Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Language and Complex Systems
  • Cited by 61
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
June 2015
Print publication year:
2015
Online ISBN:
9781316179017
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316179017
Subjects:
Sociolinguistics, English Language and Linguistics: General Interest, Language and Linguistics
Information

Book description

An understanding of language as a complex system helps us to think differently about linguistics, and helps us to address the impact of linguistic interaction. This book demonstrates how the science of complex systems changes every area of linguistics: how to make a grammar, how to think about the history of language, how language works in the brain, and how it works in social settings. Kretzschmar argues that to construct the best grammars of languages it is necessary to understand the complex system of speech. Each chapter makes specific recommendations for how linguists should manage empirical data in order to form better generalizations about a language and its varieties. The book will be welcomed by students and scholars working in linguistics and English language, especially the study of language variation and the historical development of English.

Reviews

‘In Language and Complex Systems, William Kretzschmar brings complexity theory to linguistics. Clear and compelling, the book offers a fresh perspective on the way that orderliness arises in language.'

Edwin Battistella - Southern Oregon University

‘This book is the most powerful account of linguistic variation I have seen. It will change the way all kinds of linguists - from socio to generative - perceive language.'

Dr Laura Wright - University of Cambridge

'Even for readers familiar with The Linguistics of Speech and Kretzschmar’s other work, Language and Complex Systems is an important synthesis and will be worth reading and thinking about again and again.'

