Allesina, S. and Bondavalli, C. (2003). Steady state of ecosystem flow networks: a comparison between balancing procedures. Ecological Modelling, 165:221–229.
Andersen, K. P. and Ursin, E. (1977). A multispecies extension to the Beverton Holt theory of fishing, with accounts of phosphorous circulation and primary production. Medd Dan Fisk Havunders, NSF, 7:319–345.
Anderson, E. D. (2002). 100 Years of Science Under ICES: Papers from a Symposium Held in Helsinki. ICES Marine Science Symposia 215. Copenhagen, Denmark: ICES.
Ascher, W. (2001). Coping with complexity and organizational interests in natural resource management. Ecosystems, 4:742–757.
Astles, K. L., Holloway, M. G., Steffe, A., et al. (2006). An ecological method for qualitative risk assessment and its use in the management of fisheries in New South Wales, Australia. Fisheries Research, 82:290–303.
Ayensu, E., Claasen, D. van R., Collins, M., et al. (1999). International ecosystem assessment. Science, 286:685–686.
Baird, S. F. (1873). Report on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1871 and 1872. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Beamish, R. J. (1993). Climate and exceptional fish production off the west coast of North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 50:2270–2291.
Beamish, R. J. and Bouillon, D. R. (1993). Pacific salmon production trends in relation to climate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 50:1002–1016.
Beamish, R. J., Noakes, D. J., McFarlane, G. A., et al. (1999). The regime concept and natural trends in the production of Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 56:516–526.
Beddington, J. R. (1986). Shifts in resource populations in large marine ecosystems. In Sherman, K. and Alexander, L. M. (eds.), Variability and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems. AAAS Selected Symposium 99. Washington, DC: AAAS.
Beddington, J. R. and Kirkwood, G. P. (2005). The estimation of potential yield and stock status using life-history parameters. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 360:163–170.
Beddington, J. R., Agnew, D. J., and Clark, C. W. (2007). Current problems in the management of marine fisheries. Science, 316:1713–1716.
Begley, J. and Howell, D. (2004). An Overview of GADGET, Globally Applicable Area-Disaggregated General Ecosystem Toolbox. ICES Document CM 2004/FF-13. Copenhagen: ICES.
Berkes, F. (1999). Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Management Systems. London: Taylor & Francis.
Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (1998). Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Berkes, F., Hughes, T. P., Steneck, R. S., et al. (2006). Globalization, roving bandits, and marine resources. Science, 311:1557–1558.
Beverton, R. (1998). Fish, fact and fantasy: a long view. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 8:229–249.
Beverton, R. J. H. and Holt, S. J. (1957). On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Fisheries Investment Series 2, Vol. 19. London: UK Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Bilio, M. and Niermann, U. (2004). Is the comb jelly really to blame for it all? Mnemiopsis leidyi and the ecological concerns about the Caspian Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 269:173–183.
Bogstad, B., K.Hauge, H., and Ulltang, Ø. (1997). MULTSPEC: a multi-species model for fish and marine mammals in the Barents Sea. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 22:317–341.
Boldt, J. (ed.) (2008). Ecosystem Considerations for 2009. Appendix C. Anchorage, AK: North Pacific Fishery Management Council.
Borley, J. O., Russell, E. S., Graham, M., Wallace, W., and Thursby-Pellam, D. E. (1923). The Plaice Fishery and the War: Preliminary Report on Investigations. Fisheries Investigations (Series 2) 5. London: UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Botsford, L. W., Castilla, J. C., and Peterson, C. H. (1997). The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science, 277:509–515.
Box, G. and Draper, N. (1987). Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces. Wiley.
Boyd, J. and Banzhaf, S. (2007). What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units. Ecological Economics, 63:616–626.
Braccini, J. M., Gillanders, B. M., and Walker, T. I. (2006). Hierarchical approach to the assessment of fishing effects on non-target chondricthyans: case study of Squalus megalops in southeastern Australia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 63:2456–2466.
Brand, E. J., Kaplan, I. C., Harvey, C. J., et al. (2007). A Spatially Explicit Ecosystem Model of the California Current's Food Web and Oceanography. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-84. 145 pp.
Brander, K. M. (1994). Patterns of distribution, spawning, and growth in North Atlantic cod: the utility of inter-regional comparisons. ICES Marine Science Symposium, 198:89–103.
Brander, K. M. (1995). The effect of temperature on growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 52:1–10.
Brander, K. M. (2007). Global fish production and climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104:19 709–19 714.
Brander, K. M., Blom, G., Borges, M. F., et al. (2003). Changes in fish distribution in the eastern North Atlantic: are we seeing a coherent response to changing temperature?ICES Marine Science Symposium, 219:261–270.
Brodeur, R. D., Sugisaki, H., and Hunt, G. L. (2002). Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 233:89–103.
Brodziak, J. and Link, J. (2002). Ecosystem-based fishery management: what is it and how can we do it?Bulletin of Marine Science, 70:589–611.
Browman, H. I. and Stergiou, K. I. (2004). Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274:269–303.
Browman, H. I. and Stergiou, K. I. (2005). Politics and socio-economics of ecosystem-based management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 300:241–296.
Brown, B., Breenan, J., Grosslein, M., Heyerdahl, E., and Hennemuth, R. (1976). The effect of fishing on the marine finfish biomass in the Northwest Atlantic from the Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras. ICNAF Research Bulletin, 12:49–68.
Bundy, A. (2001). Fishing on ecosystems: the interplay of fishing and predation in Newfoundland-Labrador. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58:1153–1167.
Bundy, A., Chuenpagdee, R., Jentoft, S., and Mahon, R. (2008). If science is not the answer, what is? An alternative governance model for the world's fisheries. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6:152–155.
Burnham, K. P. and Anderson, D. (2002). Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Burnside, D. and Rasmussen, G. A. (1997). Ecosystem management: can it succeed?Rangelands, 19(2):20–24.
Butterworth, D. S. (2007). Why a management procedure approach? Some positives and negatives. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64:613–617.
Butterworth, D. S. and Punt, A. E. (1999). Experiences in the evaluation and implementation of management procedures. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56:985–998.
Butterworth, D. S., Cochrane, K. L., and Oliveria, J. A. A. (1997). Management procedures: a better way to manage fisheries? The South African experience. In Pikitch, E. K., Huppert, D. D., and Sissenwine, M. P. (eds.) Global Trends: Fisheries Management, American Fisheries Society Symposium 20. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society.
Caddy, J. F. (1999). Fisheries management in the twenty-first century: will new paradigms apply?Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 9:1–43.
Caddy, J. F. (2002). Limit reference points, traffic lights, and holistic approaches to fisheries management with minimal stock assessment input. Fisheries Research, 56:133–137.
Caddy, J. F. and Agnew, D. J. (2004). An overview of recent global experience with recovery plans for depleted marine resources and suggested guidelines for recovery planning. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 14:43–112.
Caddy, J. F. and Cochrane, K. L. (2001). A review of fisheries management past and present and some future perspectives for the third millennium. Ocean and Coastal Management, 44:653–682.
Cadrin, S. X. (1999). A precautionary approach to fishery control rules based on surplus production modeling. In Restrepo, V. R. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth National NMFS Stock Assessment Workshop: Providing Scientific Advice to Implement the Precautionary Approach Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO 40, pp. 17–22.
Callicott, J. B. (1994). Earth's Insights: A Multicultural Survey of Ecological Ethics From the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Campostrini, P. (2007). Scientific Research and Safeguarding of Venice. Research Programme 2004–2006. Vol. V: 2005 Results. Venice, Italy: CORILA.
Canter, L. W. (2001). Environmental Impact Assessment. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
,CBFEAP (Chesapeake Bay Fishery Ecosystem Advisory Panel) (2006). Fisheries Ecosystem Planning for Chesapeake Bay. Vol. 3. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society.
Charles, A. (2001). Sustainable Fishery Systems. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.
Chavez, F. P., Ryan, J., Lluch-Cota, S. E., and Niquen, M. (2003). From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science, 299:217–221.
