of chain ladder reserve estimates. Claims ReservingManual, Vol. 2. London: Institute of Actuaries. Section D6.
Mack, T. 1999. The standard error of chain ladder reserve estimates: recursive calculation and inclusion of a tail factor. ASTIN Bulletin, 29(2), 361–366.
Mack, T. 2000. Credible claims reserves: the Benktander method. ASTIN Bulletin, 30(2), 333–347.
Mack, T. 2008. The prediction error of Bornhuetter/Ferguson. ASTIN Bulletin, 38(1), 87–103.
Mack, T., and Venter, G.G. 2000. A comparison of stochastic models that reproduce chain ladder reserve estimates. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 26(1), 101–107.
Mack, T., Quarg, G, and C., Braun. 2006. The mean squared error of prediction in the chain ladder reserving method – a comment. ASTIN Bulletin, 36(2), 543–552.
Maher, G.P.M. 1995. Loss reserves in the London market. British Actuarial Journal, 1(IV), 689–760.
Mango, D., and Allen, C.A. 2009. Two alternative methods for calculating the unallocated loss adjustment expense reserve. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Fall.
Marcuson, T.A.G., Turner, J., and Welsh, M. 2014. Peril-based reserving. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2014.
Marshall, K., Collings, S., Hodson, M., and O’Dowd, C. 2008. A framework for assessing risk margins. Presented to the Institute of Actuaries of Australia 16th General Insurance Seminar, 9–12 November 2008.
McCullagh, P., and Nelder, J. A. 1989. Generalized Linear Models. London: Chapman & Hall.
McDonnell, S., and Labaune, R. 2014. GIROC UK Reserving Survey 2014. Available at: http://www.actuaries.org.uk/research-and-resources/documents/giroc-uk-reserving-survey-2014.
McGuire, G. 2007. Individual claim modelling of CTP data. Institute of Actuaries of Australian XIthAccident Compensation Seminar, Melbourne, Australia.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2006. A credibility approach to the Munich chain-ladder method. Blätter DGVFM, XXVII, 619–628.
Merz, M., andWüthrich, M.V. 2007. Prediction error of the chain ladder reserving technique applied to correlated run-off triangles. Annals of Actuarial Science, 2, 25–50.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2007. Prediction error of the expected claims development result in the chain ladder method. Bulletin of the Swiss Association of Actuaries, 1, 117–137.
Merz, M., andWüthrich, M.V. 2008.Modelling the claims development result for solvency purposes. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Fall.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M. V. 2008. Prediction error of the multivariate chain ladder reserving method. North American Actuarial Journal, 12(2), 175–197.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2008. Stochastic Claims Reserving Methods in Insurance. London: Chapman and Hall.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2010. Paid-incurred chain claims reserving method. Insurance Mathematics and Economics, 46(3), 568–579.
Merz, M., andWüthrich, M.V. 2012. Estimation of tail development factors in the paid-incurred chain reserving method. Variance, 7(1), 61–73.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M.V. 2014. Modified Munich chain-ladder method. Swiss Finance
Institute Research Paper No. 14-65. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2489289 or dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2489289.
Merz, M., andWüthrich, M.V. 2015. Claims run-off uncertainty: the full picture (3 July 2015). Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper No. 14-69. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2524352 or dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2524352.
Merz, M., and Wüthrich, M. V. 2015. Stochastic claims reserving manual: advances in dynamic modelling (21 August 2015). Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper No. 15–34. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2649057 or dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2649057.
Meyers, G. 2015. Stochastic loss reserving using BayesianMCMCmodels. Casualty Actuarial Society Monograph Series, 1.
Meyers, G., and Shi, P. 2011. The retrospective testing of stochastic loss reserve models. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Summer.
Meyers, G. G., and Shi, P. 2011b. Loss Reserving Data Pulled from NAIC Schedule P. Available at: http://www.casact.org/research/index.cfm?fa=loss reserves data.