Edwin Battistella Source: Language and Dialogue

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References

References

Allen, Judson. 1982. The Ethical Poetic of the Later Middle Ages. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Andor, József. 2004. The Master and His Performance: An Interview with Noam Chomsky. Intercultural Pragmatics 1: 93–112.
Antieau, Lamont. 2006. A distributional analysis of rural Colorado English. Diss., University of Georgia.
, Aristotle. 1934. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Rackham, Horace. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
, Aristotle. 1954. The Rhetoric. Trans Rhys Roberts, W.. In The Rhetoric and The Poetics of Aristotle. New York: Modern Library.
, Aristotle. 1962. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Ostwald, Martin. Library of the Liberal Arts. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
, Aristotle. 1963. Aristotle's Categories and De Interpretatione. Trans. Ackrill, L. Oxford: Clarendon.
Aronowitz, Stanley. 1997. Alan Sokal's “Transgression.” Dissent Winter: 107–110 (viewed online at www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/aronowitz.html).
Arthur, W. Brian. 1999. Complexity and the Economy. Science 284.5411 (April 2): 107–109.
Babbitt, E. H. 1896. The English of the Lower Classes in New York City and Vicinity. Dialect Notes 1: 457–64.
Bailey, Guy and Maynor, Natalie. 1987. Decreolization? Language in Society 16: 449–473.
Bailey, Richard. 2003. Rogue Scholar: The Sinister Life and Celebrated Death of Edward H. Rulloff. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Bailey, Richard. 2012. Speaking American. New York: Oxford University Press.
Beckner, C., Blythe, R., Bybee, J., Christiansen, M., Croft, W., Ellis, N., et al. 2009. Language is a Complex Adaptive System: Position paper. Language Learning 59, supplement: 1–26.
Berlin, Brent, and Kay, Paul. 1969. Basic Color Terms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Bermudez, Jose Luis. 2010. Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Science of the Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, Douglas, Conrad, Susan, and Leech, Geoffrey. 2002. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Biber, Douglas, Conrad, Susan, and Reppen, Randi. 1998. Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt.
Bod, Rens. 1998. Beyond Grammar: An Experience-Based Theory of Language. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bounds, Paulina. 2010. Perception and production of speech in the dialect of Poznań. Dissertation, University of Georgia.
Burkette, Allison. 2001. The Story of Chester Drawers. American Speech 76: 139–157.
Burkette, Allison. 2009. The Lion, the Witch, and the Armoire: Lexical Variation in Case Furniture Terms. American Speech 84: 315–339.
Burkette, Allison. 2012. Parlor Talk: Complexity from a Historical Perspective. American Speech 87: 391–410.
Bybee, Joan. 2001. Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, Joan. 2002. Sequentiality as the Basis for Constituent Structure. In Givón, T and Malle, B. F, eds., The Evolution of Language out of Prelanguage, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 109–132.
Bybee, Joan. 2010. Language, Usage and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bybee, Joan and Hopper, P., eds. 2001. Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Cameron, Deborah. 2011. Evolution, Science and the Study of Literature: A Critical Response. Language and Literature 20: 59–72.
Carroll, John. 1956. Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chambers, J. K. 1996. Review of Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series ed. Michael Lewis-Beck, Journal of English Linguistics 24: 160–64.
Chambers, J. K.. 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chambers, J. K.. 2009. Sociolinguistic Theory. Revised edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Chambers, J. K., and Trudgill, Peter. 1998. Dialectology. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Childs, Rebecca. 2005. Investigating the local construction of identity: sociophonetic variation in Smoky Mountain African American women's speech. Dissertation, University of Georgia.
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Gravenhage: Mouton.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Coupland, Nikolas. 2011. The Sociolinguistics of Style. In Mesthrie, R, ed., The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 138–156.
Croft, William. 2001. Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dahl, Östen. 2004. The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Dinneen, Francis J. 1967. An Introduction to General Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. Oxford: Blackwell.
Edelman, Gerald. 1987. Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. New York: Basic Books.
Ellis, Nick and Larsen-Freeman, Diane, eds. 2009a. Language as a Complex Adaptive System. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. [republished in Language Learning 59, supplement]
Ellis, Nick and Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2009b. Constructing a Second Language: Analyses and Computational Simulations of the Emergence of Linguistic Constructions from Usage. In Ellis, and Larsen-Freeman, , eds., Language as a Complex Adaptive System. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 90–125.
Fasold, Ralph. 1990. Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