Cheung, W. W. L., Pitcher, T. J., and Pauly, D. (2005). A fuzzy logic expert system to estimate intrinsic extinction vulnerabilities of marine fishes to fishing. Biological Conservation, 124:97–111.
Christensen, N. L., Bartuska, A. M., Brown, J. H., et al. (1996). The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 6:665–691.
Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (1992). On steady-state modeling of ecosystems. In Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (eds.), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems: ICLARM Conference Proceedings 26. Manila, Philippines: ICLARM, pp. 14–19.
Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (2004). Placing fisheries in their ecosystem context, an introduction. Ecological Modelling, 172:103–107.
Christy, F. T. (1996). The death rattle of open access and the advent of property rights in fisheries. Marine Resource Economics, 11:287–304.
Clarke, G. L. (1946). Dynamics of production in a marine area. Ecological Monographs, 16:323–325.
Colding, J. and Folke, C. (2001). Social taboos: “invisible” systems of local resource management and biological conservation. Ecological Applications, 11:584–600.
Coll, M., Libralato, S., Tudela, S., Palomera, I., and Pranovi, F. (2008). Ecosystem overfishing in the ocean. Public Library of Science (PLOS) ONE, 3(12): e3881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003881.
Coll, M., Shannon, L. J., Yemane, D., et al. (2010). Ranking ecological relative status of exploited ecosystems using multiple indicators. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 769–786.
Collie, J. S. and DeLong, A. K. (1999). Multispecies interactions in the Georges Bank fish community. In Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management. Vol. AK-SG-99–01. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, pp. 187–210.
Collie, J. S. and Gislason, H. (2001). Biological reference points for fish stocks in a multispecies context. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58:2167–2176.
Collie, J. S., Escanero, G. A., and Valentine, P. C. (1997). Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 155:159–172.
Collie, J. S., Hall, S. J., Kaiser, M. J., and Poiner, I. R. (2000). A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69:785–798.
Collie, J. S., Gislason, H., and Vinther, M. (2003). Using AMOEBAs to display multispecies, multifleet fisheries advice. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 60:709–720.
Conover, D. O. and Munch, S. B. (2002). Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales. Science, 297:94–96.
Constable, A. J. (2001). The ecosystem approach to managing fisheries: achieving conservation objectives for predators of fished species. CCAMLR Science, 8:37–64.
Constable, A. J., Mare, W. K., Agnew, D. J., Everson, I., and Miller, D. (2000). Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:778–791.
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., Groot, R., et al. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387:253–260.
Costanza, R., Andrade, F., Antunes, P., et al. (1998). Principles for sustainable governance of the oceans. Science, 281:198–199.
Crowder, L. B., Osherenko, G., Young, O. R., et al. (2006). Resolving mismatches in U.S. Ocean Governance. Science, 313:617–618.
Cury, P. M. (2004). Tuning the ecoscope for the ecosystem approach to fisheries. In Browman, H.-I. and K.-I. Stergiou (eds.), Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274: 272–275.
Daan, N. and Sissenwine, M.-P. eds. (1991). Multispecies Models Relevant to Management of Living Resources. Proceedings of ICES Marine Science Symposium 193. Copenhagen: ICES.
Dale, V. H., Brown, S., Haeuber, R. A., et al. (2000). Ecological principles and guidelines for managing the use of land. Ecological Applications, 10:639–670.
Dambacher, J. M., Li, H. W., and Rossignol, P. A. (2002). Relevance of community structure in assessing indeterminacy of ecological predictions. Ecology, 83:1372–1385.
Dame, J. K. and Christian, R. R. (2006). Uncertainty and the use of network analysis for ecosystem-based fishery management. Fisheries, 31:331–341.
Davis, A. J., Hanson, J. M., Watts, H., and MacPherson, H. (2004). Local ecological knowledge and marine fisheries research: the case of white hake (Urophycis tenuis) predation on juvenile American lobster (Homarus americanus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 61:1191–1201.
Dayton, P. K. (1998). Reversal of the burden of proof in fisheries management. Science, 279:821–822.
Mare, W. K. (1986). Simulation studies on management procedures. Reports of the International Whaling Commission, 36:429–450.
Mare, W. K. (1998). Tidier fisheries management requires a new MOP (management-oriented paradigm). Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 8:349–356.
Mare, W. K. (2005). Marine ecosystem-based management as a hierarchical control system. Marine Policy, 29:57–68.
Deroba, J. J. and Bence, J. R. (2008). A review of harvest policies: understanding relative performance of control rules. Fisheries Research, 94:210–223.
Diamond, J. (2005). Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton.
Dichmont, C. M., Deng, A. R., Punt, A. E., Venables, W., and Haddon, M. (2006a). Mangement strategies for short-lived species: the case of Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery. 1. Accounting for multiple species, spatial structure and implementation uncertainty when evaluating risk. Fisheries Research, 82:204–220.
Dichmont, C. M., Deng, A. R., Punt, A. E., Venables, W., and Haddon, M. (2006b). Management strategies for short lived species: the case of Australia's northern prawn fishery. 2. Choosing appropriate management strategies using input controls. Fisheries Research, 82:221–234.
,DOC (Department of Commerce) (2005). Fisheries of the United States, 2004. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology.
,DOC (Department of Commerce) (2008). Fisheries of the United States, 2007. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology.
Doubleday, W. G. and Rivard, D. (eds.) (1981) Bottom Trawl Surveys. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58.
Drinkwater, K. F. (2002). A review of the role of climate variability in the decline of northern cod. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 32:113–130.
Drinkwater, K. F. (2005). The response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to future climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:1327–1337.
Dulvy, N. K. and Reynolds, J. D. (2002). Predicting extinction vulnerability in skates. Conservation Biology, 16:440–450.
Dulvy, N. K., Sadovy, Y., and Reynolds, J. D. (2003). Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries, 4:25–64.
,EcoAP (Ecosystem Assessment Program) (2009). Ecosystem Status Report for the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document09–11, 34 pp.
Edwards, S. F. (2003). Property rights to multi-attribute fishery resources. Ecological Economics, 44:309–323.
Edwards, S. F., Link, J. S., and Rountree, B. P.(2004). Portfolio management of wild fish stocks. Ecological Economics, 49:317–329.
,EFEP (European Fisheries Ecosystem Plan) (2004). The North Sea Fisheries Ecosystem Plan, EU Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources. QLRT-CT-2001–01685. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: University of Newcastle.
Ellison, A. M. (1996). An introduction to Bayesian inference for ecological research and environmental decision-making. Ecological Applications, 6:1036–1046.
Elton, C. and Nicholson, M. (1942). The ten year cycle in numbers of the lynx in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology, 11:215–244.
Endter-Wada, J., Blahna, D., Krannich, R., and Brunson, M. (1998). A framework for understanding social science contributions to ecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 8:891–904.
Essington, T. E., Beaudreau, A. H., and Wiedenmann, J. (2006). Fishing through marine food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103:3171–3175.
,FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1995). Precautionary Approach to Fisheries. Part 1: Guidelines on the Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species Introductions. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 350, Part 1. Rome, Italy: FAO, 52 pp.
,FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2003). The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries 4, Suppl. 2. Rome, Italy: FAO, 112 pp.
,FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2007). The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. Rome, Italy: FAO, 162 pp.
Fennel, W. and Neumann, T. (2004). Introduction to the Modeling of Marine Ecosystems. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 72 pp.
Ferrero, R. C. and Fritz, L. W. (1994). Comparisons of Walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, Harvest to Steller Sea Lion, Eumetopias jubatus, Abundance in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-43.
Field, J. C. and Francis, R. C. (2006). Considering ecosystem-based fisheries management in the California Current. Marine Policy, 30:552–569.
Fletcher, W. J. (2005). The application of qualitative risk assessment methodology to prioritize issues for fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:1576–1587.
Fletcher, W. J., Chesson, J., Sainsbury, K. J., Hundloe, T. J., and Fisher, M. (2005). A flexible and practical framework for reporting on ecologically sustainable development for wild capture fisheries. Fisheries Research, 71:175–183.