Mildenhall, S.J. 2005. Correlation and Aggregate Loss Distributions with an Emphasis on Iman- Conover Method. CAS Working Party on Correlation. Available at: http://www.mynl.com/wp/ic.pdf..
Ministry of Justice and the Scottish Government. 2017. The Personal Injury Discount Rate: How it Should be Set in the Future. Available at: https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digitalcommunications/ personal-injury-discount-rate/supporting_documents/discountrateconsultation paper.pdf.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, B., Nielsen, J.P., and Verrall, R.J. 2011. Cash flow simulation for a model of outstanding liabilities based on claim amounts and claim numbers. ASTIN Bulletin, 41(1), 107–129.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, J.P., and Verrall, R.J. 2012. Double chain ladder. ASTIN Bulletin, 42(1), 59–76.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, J.P., Sperlich, S., and Verrall, R.J. 2013. Continuous chain ladder: reformulating and generalizing a classical insurance problem. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(14), 5588–5603.
Miranda, M D.M., Nielsen, J.P., and Verrall, R.J. 2013. DCL Package: Claims Reserving Under the Double Chain Ladder Model. R package version 0.1.0.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, J.P., and Verrall, R.J. 2013. Double chain ladder and Bornhuetter- Ferguson. North America Actuarial Journal, 17(2), 101–113.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, J.P.,Verrall, R.J., andWüthrich, M.V. 2013d. Double chain ladder, claims development inflation and zero-claims. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 1–23.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, J.P., and Verrall, R.J. 2013. A New R Package for Statistical Modelling and Forecasting in Non-life Insurance. Cass Business School, 15 July 2013. Available at: http://www.cassknowledge.com/sites/default/files/article-attachments/DCLpackage1.pdf.
Miranda, M.D.M., Nielsen, B., and Nielsen, J.P. 2015. A Simple Benchmark for Mesothelioma Projection for Britain. Available at: http://www.cassknowledge.com/research/article/asbestoslegacy- simple-benchmark-mesothelioma-projection.
Murphy, D. M. 1994. Unbiased loss development factors. Proceedings of Casualty Actuarial Society, LXXXI, 154–222.
Murphy, D. M. 2007. Chain ladder reserve risk estimators. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Summer. National Council on Compensation Insurance. 2015. State of the line: analysis of workers compensation results. NCII's 2015 Annual Issues Symposium: Available at: http://www.NCCI.com.
Neuhaus, W. 1992. Another pragmatic loss reserving method or Bornhuetter-Ferguson revisited. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2, 151–162.
Newman, A., Archer-Lock, P.R., Rix, S., andWash, C. 1999. Unallocated Loss Adjustment Expenses. Available at:http://www.actuaries.org.uk/documents/unallocated-loss-adjustment-expense-provisions.
Ohlsson, E. 2016. Unallocated loss adjustment expense reserving. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2016(2), 167–180.
Ohlsson, E., and Lauzeningks, J. 2008. The one-year non-life insurance risk. ASTIN Colloquium, Manchester, 13–16 July 2008.
OIC Run-Off Limited. 2015. Proposal in relation to an amending Scheme of Arrangement – Appendix 2 – Estimation Guidelines. Available at: http://www.oicrun-offltd.com/html/default.html.
Parodi, P. 2012. Triangle-free reserving. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2012.
Parodi, P. 2013. Triangle-free reserving: a non-traditional framework for estimating reserves and reserve uncertainty. A discussion paper. Presented to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. 4 February 2013(London).
Pastor, N.H. 2003. A Statistical Simulation Approach for Estimating the Reserve for Uncollectible Reinsurance. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum.
Pezzulli, S., and Margetts, S. 2008. Granular loss modelling. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2008.
Pinheiro, P.J.R., Silva, J.M.A., and Centeno, M.D. 2003. Bootstrap methodology in claim reserving. Journal of Risk & Insurance, 70(4), 701–714.
Piwcewicz, B. 2005. Assessment of diversification benefit in insurance portfolios. Presented to the Institute of Actuaries of Australia 15th General Insurance Seminar, 16–19 October 2005.