Firth, J. R. 1957. Papers in Linguistics 1934–195. London: Oxford University Press.
Fries, Charles C. and Pike, Kenneth. 1949. Coexistent Phonemic Systems. Language 25: 29–50.
Francis, W. Nelson and Kučera, Henry. 1982. Frequency Analysis of English Usage. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Gardner, Martin. 1970. Mathematical Games: The Fantastic Combinations of John Conway's New Solitaire Game “Life.” Scientific American 223: 120–123.
Goldberg, Adele. 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, Adele. 2006. Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gottschall, Jonathan. 2008. Literature, Science, and a New Humanities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gottschall, Jonathan. 2010. Evolutionary Literary Studies: A Foreword to Norbert Francis's Review Article, “A Modest Proposal,” Being a Review of Gotschall, J, Literature, Science, and a New Humanities. Language and Literature 19: 301–304.
Gould, Stephen Jay. 2003. The Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox: Mending the Gap Between Science and the Humanities. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Gould, Stephen J. and Eldredge, Niles. 1993. Punctuated Equilibrium Comes of Age. Nature 366 (18 Nov.): 222–227.
Guastello, Stephen, Koopmans, Matthijs, and Pincus, David, eds. 2009. Chaos and Complexity in Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Guastello, S. and Liebovitch, L.. 2009. Introduction to Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity. In Guastello, , Koopmans, and Pincus, , eds., Chaos and Complexity in Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–40.
Günther, R., Levitin, L., Schapiro, B., and Wagner, P.. 1996. Zipf's Law and the Effect of Ranking on Probability Distributions. International Journal of Theoretical Physics 35: 395–417.
Hamilton-Brehm, Anne Marie. 2003. A foundational study of El Paso English. Diss., University of Georgia.
Hatfield, Suddarat Leerabhandh. 2005. Lexical variation of Chiangmai Dialect in Chiangmai Province in Thailand. Diss., University of Georgia.
Hawking, Stephen. 1988. A Brief History of Time. London: Bantam.
Hawking, Stephen, and Mlodinow, Leonard. 2010. The Grand Design. New York: Bantam.
Hintzman, D. 1986. “Schema Abstraction” in a Multiple-Trace Memory Model. Psychological Review 93: 328–338.
Holland, John. 1998. Emergence: From Chaos to Order. New York: Basic.
Hooper, J. B. 1976. Word Frequency in Lexical Diffusion and the Source of Morphophonological Change. In Christie, W., ed., Current Progress in Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam: North Holland, 96–105.
Hoover, Sandra. 2001. Lexical variation and change in farming words: 1970–2001. MA thesis, University of Georgia.
Hopper, Paul. 1987. Emergent Grammar. Berkeley Linguistics Society 13: 139–157 (viewed at http://home.eserver.org/hopper/emergence.html).
Hopper, Paul and Traugott, Elizabeth. 1993. Grammaticalization. 2nd edn. 2003. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horvath, B. and Horvath, R.. 2001. A Multilocality Study of a Sound Change in Progress: The Case of /l/ Vocalization in New Zealand and Australian English. Language Variation and Change 13: 37–58.
Horvath, B. and Horvath, R.. 2003. A Closer Look at the Constraint Hierarchy: Order, Contrast, and Geographical Scale. Language Variation and Change 15: 143–170.
Hubbell, Allan F. 1962 [1950]. The Pronunciation of English in New York City. New York: King's Crown Press, Columbia University. [Labov gives the date as 1962 without notice of republication or new edition, but my copy bears the date 1950. I have listed both dates to avoid any possible confusion]
Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jauss, H. R. 1982. Aesthetic Experience and Literary Hermeneutics. Trans. Shaw, Michael. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Johnson, Ellen. 1996. Lexical Change and Variation in the Southeastern United States in the Twentieth Century. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
Johnson, Keith. 1997. Speech Perception without Speaker Normalization. In Johnson, K. and Mullennix, J, eds., Talker Variability in Speech Processing, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 145–165.
Johnstone, Barbara and Kiesling, Scott. 2008. Indexicality and Experience: Exploring the Meanings of /aw/-Monophthongization in Pittsburgh, Journal of Sociolinguistics 12: 5–33.
Jurafsky, Daniel and Martin, James. 2000. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kauffman, Stuart. 1995. At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kenner, Hugh. 1986. Neatness Doesn't Count After All. Discover 7(4): 86–93.
Klages, Mary. 2007. Literary Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Continuum.
Klages, Mary. 2009. A Summary of Postmodernism (viewed online January 2015 at www.bdavetian.com/Postmodernism.html).
Knoll, Samantha. 2009. Data from the LAMSAS project: how language varies in systematic ways. Honors thesis, University of Georgia.