Fogarty, M. J. (2005). Impacts of fishing activities on benthic habitat and carrying capacity: approaches to assessing and managing risk. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 41:769–784.
Fox, W. W. (1975). Fitting the generalized stock production model by least-squares and equilibrium approximation. Fishery Bulletin, 73:23–37.
Francis, R. C., Hare, S. R., Hollowed, A. B., and Wooster, W. S. (1998). Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the NE Pacific. Fisheries Oceanography 7:1–21.
Francis, R. C., Hixon, M. A., Clarke, M. E., Murawski, S. A., and Ralston, S. (2007). Ten commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries scientists. Fisheries, 32:217–233.
Francis, R. I. C. C. (1992). Use of risk analysis to assess fishery management strategies: a case study using orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 49:922–930.
Francis, R. I. C. C. and Shotton, R. (1997). “Risk” in fisheries management: a review. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 54:1699–1715.
Franklin, J. F. (1997). Ecosystem management: an overview. In Boyce, M. S. and Haney, A. (eds.), Ecosystem Management: Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, pp. 21–53.
Franz, E. H. (2001). Ecology, values, and policy. BioScience, 51:469–474.
Frederick, S. W. and Peterman, R. M. (1995). Choosing fisheries harvest policies: when does uncertainty matter?Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 52:291–306.
Fulton, E. A., Smith, A. D. M., and Johnson, C. R. (2003). Effect of complexity on marine ecosystem models. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 253:1–16.
Fulton, E. A., Parslow, J. S., Smith, A. D. M., and Johnson, C. R. (2004a). Biogeochemical marine ecosystem models. 2. The effect of physiological detail on model performance. Ecological Modelling, 173:371–406.
Fulton, E. A., Fuller, M., Smith, A. D. M., and Punt, A. E. (2004b). Ecological Indicators of the Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: Final Report. Report, R99/1546. Canberra, Australia: Australian Fisheries Management Authority.
Fulton, E. A., Smith, A. D. M., and Punt, A. E. (2005). Which ecological indicators can robustly detect effects of fishing?ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:540–551.
Fulton, E. A., Morato, T., and Pitcher, T. J. (2007). Modelling seamount ecosystems and their fisheries. In Pitcher, T. J., Morato, T., Hart, P. J. B., et al. (eds.), Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation. Fish and Aquatic Resources Series 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, pp. 296–332.
Furness, R. W. (1999). Does harvesting a million metric tons of sand lance per year from the North Sea threaten seabird populations? In Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management. Vol. AK-SG-99–01. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, pp. 407–424.
Furness, R. W. and Tasker, M. L. (2000). Seabird-fishery interactions: quantifying the sensitivity of seabirds to reductions in sand eel abundance, and identification of key areas for sensitive seabirds in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 202:253–264.
Gabriel, W. L. and Mace, P. M. (1999). A review of biological reference points in the context of the precautionary approach. In Restrepo, V. R. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth National NMFS Stock Assessment Workshop: Providing Scientific Advice to Implement the Precautionary Approach Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO 40, pp. 34–45.
Gamble, R. J. and Link, J. S. (2009). Analyzing the tradeoffs among ecological and fishing effects on an example fish community: a multispecies (fisheries) production model. Ecological Modelling, 220(19):2570–2582.
Garcia, S. M. and Cochrane, K. L. (2005). Ecosystem approach to fisheries: a review of implementation guidelines. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:311–318.
Garcia, S. M. and Leiva Moreno, I. (2003). Global overview of marine fisheries. In Sinclair, M. and Valdimarsson, G. (eds.), Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Garcia, S. M., Zerbi, A., Aliaume, C., Chi, T., and Lasserre, G. (2003). The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries: Issues, Terminology, Principles, Institutional Foundations, Implementation and Outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 443. Rome, Italy: FAO, 71 pp.
Garrison, L. P. and Link, J. S. (2004). An Expanded Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis (MSVPA-X) to Evaluate Predator-Prey Interactions in Exploited Fish Ecosystems. User's Manual and Model Description, Version 1.1. Washington, DC: Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission.
Garrison, L. P., Link, J. S., Kilduff, D. P., et al. (2010). An expansion of the MSVPA approach for quantifying predator-prey interactions in exploited fish communities. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsq005.
,GBRMPA (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) (2008). Annual Report, 2007–2008. Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Gislason, H. and Helgason, T. (1985). Species interactions in assessment of fish stocks with special application to the North Sea. Dana, 5:1–44.
Gislason, H., Sinclair, M., Sainsbury, K., and O'Boyle, R. (2000). Symposium overview: incorporating ecosystem objectives within fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:468–475.
,GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System). (2007). Available www.ioc-goos.org. Accessed December 2, 2007.
Grafton, R. Q., Arnason, R., Bjørndal, T., et al. (2006). Incentive-based approaches to sustainable fisheries. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 63:699–710.
Graham, M. (1943). The Fish Gate. London: Faber.
Graham, M. (1948). Reporter's view of the scientific meeting on the effect of the war on the stocks of commercial food fishes. Rapports, Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 132:72–78.
Graham, M. (1956). Concepts of conservation. In Papers Presented at the International Technical Conference on the Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea. United Nations Publication 1956.II.B.1, New York: United Nations, pp. 1–11.
Gray, T. S. (ed.) (2005). Participation in Fisheries Governance. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Griffiths, S. P., Brewer, D. T., Heales, D. S., Milton, D. A., and Stobutzki, I. C. (2006). Validating ecological risk assessments for fisheries: assessing the impacts of turtle excluder devices on elasmobranch bycatch populations in an Australian trawl fishery. Marine and Freshwater Research, 57:395–401.
Grumbine, R. E. (1994). What is ecosystem management?Conservation Biology, 8:27–38.
Grumbine, R. E. (1997). Reflections on “What is ecosystem management?”Conservation Biology, 11:41–47.
Gucu, A. C. (2002). Can overfishing be responsible for the successful establishment of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Black Sea?Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54:439–451.
Gulland, J. A. (1983). Fish Stock Assessment: A Manual of Basic Methods. New York: Wiley.
Gunderson, L. H. and Holling, C. S., (eds.) (2002). Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Haeuber, R. (1996). Setting the environmental policy agenda: the case of ecosystem management. Natural Resources Journal, 36:1–28.
Hall, S. J. (1999). The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.
Hall, S. J. and Mainprize, B. (2004). Towards ecosystem-based fisheries management. Fish and Fisheries, 5:1–20.
Halliday, R. G., Fanning, P. F., and Mohn, R. K. (2001). Use of the Traffic Light Method in Fishery Management Planning. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Research Document 2001/108, 42 pp.
Hanna, S. S. (1998). Institutions for marine ecosystems: economic incentives and fishery management. Ecological Applications, 8:S170–S174.
Hanna, S. (2001). Managing the human-ecological interface: marine resources as example and laboratory. Ecosystems, 4:736–741.
Hanson, J. M. and Lanteigne, M. (2000). Evaluation of Atlantic cod predation on American lobster in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, with comments on other potential fish predators. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 129:13–29.
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162:1243–1248.
Hardwood, J. (2000). Risk assessment and decision analysis in conservation. Biological Conservation, 95:219–225.
Hare, J. A. and Able, K. W. (2007). Mechanistic links between climate and fisheries along the east coast of the United States: explaining population outbursts of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). Fisheries Oceanography, 16:31–45.
Hayes, D. B., Ferreri, C. P., and Taylor, W. W. (1996). Linking fish habitat to their population dynamics. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 53: 383–390.
Helgason, T. and Gislason, H. (1979). VPA-analysis with Species Interaction Due to Predation. ICES Document CM 1979/G:52, 193 pp.
Hennessey, T. M. and Sutinen, J. G. (eds.) (2005). Sustaining Large Marine Ecosystems: The Human Dimension. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Heymans, J. J. and Baird, D. (2000). Network analysis of the northern Benguela ecosystem by means of NETWRK and ECOPATH. Ecological Modelling, 131:97–119.
Hickling, C. F. (1946). The recovery of a deep sea fishery. In UK Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Investigations (Series 2), 17:1–59.