Plummer, M. 2003. JAGS: a program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models usingGibbs sampling. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing, 20–22 March, Vienna, Austria.
Plummer, M. 2013. JAGS Version 3.4.0 User Manual. Available at: http://sourceforge.net/projects/ mcmc-jags/files/Manuals/3.x/.
Potter, E., Brown, K., and members of the PPO Working Party. 2015. Update from the PPO Working Party – Current Issues in General Insurance. 20 April 2015. Available at: http://www.actuaries.org.uk/ research-and-resources/documents/a05-ppo-working-party-update.
Pröhl, C., and Schmidt, K.D. 2005. Multivariate chain-ladder. Dresdner Schriften zur Versicherungsmathematik. Prudential Regulatory Authority. 2014.
Solvency II: calculation of technical provisions and the use of internal models for general insurers. Supervisory Statement, SS5/14. Prudential Regulatory Authority. 2015. Solvency II Directors’ Update. 14 July 2015. Available at: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/pra/Documents/solvency2/directorsletterjuly2015.pdf.
Quarg, G., and Mack, T. 2004. Munich chain ladder. Blätter DGVFM, XXVI, 597–630.
Quarg, G., and Mack, T. 2008. Munich chain ladder: a reserving method that reduces the gap between IBNR projections based on paid losses and IBNR projections based on incurred losses. Variance, 2(2), 266–299.
R Core Team. 2013. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Reid, D.H. 1978. Claims reserves in general insurance. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 105, 211–296.
Reinsurance Association of America. 2015. Historical Loss Development Study – 2015 Edition. Available at: http://www.reinsurance.org/ProductDetail.aspx?id=147.
Renshaw, A. E., and Verrall, R. J. 1994. A stochastic model underlying the chain-ladder technique. Proceedings XXV ASTIN Colloquium, Cannes.
Renshaw, A. E., and Verrall, R. J. 1998. A stochastic model underlying the chain-ladder technique. British Actuarial Journal, 4, 903–923.
Renshaw, A.E. 1994. Claims reserving by joint modelling. Actuarial Research Paper No. 72 City University, London.
Renshaw, A.E. 1994. On the second moment properties and the implementation of certain GLIM based stochastic reserving models. Actuarial Research Paper No. 65. City University, London.
Rietdorf, N., and Jessen, A.H. 2011. Provisions for loss adjustment expenses. ASTIN Colloquium, Madrid, 19–22 June 2011.
Robbin, I. 2012. A practical way to estimate one-year reserve risk. Casualty Actuarial SocietyE-Forum, Summer.
ROC. 2007. Best estimates and reserving uncertainty – Research Oversight Committee Working Party. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2007.
Röhr, A. 2016. Chain ladder and error propagation. ASTIN Bulletin, 46, 293–330.
Rothwell, M. 2016. Is your brain playing tricks? SIAS Presentation, 6 September 2016.
Saluz, A., and Gisler, A. 2014. Best estimate reserves and the claims development results in consecutive calendar years. Annals of Actuarial Science, 8, 351–373.
Schmidt, K.D. 2015. A Bibliography on Loss Reserving. Available at: http://www.math.tu-dresden.de/sto/ schmidt/dsvm/reserve.pdf.
Schmidt, K.D. 2006. Optimal and additive loss reserving for dependent lines of business. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Fall, 319–451.
Schnieper, R. 1991. Separating true IBNR and IBNER claims. ASTIN Bulletin, 21(1), 111–127.
Scollnik, D.P.M. 2001. Actuarial modeling with MCMC and BUGS. North American ActuarialJournal, 96–124.
Scollnik, D.P.M. 2004. BayesianReserving models inspired by chain ladder methods and implemented using WinBUGS. Actuarial Research Clearing House, Issue 2. SCOR. 2014a. SCOR Global P&C reserve triangles – Excel file. Available at: http://www.scor.com/images/ stories/pdf/Inverstors/financial-reporting/presentation/trianglesanalysis2014 finalprotected.xls..