Kretzschmar, William A. 1996a. Review of William Labov, Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 1. American Speech 71: 198–205.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 1996b. Quantitative Areal Analysis of Dialect Features. Language Variation and Change 8: 13–39.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2000. Postmodern Dialectology. American Speech 75: 10–12.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2003. Mapping Southern English. American Speech 78: 130–149.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2006. Art and Science in Computational Dialectology. Literary and Linguistic Computing 21: 399–410.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2008. Neural Networks and the Linguistics of Speech. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 33: 336–356.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2009. The Linguistics of Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2010. Language Variation and Complex Systems. American Speech 85: 263–286.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2011a. The Beholder's Eye: Using Self-Organizing Maps to Understand American Dialects. In Adams, Michael and Curzan, Anne, eds., Contours of English, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 53–70.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2011b. Language and Region. In Mesthrie, R, ed., Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press, 186–202.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2011c. Review of Larsen-Freeman and Cameron Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics. Journal of English Linguistics 39: 89–95.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2012. Variation in the Traditional Vowels of the Eastern States. American Speech 87: 378–390.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2014. Complex Systems in Aggregated Variation Analyses. In Szmrecsanyi, B. and Wälchli, B, eds., Aggregating Dialectology, Typology, and Register Analysis: Linguistic Variation in Text and Speech, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 150–173.
Kretzschmar, William A.. 2015. Complex Systems and the History of the English Language. In Adams, Michael, Fulk, R. D, and Brinton, Laurel, eds., Studies in the History of the English Language VI: Evidence and Method in Histories of English, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kretzschmar, William A.. in press. Emergence of “New Varieties” in Speech as a Complex System. In Sarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber, and Alexander Kautzsch, eds., The Evolution of Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Kretzschmar, , and Brockman, Irene. 2013. Scaled Measurement of Geographic and Social Speech Data. Literary and Linguistic Computing 28: 173–187.
Kretzschmar, William A., Anderson, Jean, Beal, Joan, Corrigan, Karen, Opas-Hänninen, Lisa-Lena, and Plichta, Bartek. 2006. Collaboration on Corpora for Regional and Social Analysis. Journal of English Linguistics 34: 172–205.
Kretzschmar, William A., Dunn, Josh, and Kim, Mi-Ran. 2011. Implicational scaling in Southern speech features. Paper presented at ADS/LSA, Pittsburgh, PA.
Kretzschmar, William A., Jr., and Johnson, Ellen. 1993. Using Linguistic Atlas databases for phonetic analysis. Paper presented at ACH/ALLC, Washington, DC.
Kretzschmar, Jr., William A., Juuso, Ilkka, and Bailey, Thomas. 2014. Computer Simulation of Dialect Feature Diffusion. Journal of Linguistic Geography 2: 41–57.
Kretzschmar, William A., Kim, Mi-Ran, Harriss, Chris, and Naylor, Carl. 2006. Description of vowel formants in Dawgs’ speech. Paper presented at Linguistics in the 21st Century, UGA.
Kretzschmar, William A., Lanehart, Sonja, Anderson, Bridget, and Childs, Becky. 2007. The Relevance of Community Language Studies to HEL: The View from Roswell. In Cain, Christopher and Russom, Geoffrey, eds., Managing Chaos: Strategies for Identifying Change in English, Studies in the History of the English Language, vol. III, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 173–186.
Kretzschmar, William A., McDavid, Virginia G., Lerud, Theodore K., and Johnson, Ellen. 1993. Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kretzschmar, William A., Jr. and Stenroos, Merja. 2012. Evidence from Surveys and Atlases in the History of the English Language. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of English, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 111–122.
Kretzschmar, William A., and Tamasi, Susan. 2003. Distributional Foundations for a Theory of Language Change. World Englishes 22: 377–401.
Kroch, Anthony. 1989. Reflexes of Grammar in Patterns of Language Change. Language Variation and Change 1: 199–244.
Krug, Manfred. 1998. String Frequency: A Cognitive Motivating Factor in Coalescence, Language Processing, and Linguistic Change. Journal of English Linguistics 26: 286–320.
Kuhl, Joseph. 2003. The idiolect, chaos and language custom far from equilibrium: conversations in Morocco. Diss., University of Georgia.
Kurath, Hans. 1949. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kurath, Hans and McDavid, Jr. Raven I. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Labov, William. 1963. The Social Motivation of a Sound Change. Word 19: 273–307.
Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 2nd edn., 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Labov, William. 1972a. The Logic of Nonstandard English. In Language in the Inner City, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 201–240.
Labov, William. 1972b. The Reflection of Social Processes in Linguistic Structures. In Sociolinguistic Patterns, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 110–121.
Labov, William. 1984. Field Methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation. In Baugh, J and Sherzer, J, eds., Language in Use, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 28–53.