Hilborn, R. (2004). Ecosystem-based fisheries management: the carrot or the stick? In Browman, H. I. and K. I. Stergiou (eds.), Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274:275–278.
Hilborn, R. (2006). Faith-based fisheries. Fisheries, 31:554–555.
Hilborn, R. (2007). Managing fisheries is managing people: what has been learned?Fish and Fisheries, 8:285–296.
Hilborn, R. and Mangel, M. (1997). The Ecological Detective: Confronting Models with Data. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hilborn, R. and Walters, C. J. (1992). Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Hjort, J. (1914). Fluctuations in the great fisheries of Northern Europe, viewed in the light of biological research. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 20:1–228.
Hobday, A. J., Smith, A., Stobutzki, I., et al. (2004). Ecological risk assessment for Australian Commonwealth fisheries. Final Report Stage 1. Hazard identification and preliminary risk assessment. Report R01/0934. Hobart, Tasmania: CSIRO Marine Research, 74 pp.
Hobday, A. J., Smith, A., Webb, H., et al. (2007). Ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing: methodology. Report R04/1072. for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Canberra, Australia, 186 pp.
Hoenig, J. M. (1983). Empirical use of longevity data to estimate mortality rates. Fishery Bulletin, 82:898–902.
Holland, D. S. (2002). Integrating marine protected areas into models for fishery assessment and management. Natural Resource Modeling, 15:369–386.
Holling, C. S. (1978). Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. New York: Wiley.
Holling, C. S. (2001). Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems, 4:390–405.
Hollowed, A. B. and Wooster, W. S. (1995). Decadal-scale variations in the eastern subarctic Pacific. 2. Response of northeast Pacific fish stocks. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121:373–385.
Hollowed, A. B., Brown, E., Ianelli, J., et al. (1997). Walleye Pollock. Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for Gulf of Alaska as Projected for 1998. Anchorage, AK: North Pacific Fisheries Management Council.
Hollowed, A. B., Bax, N., Beamish, R., et al. (2000a). Are multispecies models an improvement on single-species models for measuring fishing impacts on marine ecosystems?ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:707–719.
Hollowed, A. B., Ianelli, J. N., and Livingston, P. A. (2000b). Including predation mortality in stock assessments: a case study for Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:279–293.
Hollowed, A. B., Hare, S. R., and Wooster, W. S. (2001). Pacific Basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production. Progress in Oceanography, 49:257–282.
Hutchings, J. A. (2000). Collapse and recovery of marine fishes. Nature, 406:882–885.
Hutchings, J. A. and Reynolds, J. D. (2004). Marine fish population collapses: consequences for recovery and extinction risk. BioScience, 54:297–309.
Huxley, T. H. (1884). Inaugural address. Fisheries Exhibition Literature, 4:1–22.
,ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) (2003). Report of the Working Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities. ICES Document CM 2003/ACE:05, 193 pp.
,ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) (2008). Report of the Working Group on Multispecies Assessment Methods (WGSAM), 6–10 October 2008, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen. ICES Document CM 2008/RMC:06.
,IOOS (Integrated Ocean Observing System) (2007). Available www.ocean.us/ioos_ observing_system. Accessed December 2, 2007.
,IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
,IWC (International Whaling Commission) (2008). Report of the International Whaling Commission, Volume 60. Cambridge, UK: IWC.
Jackson, J. B. C., et al. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 293:629–638.
Jacobson, L. D. and McCall, A. D. (1995). Stock-recruitment models for Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 52:566–577.
Jacobson, L. D., Bograd, S. J., Parrish, R. H., Mendelssohn, R., and Schwing, F. B. (2005). An ecosystem-based hypothesis for climatic effects on surplus production in California sardine (Sardinops sagax) and environmentally dependent surplus production models. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 62:1782–1796.
Jamieson, G., O'Boyle, R., Arbour, J., et al. (2001). Proceedings of the National Workshop on Objectives and Indicators for Ecosystem-based Management. Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat (CSAS) Proceedings Series 2001/9, Ottawa, Canada: DFO, CSAS, 142 pp.
Jennings, S. (2005). Indicators to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 6:212–232.
Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. J. (1998). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology, 34:201–352.
Jennings, S., Reynolds, J. D., and Polunin, N. V. C. (1999). Predicting the vulnerability of tropical reef fishes to exploitation with phylogenies and life histories. Conservation Biology, 13:1466–1475.
Jorgensen, S. E. (1992). Exergy and ecology. Ecological Modelling, 63:185–214.
Jurado-Molina, J. and Livingston, P. (2002). Multispecies perspectives on the Bering Sea groundfish fisheries management regime. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 22:1164–1175.
Jurado-Molina, J., Livingston, P., and Ianelli, J. (2005). Incorporating predation interactions in a statistical catch-at-age model for a predator-prey system in the Eastern Bering Sea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 62:1865–1873.
Kaiser, M. J. (2003). Detecting the effects of fishing on seabed community diversity: importance of scale and sample size. Conservation Biology, 17:512–520.
Kaiser, M. J. and Groot, S. J. (2000). Effects of Fishing on Non-Target Species and Habitats. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.
Kaiser, M. J. and Edwards-Jones, G. (2006). The role of ecolabeling in fisheries management and conservation. Conservation Biology, 20:392–398.
Kaiser, M. J., Collie, J. S., Hall, S. J., Jennings, S., and Poiner, I. R. (2002). Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions. Fish and Fisheries, 3:114–136.
Kavanagh, P., Newlands, N., Christensen, V., and Pauly, D. (2004). Automated parameter optimization for EcoPath ecosystem models. Ecological Modelling, 172:141–149.
Keyl, F. and Wolff, M. (2008). Environmental variability and fisheries: what can models do?Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 18:273–299.
Kurtz, J. C., Jeckson, L. E., and Fisher, W. S. (2001). Strategies for evaluating indicators based on guidelines from the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development. Ecological Indicators, 1:49–60.
Lackey, R. T. (1998). Seven pillars of ecosystem management. Landscape and Urban Planning, 40:21–30.
Laevastu, T. and Larkin, H. A. (1981). Marine Fisheries Ecosystem: Its Quantitative Evaluation and Management. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Fishing News Books.
Lane, D. E. and Stephenson, R. L. (1998). A framework for risk analysis in fisheries decision-making. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55:1–13.
Larkin, P. A. (1977). An epitaph for the concept of maximum sustainable yield. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 106:1–11.
Larkin, P. A. (1996). Concepts and issues in marine ecosystem management. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 6:139–164.
Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Leslie, H., Rosenberg, A. A., and Eagle, J. (2008). Is a new mandate needed for marine ecosystem-based management?Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6:43–48.
Leslie, P. H. and Gower, J. C. (1960). Properties of a stochastic model for the predator-prey type of interaction between two species. Biometrika, 47:219–301.
Levin, P. S., Fogarty, M. J., Murawski, S. A., and Fluharty, D. (2009). Integrated ecosystem assessments: developing the scientific basis for ecosystem-based management of the ocean. Public Library of Science (PLOS) Biology, 7(1): e1000014 (0023–0028).
Libralato, S., Christensen, V., and Pauly, D. (2006). A method for identifying keystone species in food web models. Ecological Modelling, 195:153–171.
Libralato, S., Coll, M., Tudela, S., Palomera, I., and Pranovi, F. (2008). Novel index for quantification of ecosystem effects of fishing as removal of secondary production. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 355:107–129.
Lindeman, R. L. (1942). The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology, 23:399–418.
Link, J. S. (2001). A framework for ecosystem-based fisheries management. In 7th National Stock Assessment Workshop (Re)Building Sustainable Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems. Santa Cruz, CA: NMFS, SWFSC, 15 pp.
Link, J. S. (2002a). Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems?Marine Ecology Progress Series, 230:1–9.
Link, J. S. (2002b). Ecological considerations in fisheries management: when does it matter?Fisheries, 27:10–17.
Link, J. S. (2002c). What does ecosystem-based fisheries management mean?Fisheries, 27:18–21.
Link, J. S. (2005). Translation of ecosystem indicators into decision criteria. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:569–576.