SCOR. 2014b. SCORs Loss Development Triangles and Reserves as of December 2013. Available at: http://www.scor.com/images/stories/pdf/Inverstors/financial-reporting/presentation/2014 trianglesdisclosure. pdf.
Shapland, M.R. 2016. Using the ODP bootstrap model: a practitioner's guide. Casualty Actuarial Society Monograph Series, 4.
Shapland, M.R., and Leong, J. 2010. Bootstrap modeling: beyond the basics. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Fall.
Shaw, R.A., Smith, A.D., and Spivak, G.S. 2011. Measurement and modelling of dependencies in economic capital. British Actuarial Journal, 16(9), 601–699.
Sheppard, T. 2015. The Relationship Between Accident Report Lag and Claim Cost in Workers Compensation Insurance. Available at: http://www.NCCI.com.
Sherman, R.E. 1984. Extrapolating, smoothing and interpolating development factors. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 71, 122–135.
Sherman, R.E. 2007. Updating the Berquist Sherman paper – 30 years later. Casualty Loss Reserve Seminar.
Skurnick, D. 1973. Loss reserve testing: a report year approach. Discussion. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 60, 73–83.
Skurnick, D. 1973. A survey of loss reserving methods. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 60, 16–62.
Stanard, J. 1980. Experience rates as estimators: a simulation of their bias and variance. PricingProperty and Casualty Insurance Products, 1980 Casualty Actuarial Society Discussion Paper Program, 485–514.
Stanard, J. 1985. A simulation test of prediction errors of loss reserve estimation techniques. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 72, 124–153.
Staudt, A. 2012. Two symmetric families of loss reserving methods. Casualty Actuarial SocietyE-Forum, Summer.
Sweeting, P. 2011. Financial Enterprise Risk Management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tang, A., and Valdez, E.A. 2009. Economic capital and the aggregation of risks using copulas (February 22, 2009). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1347675. Tarbell,T.F. 1934. Incurred but not reported claim reserves. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 20, 84–89.
Taylor, G.C. 1977. Separation of inflation and other effects from the distribution of non-life insurance claim delays. ASTIN Bulletin, 9, 217–230.
Taylor, G.C. 1986. Claims Reserving in Non-Life Insurance. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Taylor, G.C. 2000. Loss Reserving: An Actuarial Perspective. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Taylor, G.C. 2011. Maximum likelihood and estimation efficiency of the chain ladder. ASTIN Bulletin, 41(1), 131–155.
Taylor, G.C. 2013. Chain ladder with random effects. ASTIN Colloquium, Hague, 21–24 May 2013.
Taylor, G.C., and Ashe, F.R. 1983. Second moments of estimates of outstanding claims. Journal of Econometrics, 23, 37–61.
Taylor, G.C., and McGuire, G. 2007. A synchronous bootstrap to account for dependencies between lines of business in the estimation of loss reserve prediction error. North American Actuarial Journal, 11(3), 70–88.
Taylor, G.C., and McGuire, G. 2016. Stochastic loss reserving using generalized linear models. Casualty Actuarial Society Monograph.
Taylor, G.C., McGuire, G., and J., Sullivan. 2008. Individual claim loss reserving conditioned by case estimates. Annals of Actuarial Science, 3(1–2), 215–256.
UK Asbestos Working Party. 2004. UK asbestos – the definitive guide. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2004.
UK Asbestos Working Party. 2007. UK Asbestos Working Party II 2007. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2007.
UK AsbestosWorking Party. 2008. UK AsbestosWorking Party update 2008. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2008.
UK AsbestosWorking Party. 2009. UK AsbestosWorking Party update 2009. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2009.
UK AsbestosWorking Party. 2015. UK AsbestosWorking Party update 2015. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2015.
UK DeafnessWorking Party. 2013. UK DeafnessWorking Party update 2013. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2013.