Labov, William. 1989. The Exact Description of the Speech Community: Short a in Philadelphia. In Fasold, R and Schiffrin, D, eds., Language Change and Variation, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1–57.
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change: Internal Factors. Language in Society, XX. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors. Language in Society, XXIX. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Labov, William. 2010. Principles of Linguistic Change: Cognitive and Cultural Factors. Language in Society, XXIX. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Labov, William and Ash, Sharon. 1997. Understanding Birmingham. In Bernstein, C., Nunnally, T, and Sabino, R, eds., Language Variety in the South Revisited, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 508–73.
Labov, William, Boberg, Charles, and Ash, Sherry. 2006. Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, Ronald. 1988. A Usage-Based Model. In Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida, ed., Topics in Cognitive Linguistics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 127–161.
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1997. Chaos/Complexity Science and Language Acquisition. Applied Linguistics 18: 141–165.
Larsen-Freeman, Diane and Cameron, Lynne. 2008. Complex Systems and Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lass, Roger. 1990. How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution. Journal of Linguistics 26: 79–102.
Lees, Robert B. 1957. Review of Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, Language 33: 375–408.
LePage, Robert and Tabouret-Keller, Andree. 1985. Acts of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, C. S. 1960. Studies in Words. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lindblom, Bjorn, MacNeilage, Peter, and Studdert-Kennedy, Michael. 1984. Self-Organizing Processes and the Explanation of Phonological Universals. In Butterworth, B, Comrie, B, and Dahl, O, eds., Explanations for language universals, New York: Mouton, 181–203.
Lindner, Tamara. 2009. The role of Cajun French in Cajun identity: opinions of South Louisiana high school students. Paper presented at SECOL, New Orleans.
Lorenz, Edward. 1972. Predictability: does the flap of a butterfly's wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas? Paper delivered at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington.
McIntosh, Angus, Samuels, Michael L., and Benskin, Michael. 1986. A Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English, Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
Mandelbrot, Benoit. 1968. Information Theory and Psycholinguistics. In Oldfield, R. C. and Marshall, J. C., eds., Language: Selected Readings, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 263–275.
Mandelbrot, Benoit. 1982. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
Manning, C. and Schütze, H.. 1999. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Boston, MA: MIT Press.
Martinet, Andre. 1955. Economies des changements phonetique. Berne: Francke.
Mathesius, V. 1934. Zur synchronischen Analyse fremden Sprachguts. Englische Studien 70: 21–35.
Maye, Jessica, Werker, Janet, and Gerken, LouAnn. 2002. Infant Sensitivity to Distributional Information Can Affect Phonetic Discrimination. Cognition 82(3): B101–B111.
Milenkovic, Paul and Read, Charles. 2000. CSpeechSP. Software and Manual. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dept. of Linguistics.
Mello, Heather. 2013. Analysis of language variation and word segmentation for a corpus of Vietnamese blogs: a sociolinguistic approach. Diss., University of Georgia.
Miller, John, and Page, Scott. 2007. Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Milroy, James. 1992. Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, Lesley. 1987. Language and Social Networks. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, Lesley and Gordon, Matthew. 2003. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Milroy, James, and Milroy, Lesley. 1998. Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English. 3rd edn. London: Routledge.
Mitchell, Melanie. 2009. Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moore, Samuel, and Knott, Thomas. 1972. The Elements of Old English. 10th edn. Ann Arbor, MI: Wahr.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition, and Change. London: Continuum Press.
Nerbonne, John, and Heeringa, Wilbert. 2001. Computational Comparison and Classification of Dialects. Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 9: 69–83.
Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth, eds. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Newman, John Henry. 1990. The Idea of a University. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I.. 1977. Self-Organization in Non-equilibrium Systems. New York: Wiley.
Nosofsky, R. 1986. Attention, Similarity and the Identification-Categorization Relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115(1): 39–57.
Paul, Herman. 1889. Principles of the History of Language. New York: Macmillan.
Percy, Walker. 1977. Questions They Never Asked Me. Esquire 88(Dec.): 170, 172, 184, 188, 190, 193–194.
Petruszewycz, M. 1973. L'histoire de la loi d'Estoup-Zipf: documents. Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines 44: 41–56.
Phillips, B. 1984. Word Frequency and the Actuation of Sound Change. Language 60: 320–342.