Link, J. S. (2007). Under-appreciated species in ecology: “ugly fish” in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Ecological Applications, 17:2037–2060.
Link, J. S. and Almeida, F. P. (2000). An Overview in History of the Food Web Dynamics Program of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-159, 60 pp.
Link, J. S. and Brodziak, J. (eds.) (2002). Status of the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Ecosystem: A Report of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's Ecosystem Status Working Group. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 02–11, 245 pp.
Link, J. S. and Idoine, J. S. (2009). Estimates of predator consumption of the northern shrimp Pandalus borealis, with implications for estimates of population biomass in the Gulf of Maine. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 29:1567–1583.
Link, J. S. and Sosebee, K. (2008). Estimates and implications of skate consumption in the northeastern U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28:649–662.
Link, J. S., Brodziak, J. K. T., Edwards, S. F., et al. (2002a). Marine ecosystem assessment in a fisheries management context. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 59:1429–1440.
Link, J. S., Garrison, L. P., and Almeida, F. P. (2002b). Interactions between elasmobranchs and groundfish species (Gadidae and Pleuronectidae) on the Northeast U.S. shelf. I. Evaluating predation. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 22:550–562.
Link, J. S., Almeda, F., Valentine, P., et al. (2005a). The effect of area closures on Georges Bank. AFS Symposium, 41:345–368.
Link, J. S., Fogarty, M. J., and Langton, R. W. (2005b). The trophic ecology of flatfishes. In Gibson, R. N. (ed.), Biology of Flatfishes. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science, pp. 185–212.
Link, J. S., Stockhausen, W. T., and Methratta, E. T. (2005c). Food web theory in marine ecosystems. In Belgrano, A., Scharler, U. M., Dunne, J., and Ulanowicz, R. E. (eds.), Aquatic Food Webs: An Ecosystem Approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Link, J. S., Overholtz, W., O'Reilly, J., et al. (2008). An overview of EMAX: the Northeast U.S. continental shelf ecological network. Journal of Marine Systems, 74:453–474.
Link, J. S., Col, L., Guida, V., et al. (2009a). Response of balanced network models to large-scale perturbation: implications for evaluating the role of small pelagics in the Gulf of Maine. Ecological Modelling, 220:351–369.
Link, J. S., Bogstad, B., Sparholt, H., and Lilly, G. R. (2009b). The role of cod in the ecosystem. Fish and Fisheries, 10:58–87.
Link, J. S., Yemane, D., Shannon, L. J., et al. (2010). Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67:787–795.
Livingston, P. (ed.) (2002). Ecosystem Considerations for 2003. Groundfish Plan Team Document. Anchorage, AK: Management Council North Pacific Fishery.
Livingston, P. and Jurado-Molina, J. (2000). A multispecies virtual population analysis of the eastern Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:294–299.
Lotka, A. J. (1925). Elements of Physical Biology. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
Lotze, H. K. (2004). Repetitive history of resource depletion and mismanagement: the need for a shift in perspective. In Browman, H. I. and K. I. Stergiou (eds.) Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274: 282–285.
Lotze, H. K., Lenihan, H. S., Bourque, B. J., et al. (2006). Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science, 312:1806–1809.
Loughlin, T. R. and Merrick, R. L. (1989). Comparison of commercial harvest of walleye pollock and northern sea lion abundance in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology and Management of Walleye Pollock, 14–16 November 1988, Anchorage, Alaska. Vol. AK-SG-89–01. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Sea Grant Program.
Ludwig, D. and Walters, C. J. (1989). A robust method for parameter estimation from catch and effort data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 46:137–144.
Ludwig, D., Mangel, M., and Haddad, B. (2001). Ecology, conservation and public policy. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32:481–517.
Mace, G. M., Collar, N. J., Gaston, K. J., et al. (2008). Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN's system for classifying threatened species. Conservation Biology, 22:1424–1442.
Mace, P. M. (2001). A new role for MSY in single-species and ecosystem approaches to fisheries stock assessment and management. Fish and Fisheries, 2:2–32.
Mace, P. M. (2004). In defense of fisheries scientists, single-species models and other scapegoats: confronting the real problems. In Browman, H. I. and K. I. Stergiou (eds.), Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274:285–291.
Magnusson, K. G. (1995). An overview of the multispecies VPA – theory and applications. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 5:195–212.
Malone, C. R. (2000). Ecosystem management policies in state government of the USA. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48:57–64.
Mangel, M. and Levin, P. S. (2005). Regime, phase and paradigm shifts: making community ecology the basic science for fisheries. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 360:95–105.
Mangel, M., Talbot, L. M., Meffe, G. K., et al. (1996). Principles for the conservation of wild living resources. Ecological Applications, 6:338–362.
Marasco, R. J., Goodman, D., Grimes, C. B., et al. (2007). Ecosystem-based fisheries management: some practical suggestions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 64:928–939.
May, R. M., Beddington, J. R., Clark, C. W., Holt, S. J., and Laws, R. M. (1979). Management of multispecies fisheries. Science, 205:267–277.
McCall, A. D. (1996). Patterns of Low-frequency Variability in Fish Populations of the California Current. CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fishery Investigations) Reports, 37:100–110.
Merrick, R. L., Chumbley, M. K., and Byrd, G. V. (1997). Diet diversity of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) and their population decline in Alaska: a potential relationship. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 54:1342–1348.
Methratta, E. T. and Link, J. S. (2006). Evaluation of quantitative indicators for marine fish communities. Ecological Indicators, 6:575–588.
Milton, D. A. (2001). Assessing the susceptibility to fishing of populations of rare trawl bycatch: sea snakes caught by Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery. Biological Conservation, 101:281–290.
Moustahfid, H., Link, J. S., Overholtz, W. J., and Tyrell, M. C. (2009). The advantage of explicitly incorporating predation mortality into age-structured stock assessment models: an application for Northwest Atlantic mackerel. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66:445–454.
Mueter, F. J. and Litzow, M. A. (2008). Sea ice retreat alters the biogeography of the Bering Sea continental shelf. Ecological Applications, 18:309–320.
Mueter, F. J. and Megrey, B. A. (2006). Using multi-species surplus production models to estimate ecosystem-level maximum sustainable yields. Fisheries Research, 81:189–201.
Mullon, C., Fréon, P., and Cury, P. (2005). The dynamics of collapse in world fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 6:111–120.
Murawski, S. A. (1984). Mixed-species yield per recruitment analyses accounting for technological interactions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 41:897–916.
Murawski, S. A. (2000). Definitions of overfishing from an ecosystem perspective. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:649–658.
Murawski, S. A. (2007). Ten myths concerning ecosystem approaches to marine resource management. Marine Policy, 31:681–690.
Murawski, S. A., Brown, R., Lai, H.-L., Rago, P. J., and Hendrickson, L. (2000). Large-scale closed areas as a fishery-management tool in temperate marine systems: the Georges Bank experience. Bulletin of Marine Science, 66:775–798.
Murphy, B. R. and Willis, W. (eds.) (1996). Fisheries Techniques. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society.
Musick, J. A. (1999). Criteria to define extinction risk in marine fishes. Fisheries, 24:6–14.
Myers, R. A. and Worm, B. (2003). Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature, 423:280–283.
Myers, R. A., Hutchings, J. A., and Barrowman, N. J. (1997). Why do fish stocks collapse? The example of cod in Atlantic Canada. Ecological Applications, 7:91–106.
Myers, R. A., Baum, J. K., Shepherd, T. D., Powers, S. P., and Peterson, C. H. (2007). Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science, 315:1846–1850.
,NEFSC (Northeast Fisheries Science Center) (2006). 42nd Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (42nd SAW) Stock Assessment Report. Part B: Expanded Multispecies Virtual Population Analysis (MSVPA-X) Stock Assessment Model. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 06–09. Woods Hole, MA: NEFSC.
,NEFSC (Northeast Fisheries Science Center) (2008). Assessment of 19 Northeast Groundfish Stocks through 2007. In Report of the 3rd Groundfish Assessment Review Meeting (GARM III), Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, August 4–8, 2008. Section 2.1. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 08–1, pp. 855–865.