UK Regulations. 2008. The Large and Medium-sized Companies and Groups (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 (SI 2008/410). Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/410/pdfs/uksi 20080410 en.pdf.
Vaughan, R.L. 2014. The unearned premium reserve for warranty insurance. Casualty Actuarial Society E-Forum, Fall.
Venter, G.G. 2002. Tails of copulas. Proceedings of Casualty Actuarial Society, LXXXIX, 68–113. Venter, G.G. 2006. Discussion of the mean squared error of prediction in the chain ladder reserving method. ASTIN Bulletin, 36(2), 566–571.
Verbeek, H.G. 1972. An approach to the analysis of claims experience in motor liability excess of loss reassurance. ASTIN Bulletin, 6, 195–202.
Verrall, R.J. 1996. Claims reserving and generalized additive models. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 19(1), 31–43.
Verrall, R.J. 2000. An investigation into stochastic claims reserving models and the chain-ladder technique. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 26(1), 91–99.
Verrall, R.J. 2004. A Bayesian generalized linear model for the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method of claims reserving. North American Actuarial Journal, 8(3), 67–89.
Verrall, R.J. 2007. Obtaining predictive distributions for reserves which incorporate expert opinion. Variance, 1: 1, 53–80.
Verrall, R.J. 1991. Chain ladder and maximum likelihood. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 118(III), 489–499.
Verrall, R.J. 2000. Comments on “A comparison of stochastic models that reproduce chain ladder reserve estimates”. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 26(1), 109–111.
Verrall, R.J. 2010. Stochastic claims reserving in general insurance: example spreadsheets. Available at: http://www.cassknowledge.com/research/article/stochastic-claims-reserving-general-insurance.
Verrall R.J. 2010. Stochastic claims reserving in general insurance: online lecture. Available at: http://talk.city.ac.uk/stochasticreserving.
Verrall, R.J., Nielsen, J. P., and Jessen, A. H. 2010. Prediction of RBNS and IBNR claims using claim amounts and claim counts. ASTIN Bulletin, 40(2), 871–887.
Verrall, R.J., Hössjer, O., and Björkwall, S. 2012. Modelling claims run-off with reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. ASTIN Bulletin, 42(1), 35–58.
Wang, S. 1998. Aggregation of correlated risk portfolios: models and algorithms. Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society, 85, 848–939.
WFUM Pools. 2006. The WFUM Pools Scheme – Appendix B – Estimation Methodology for the Valuation of Scheme Claims. Available at: http://www.wfumpools.com/SchemeDocumentation.htm.
White, S., and Margetts, S. 2010. A link between the one-year and ultimate perspective on insurance risk. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2010.
Wright, A. 2012. The Munich chain ladder: a personal view. GIRO Conference and Exhibition 2012.
Wright, T. S. 1990. A stochastic method for claims reserving in general insurance. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 117(12), 677–731.
Wright, T.S. 1992. Stochastic claims reserving when past claims numbers are known. Proceedings of Casualty Actuarial Society, LXXIX, 225–361.
Wüthrich, M. V., Merz, M., and Lysenko, N. 2009. Uncertainty of the claims development result in the chain ladder method. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 1, 63–84.
Yan, M. 2005. Premium liabilities. Presented to the Institute of Actuaries of Australia 15th General Insurance Seminar, 16–19 October 2005.
Zehnwirth, B. 1994. Probabilistic development factor models with applications to loss reserve variability, prediction intervals, and risk based capital. Casualty Actuarial Society Forum, Spring, 447–605.
Zhang, Y. 2010. A general multivariate chain ladder model. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 46(3), 588–599.
Zhao, X.B., and Zhou, X. 2010. Applying copula models to individual claim loss reserving methods. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 46(2), 290–299.
Zhao, X.B., Zhou, X., andWang, J.L. 2009. Semiparametric model for prediction of individual claim loss reserving. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 45(1), 1–8.
Zurich, v IEG. 2015. Zurich Insurance PLC UK Branch (Appellant) v International Energy Group Limited (Respondent) [2015] UKSC 33.\