Pierrehumbert, Janet. 2001. Exemplar Dynamics: Word Frequency, Lenition and Contrast. In Bybee, J. and Hopper, P., eds., Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 137–157.
Poplack, Shana. 1993. Variation Theory and Language Contact: Concepts, Methods and Data. In Preston, Dennis, ed., American Dialect Research, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 251–286.
Preston, Dennis. 1989. Perceptual Dialectology. Dordrecht: Foris.
Preston, Dennis. ed. 1999. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Pulvermüller, Friedemann. 2003. The Neuroscience of Language: On Brain Circuits of Words and Serial Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffry, and Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Addison Wesley.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1982. Sociolinguistic Variation in Speech Communities. London: Arnold.
Russell, J. C. 1972. Population in Europe 500–1500. In Cipolla, Carlo, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages, London: Collins/Fontana, 25–70.
Saffran, Jenny, Aslin, Richard, and Newport, Elissa. 1996. Statistical Learning by 8-Month-Old Infants. Science 274(5294): 1926–1928.
Saffran, Jenny, Newport, Elissa, and Aslin, Richard. 1996. Word Segmentation: The Role of Distributional Cues. Journal of Memory and Language 35(4): 606–621.
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Fe, Santa Institute. www.santafe.edu
Saussure, Ferdinand de. (1916)1986. Course in General Linguistics. Trans Harris, Roy. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
Sawyer, R. Keith. 2005. Social Emergence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, Edgar. 1997. Chaos Theory as a Model for Dialect Variability and Change? In Thomas, A., ed., Issues and Methods in Dialectology, Bangor: University of North Wales, 122–136.
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skousen, R. 1989. Analogical Modeling of Language. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Skupin, A., and Agarwal, P.. 2008. Introduction. In Self-Organising Maps: Applications in GI Science, London: Wiley.
Sokal, Alan. 1996. Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity. Social Text 46/47: 217–252.
Sokal, Alan, and Bricmont, Jean. 1998. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science. New York: Picador.
Stenroos, Merja, Mäkinen, Martti, Horobin, Simon, and Smith, Jeremy J.. 2011. The Middle English Grammar Corpus, version 2011.1. University of Stavanger (www.uis.no/research/culture/the_middle_english_grammar_project/meg-c).
Stenroos, Merja and Thengs, Kjetil. 2011. Two Staffordshires: real and typological space in the study of Late Middle English linguistic variation. Paper presented at Helsinki Corpus Festival, Helsinki.
Stockwell, Robert and Minkova, Donka. 1988. The English Vowel Shift: Problems of Coherence and Explanation. In Kastovsky, D and Bauer, G, eds., Luick Revisited: Papers Read at the Luick Symposium at Schloss Lichtenstein, Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 355–394.
Stubbs, Michael. 2001. Words and Phrases. Oxford: Blackwell.
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2006. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thill, J., Kretzschmar, W., Jr., Casas, I., and Yao, X.. 2008. Detecting Geographic Associations in English Dialect Features in North America with Self-Organising Maps. In Self-Organising Maps: Applications in GI Science, Agarwal, P and Skupin, A., eds., London: Wiley, 87–106.
Tomasello, Michael. 2003. Constructing a Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Toole, John Kennedy. 1980. A Confederacy of Dunces. New York: Grove Press.
Trudgill, Peter. 1984. On Dialect. New York: New York University Press.
Upton, Clive, Kretzschmar, Jr. William A, and Konopka, Rafal. 2001. Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Geert, Paul. 1991. A Dynamic Systems Model of Cognitive Growth and Language Growth. Psychological Review 98: 3–53.
Van Gelder, T. 1998. The Dynamical Hypothesis in Cognitive Science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21: 615–628.
Votta, Rachel. 2007. Communication styles in Instant Messenger use. MA thesis, University of Georgia.
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William, and Herzog, Marvin. 1968. Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change. In Lehmann, Winifred and Malkiel, Jakob, eds., Directions for Historical Linguistics, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 95–188.
Wilson, Edward O. 1975. Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Wilson, Edward O.. 1998. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf.
Wilson, Joycelyn. 2007. Outkast'd and claimin’ true: the language of schooling and education in the southern hip-hop community of practice. Diss., University of Georgia.
Wolfram, Stephen. 2002. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media.
Wright, Laura, ed. 2000. The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Xu, Jiang, Kemeny, Stefan, Park, Grace, Frattali, Carol, and Braun, Allen. 2005. Language in Context: Emergent Features of Word, Sentence, and Narrative Comprehension. NeuroImage 25: 1002–1015.
Zelinsky, Wilbur. 1992. The Cultural Geography of the United States. Revised edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zipf, George. 1949. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. Cambridge, MA: Addison Wesley.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.