Nelson, G. A., Chase, B. C., and Stockwell, J. (2003). Food habits of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in coastal waters of Massachusetts. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 32:1–25.
Nicholson, M. D. and Jennings, S. (2004). Testing candidate indicators to support ecosystem-based management: the power of monitoring surveys to detect temporal trends in fish community metrics. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61:35–42.
,NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service) (1999). Ecosystem-based Fishery Management. A report to Congress by the Ecosystems Principles Advisory Panel. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce.
,NOAA CBO (Chesapeake Bay Fisheries Ecosystem Advisory Panel) (2006). Fisheries Ecosystem Planning for Chesapeake Bay. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society.
Norton, B. G. and Noonan, D. (2007). Ecology and valuation: big changes needed. Ecological Economics, 63:664–675.
,NPFMC (North Pacific Fishery Management Council) (2008). Aleutian Islands Fishery Ecosystem Plan. Anchorage, AK: NPFMC.
,NRC (National Research Council) (1999). Sustaining Marine Fisheries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
O'Boyle, R. and Jamieson, G. (2006). Observations on the implementation of ecosystem-based management: experiences on Canada's east and west coasts. Fisheries Research, 79:1–12.
O'Boyle, R., Sinclair, M., Keizer, P., et al. (2005). Indicators for ecosystem-based management on the Scotian Shelf: bridging the gap between theory and practice. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:598–605.
Odum, E. P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164:262–270.
Odum, H. T. (1957). Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecological Monographs, 27:55–112.
Orensanz, J. M. and Jamieson, G. S. (1998). The assessment and management of spatially explicit stocks: an overview of the North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock assessment and management. In Jamieson, G. S. and Campbell, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock Assessment and Management. Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 125: 441–459.
Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C. B., Norgaard, R. B., and Policansky, D. (1999). Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science, 284:278–282.
Overholtz, W. J., Jacobson, L. D., and Link, J. S. (2008). Developing an ecosystem approach for assessment advice and biological reference points for the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank herring complex: adding the impact of predation mortality. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 28:247–257.
Pascoe, S. (2006). Food for thought. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63:1–3.
Patrick, W. S. and Damon-Randall, K. (2008). Using a five-factored structured decision analysis to evaluate the extinction risk of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). Biological Conservation, 141:2906–2911.
Patrick, W. S., Spencer, P., Ormseth, O., et al. (2009). Use of Productivity and Susceptibility Indices to Determine the Vulnerability of a Stock: With Example Applications to Six U.S. Fisheries. Final Report of the National Marine Fisheries Service Vulnerability Evaluation Work Group. Silver Spring, MD.
Pauly, D. (2003). Ecosystem impacts of the world's marine fisheries. Global Change Newsletter, 55:21–23.
Pauly, D. and Christensen, V. (1995). Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature, 374:255–257.
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R., and Torres, F. C., Jr. (1998). Fishing down marine food webs. Science, 279:860–863.
Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Guénette, S., et al. (2002). Towards sustainability in world fisheries. Nature, 418:689–695.
Pauly, D., Alder, J., Bennett, E., et al. (2003). The future for fisheries. Science, 302:1359–1361.
Pella, J. J. and Tomlinson, P. K. (1969). A generalized stock-production model. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 13:419–496.
Perez, M. A. (1990). Review of Marine Mammal Population and Prey Information for Bering Sea Ecosystem Studies. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/NWC-186, 81 pp.
Perry, A. L., Low, P. J., Ellis, J. R., and Reynolds, J. D. (2005). Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science, 308:1912–1915.
Peterman, R. M. (1990). Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 47:2–15.
Peterman, R. M. (2004). Possible solutions to some challenges facing fisheries scientists and managers. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61:1331–1343.
Peterman, R. M. and Anderson, J. L. (1999). Decision analysis: a method for taking uncertainties into account in risk-based decision making. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 5:231–244.
Peters, C. N. and Marmorek, D. R. (2001). Application of decision analysis to evaluate recovery actions for threatened Snake River spring and summer chinook salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58:2431–2466.
Pikitch, E. K., Santora, C., Babcock, E. A., et al. (2004). Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science, 305:346–347.
Pitcher, T. J. (2001). Fisheries managed to rebuild ecosystems? Reconstructing the past to salvage the future. Ecological Applications, 11:601–617.
Pitcher, T. J., Kalikoski, D., Short, K., Varkey, D., and Pramod, G. (2009). An evaluation of progress in implementing ecosystem-based management of fisheries in 33 countries. Marine Policy, 33:223–232.
Plagányi, É. E. (2007). Models for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 477. Rome, Italy: FAO, 108 pp.
,POC (Pew Oceans Commission) (2004). America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change: A Report to the Nation. Arlington, VA: Pew Oceans Commission, 143 pp.
Polovina, J. J. (1984). Model of a coral reef ecosystem. I. The ECOPATH model and its application to French Frigate Shoals. Coral Reefs, 3:1–11.
Pope, J. G. (1979). A Modified Cohort Analysis in which Constant Mortality is Replaced by Estimates of Predation Levels. ICES Document CM 1979/H:16, 8 pp.
Pope, J. G., MacDonald, D. S., Daan, N., Reynolds, J. D., and Jennings, S. (2000). Gauging the impact of fishing mortality on non-target species. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:689–696.
Prager, M. H. (1994). A suite of extensions to a nonequilibrium surplus–production model. Fishery Bulletin, 92:374–389.
Punt, A. and Butterworth, D. (1995). The effects of future consumption by the Cape fur seal on catches and catch rates of the Cape hakes. 4. Modelling the biological interaction between Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus and the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxis. South African Journal of Marine Science, 16:255–285.
Punt, A. E. and Hilborn, R. (1997). Fisheries stock assessment and decision analysis: the Bayesian approach. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 7:35–63.
Punt, A. E. and Smith, A. D. M. (2001). The gospel of maximum sustainable yield in fisheries management: birth, crucifixion and reincarnation. In Reynolds, J. D., Mace, G. M., Redford, K. R., and Robinson, J. R. (eds.), Conservation of Exploited Species. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–66.
Purcell, J. E. C., Graham, W. M. C., and Dumont, H. J. C. (2001). Proceedings of the International Conference on Jellyfish Blooms. Hydrobiologia, 451:333.
Quinn, T. J. and Deriso, R. B. (1999). Quantitative Fish Dynamics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Rabalais, N. N. and Turner, R. E. (2006). Oxygen depletion in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi River. In Neretin, L. N. (ed.), Past and Present Marine Water Column Anoxia. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer, pp. 225–245.
Rabalais, N. N.Turner, R. E., Wiseman, W. J., Jr., and Boesch, D. F. (1991). A brief summary of hypoxia on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf: 1985–1988. In Tyson, R. V. and Pearson, T. H. (eds.), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geological Society Special Publication 58. London: The Geological Society.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., Justić, D., Dortch, Q., and Wiseman, W. J., Jr. (1999). A Characterization of Hypoxia: Topic 1. Report for the Integrated Assessment on Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series 15. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coastal Ocean Program. 167 pp.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., and Wiseman, W. J., Jr. (2001). Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30:320–329.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., and Scavia, D. (2002a). Beyond science into policy: Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and the Mississippi River. BioScience, 52:129–142.
Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E., and Wiseman, W. J., Jr. (2002b). Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, a.k.a., “The Dead Zone”. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33:235–263.
Ragnarsson, S. Á., Jaworski, A., Paramor, O. A. L., et al. (2003). European Fisheries Ecosystem Plan: The North Sea Significant Web. EU Project number Q5RS-2001–016585. Reykjavik, Iceland: Marine Research Institute.
Restrepo, V. R. (1999). Proceedings of the Fifth National NMFS Stock Assessment Workshop: Providing Scientific Advice to Implement the Precautionary Approach Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO 40, 161 pp.
Restrepo, V. R., Thompson, G. G., Mace, P. M., et al. (1998). Technical Guidance on the Use of Precautionary Approaches to Implementing National Standard 1 of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO 31, 54 pp.
Rice, J. C. (2000). Evaluating fishery impacts using metrics of community structure. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:682–688.
Rice, J. C. (2003). Environmental health indicators. Ocean and Coastal Management, 46:235–259.
Rice, J. C. and Rochet, M. -J. (2005). A framework for selecting a suite of indicators for fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53:1214–1225.
Richards, R. A. and Rago, P. J. (1999). A case history of effective fishery management: Chesapeake Bay striped bass. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 19:356–375.
Ricker, W. E. (1954). Stock and recruitment. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 11:559–623.
Roberts, C. M. and Hawkins, J. P. (1999). Extinction risk in the sea. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, 14:241–248.
Rochet, M. -J. and Rice, J. C. (2009). Simulation-based management strategy evaluation: ignorance disguised as mathematics?ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66:754–762.
Rochet, M. -J. and Trenkel, V. M. (2003). Which community indicators can measure the impact of fishing?Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60:86–99.
Rose, K. A. (2000). Why are quantitative relationships between environmental quality and fish populations so elusive?Ecological Applications, 10:367–385.
Rosen, D. A. S. and Trites, A. W. (2000). Pollock and the decline of Steller sea lions: testing the junk-food hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78:1243–1250.
Rosenberg, A. A. (2003). Managing to the margins: the overexploitation of fisheries. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1:102–106.
Rosenberg, A. A. (2007). Fishing for certainty. Nature, 449:989.
Rosenberg, A. A., Fogarty, M. J., Sissenwine, M. P., Beddington, J. R., and Shepherd, J. G. (1993). Achieving sustainable use of renewable resources. Science, 262:828–829.
Rosenzweig, M. L. and MacArthur, R. H. (1963). Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions. American Naturalist, 97:209–223.
Sainsbury, K. J. (1988). The ecological basis of multispecies fisheries and management of a demersal fishery in tropical Australia. In Gulland, J. A. (ed.), Fish Population Dynamics. London: John Wiley, pp. 349–382.
Sainsbury, K. J. (1991). Application of an experimental approach to management of a tropical multispecies fishery with highly uncertain dynamics. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Marine Science Symposium, 193:301–320.
Sainsbury, K. J. (1998). Living marine resource assessment for the 21st Century: what will be needed and how will it be provided? In Funk, F., Quinn, I. T. J., Heifetz, J., et al. (eds.), Fishery Stock Assessment Models. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report AK-SG-98–01. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, pp. 1–40.
Sainsbury, K. J. and Sumaila, U. R. (2003). Incorporating ecosystem objectives into management of sustainable marine fisheries, including “best practice” reference points and use of marine protected areas. In Sinclair, M. and Valdimarson, G. (eds.), Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 343–361.
Sainsbury, K. J., Campbell, R. A., Lindholm, R., and Whitelaw, A. W. (1997). Experimental management of an Australian multispecies fishery: examining the possibility of trawl induced habitat modification. In Pikitch, E. K., Huppert, D. D., and Sissenwine, M. P. (eds.), Global Trends: Fisheries Management. American Fisheries Society Symposium 20. Washington, DC: AFS, pp. 107–112.
Sainsbury, K. J., Punt, A. E., and Smith, A. D. M. (2000). Design of operational management strategies for achieving fishery ecosystem objectives. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:731–741.
Schaefer, M. B. (1954). Some aspects of the dynamics of populations important to the management of commercial marine fisheries. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 1:27–56.
Schaefer, M. B. (1956). The scientific basis for a conservation program. In Papers presented at the International Technical Conference on the Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea. United Nations Publication 1956.II.B.1. New York: United Nations, pp. 15–55.
Schaefer, M. B. (1957). A study of the dynamics of the fishery for yellowfin tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 2:247–285.
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., and Young, B. (2005). Cascading effects of overfishing marine systems. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, 20:579–581.
Schiller, A., Hunsaker, C. T., Kane, M. A., et al. (2001). Communicating ecological indicators to decision makers and the public. Conservation Ecology, 5:1–19.
Schnute, J. T. and Haigh, R. (2006). Reference points and management strategies: lessons from quantum mechanics. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63:4–11.
Schnute, J. T., Maunder, M. N., and Ianelli, J. N. (2007). Designing tools to evaluate fishery management strategies: can the scientific community deliver?ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64:1077–1084.
Scott, A. D. (1989). Conceptual origins of rights based fishing. In Neher, P. A., Arnason, R. and Mollett, N. (eds.), Rights Based Fishing. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 11–38.
Selgeby, J. H., Eshenroder, R. L., Krueger, C. C., Marsden, J. E., and Pycha, R. L. (1995). International conference on restoration of lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 21 (Suppl. 1).
Sette, O. E. (1943). Studies on the Pacific pilchard or sardine (Sardinops caerulea). In Structure of a Research Program to Determine How Fishing Affects the Resources. Special Scientific Report 19. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Shiganova, T. A., Mirzoyan, Z. A., Studenikina, E. A., Volovick, S. P., et al. (2001). Population development of the invader ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, in the Black Sea and in other seas of the Mediterranean basin. Marine Biology, 139:431–445.
Sibert, J., Hampton, J., Kleiber, P., and Maunder, M. (2006). Biomass, size, and trophic status of top predators in the Pacific Ocean. Science, 314:1773–1776.
Sissenwine, M. P. (1978). Is MSY an adequate foundation for optimum yield?Fisheries, 3:22–42.
Sissenwine, M. P. and Mace, P. M. (2003). Governance for responsible fisheries: an ecosystem approach. In Sinclair, M. and Valdimarsson, G. (eds.), Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 363–390.
Sissenwine, M. P. and Murawski, S. (2004). Moving beyond “intelligent tinkering”: advancing an ecosystem approach to fisheries. In Browman, H. I. and Stergiou, K. I. (eds.), Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 274: 291–295.
Sissenwine, M. P. and Shepherd, J. G. (1987). An alternate perspective on recruitment overfishing and biological reference points. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 44:913–918.
Skud, B. E. (1975). Revised Estimates of Halibut Abundance and the Thompson–Burkenroad Debate. Report of the International North Pacific Halibut Commission, Seattle, WA, 56 pp.
Slocombe, D. S. (1993). Implementing ecosystem-based management. BioScience, 43:612–622.
Smith, A. D. M., Sainsbury, K. J., and Stevens, R. A. (1999). Implementing effective fisheries management systems: management strategy evaluation and the Australian partnership approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 56:967–979.
Smith, A. D. M., Fulton, E. J., Hobday, A. J., Smith, D. C., and Shoulder, P. (2007). Scientific tools to support the practical implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64:633–639.
Smith, A. D. M., Smith, D. C., Tuck, G. N., et al. (2008). Experience in implementing harvest strategies in Australia's south-eastern fisheries. Fisheries Research, 94:373–379.
Smith, T. D. (1994). Scaling Fisheries: The Science of Measuring the Effects of Fishing, 1855–1955. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, T. D. (1998). “Simultaneous and complementary advances": mid-century expectations of the interaction of fisheries science and management. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 8:335–348.
Smith, T. D. (2002). The Woods Hole bottom-trawl resource survey: development of fisheries-independent multispecies monitoring. In Anderson, E. D. (ed.), 100 Years of Science under ICES: Papers from a Symposium Held in Helsinki. ICES Marine Science Symposia 215. Copenhagen, Denmark: ICES, pp. 474–482.
Smith, T. D. and Link, J. S. (2005). Autopsy your dead…and living: a proposal for fisheries science, fisheries management and fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 6:73–87.
Solow, R. (1991). Sustainability: an economist's perspective. In Dorfman, R. and Dorfman, N. (eds.), Economics of the Environment. New York: W. W. Norton.
Steele, J. H. (1985). A comparison of terrestrial and marine ecological systems. Nature, 313:355–358.
Steele, J. H. (1991). Can ecological theory cross the land-sea boundary?Journal of Theoretical Biology, 153:425–436.
Stefánsson, G. and Pálsson, Ó. K. (1998). A framework for multispecies modelling of Boreal systems. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 8:101–104.
Stenson, G. B. and Hammill, M. O. (2006). Quantifying Uncertainty in Estimates of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Consumption by Harp Seals (Phoca groenlandica). Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2004/089. Ottawa, Canada: DFO, CSAS, 32 pp.
Stenson, G. B. and Perry, E. A. (2001). Incorporating Uncertainty into Estimates of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua), Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Arctic Cod (Boreogadus saida) Consumption by Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) in NAFO Divisions 2J3KL. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document, 2001/074. Ottawa, Canada: DFO, CSAS, pp. 1–34.
Stenson, G. B., Hammill, M. O., and Lawson, J. W. (1997). Predation by harp seals in Atlantic Canada: preliminary consumption estimates for Arctic cod, capelin and Atlantic cod. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 22:137–154.
Stobutzki, I. C., Miller, M. J., Jones, P., and Salini, J. P. (2001a). Bycatch diversity and variation in a tropical Australian penaeid fishery: the implications for monitoring. Fisheries Research, 53:283–301.
Stobutzki, I. C., Miller, M. J., and Brewer, D. (2001b). Sustainability of fishery bycatch: a process for assessing highly diverse and numerous bycatch. Environmental Conservation, 28:167–181.
Stobutzki, I. C., Miller, M. J., Heales, D. S., and Brewer, D. T. (2002). Sustainability of elasmobranchs caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery. Fishery Bulletin, 100:800–821.
Suter, G. W. (1993). Ecological Risk Assessment. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Symes, D. and Phillipson, J. (2009). Whatever became of social objectives in fisheries policy?Fisheries Research, 95:1–5.
Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., et al. (2000). The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:531–547.
Thomas, J. W. (2000). From managing a deer herd to moving a mountain: one pilgrim's progress. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64:1–10.
Thomas, J. W. (2004). The Journals of a Forest Service Chief. University of Washington Press.
Thompson, W. F. (1922). The marine fisheries, the state and the biologist. Scientific Monthly, 15:542–550.
Tjelmeland, S. and Bogstad, B. (1998). MULTSPEC: a review of a multispecies modelling project for the Barents Sea. Fisheries Research, 37:127–142.
Townsend, H. M., Link, J. S., Osgood, K. E., et al. (2008). Report of the NEMoW (National Ecosystem Modeling Workshop). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-87, 93 pp.
Trenkel, V. M. and Rochet, M.-J. (2003). Performance of indicators derived from abundance estimates for detecting the impact of fishing on a community. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 60:67–85.
Trites, A. W., Livingston, P. A., Mackinson, S., et al. (1999). Ecosystem Change and the Decline of Marine Mammals in the Eastern Bering Sea: Testing the Ecosystem Shift and Commercial Whaling Hypotheses. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 7(1). Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia, 106 pp.
Tsou, T. S. and Collie, J. (2001a). Predation-mediated recruitment in the Georges Bank fish community. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58:994–1001.
Tsou, T. S. and Collie, J. (2001b). Estimating predation mortality in the Georges Bank fish community. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58: 908–922.
Tudela, S., Coll, M., and Palomera, I. (2005). Developing an operational reference framework for fisheries management on the basis of a two-dimensional index of ecosystem impact. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:585–591.
Tyrrell, M. C., Link, J. S., Moustahfid, H., and Overholtz, W. J. (2009). Evaluating the effect of predation mortality on forage species population dynamics in the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf ecosystem: an application using multispecies virtual population analysis. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65:1689–1700.
Tyrrell, M. C., Link, J. S., and Moustahfid, H. (2010). The importance of including predation in some fish population models: implications for biological reference points. Fisheries, in press.
Turner, R. E. and Rabalais, N. N. (1994). Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta. Nature, 368:619–621.
Ulanowicz, R. E. (1986). Growth and Development: Ecosystem Phenomenology. New York: Springer.
Ulanowicz, R. E. (1997). Ecology: The Ascendant Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ulanowicz, R. E. (2004). Quantitative methods for ecological network analysis. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 28:321–339.
Ulanowicz, R. E. and Kay, J. J. (1991). A package for the analysis of ecosystem flow networks. Environmental Modelling and Software, 6:131–142.
Ulanowicz, R. E. and Norden, J. S. (1990). Symmetrical overhead in flow and networks. International Journal of Systems Science, 21:429–437.
Ulanowicz, R. E. and Puccia, C. J. (1990). Mixed trophic impacts in ecosystems. Coenoses, 5:7–16.
,USCOP (U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy) (2004). An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy.
,USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) (2009). Census of Agriculture 2007. Geographic Area Series, Part 51, Vol. 1 AC-07-A-51. Washington, DC: USDA, 739 pp.
Utne, I. B. (2006). Systems engineering principles in fisheries management. Marine Policy, 30:624–634.
Vézina, A. F. and Pahlow, M. (2003). Reconstruction of ecosystem flows using inverse methods: how well do they work?Journal of Marine Systems, 40–41:55–77.
Viaroli, P., Lasserre, P., and Campostrini, P. (eds.) (2007). Lagoons and Coastal Wetlands in the Global Change Context: Impacts and Management Issues. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Vinther, M. (2001). Ad hoc multispecies tuning applied for the Baltic and the North Sea fish stocks. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58:311–320.
Volterra, V. (1926). Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically. Nature, 118:558–560.
Walters, C. (1986). Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Caldwell, NJ: The Blackburn Press.
Walters, C. J. and Collie, J. S. (1988). Is research on environmental factors useful to fisheries management?Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 45:1848–1854.
Walters, C. J. and Kitchell, J. F. (2001). Cultivation/depensation effects on juvenile survival and recruitment: implications for the theory of fishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 58:39–50.
Walters, C. J., Christensen, V., and Pauly, D. (1997). Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic mass-balance assessments. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 7:139–172.
Walters, C. J., Christensen, V., Martell, S. J., and Kitchell, J. F. (2005). Possible ecosystem impacts of applying MSY policies from single-species assessment. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62:558–568.
Ward, T., Tarte, D., Hegerl, E., and Short, K. (2002). Ecosystem-based Management of Marine Capture Fisheries. Sydney, Australia: World Wide Fund for Nature.
Ware, D. M. and Thomson, R. E. (2005). Bottom-up ecosystem trophic dynamics determine fish production in the Northeast Pacific. Science, 308:1280–1284.
Waskow, A. (1995). Down to Earth Judaism. New York: Morrow.
,WCED (United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development). (1987). Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (a.k.a. Brundtland Report). Published as Annex to General Assembly Document A/42/427, Development and International Co-operation: Environment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Whipple, S., Link, J. S., Garrison, L. P., and Fogarty, M. J. (2000). Models of predation and fishing mortality in aquatic ecosystems. Fish and Fisheries, 1:22–40.
Wicklum, D. and Davies, R. W. (1995). Ecosystem health and integrity?Canadian Journal of Botany, 73:997–1000.
Witherell, D., Pautzke, C., and Fluharty, D. (2000). An ecosystem-based approach for Alaska groundfish fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57:771–777.
Worm, B. and Myers, R. A. (2003). Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs. Ecology, 84:162–173.
Worm, B., Sandow, M., Oschlies, A., Lotze, H. K., and Myers, R. A. (2005). Global patterns of predator diversity in the open oceans. Science, 309:1365–1369.
Yaffee, S. L. (1996). Ecosystem management in practice: the importance of human institutions. Ecological Applications, 6:724–727.
Yaffee, S. L. (1999). Three faces of ecosystem management. Conservation Biology, 13:713–725.
Yaffee, S. L., Phillips, A. F., Frentz, I. C., et al. (1996). Ecosystem Management in the United States: An Assessment of Current Experience. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Yodzis, P. (1994). Predator-prey theory and management of multispecies fisheries. Ecological Applications, 4:51–58.
Yodzis, P. (2000). Diffuse effects in food webs. Ecology, 81:261–266.
Yodzis, P. (2001). Must top predators be culled for the sake of fisheries?TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, 16:78–84.
Zhou, S. and Griffiths, S. P. (2008). Sustainability assessments for fishing effects (SAFE): a new quantitative ecological risk assessment method and its application to elasmobranch bycatch in an Australian trawl fishery. Fisheries Research, 91:56–68.
