Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Medieval Discovery of Nature
  • Cited by 7
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
October 2012
Print publication year:
2012
Online ISBN:
9781139207768
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139207768
Subjects:
Area Studies, European History 1000-1450, History, European Studies, History of Ideas and Intellectual History
Information

Book description

This book examines the relationship between humans and nature that evolved in medieval Europe over the course of a millennium. From the beginning, people lived in nature and discovered things about it. Ancient societies bequeathed to the Middle Ages both the Bible and a pagan conception of natural history. These conflicting legacies shaped medieval European ideas about the natural order and what economic, moral and biological lessons it might teach. This book analyzes five themes found in medieval views of nature – grafting, breeding mules, original sin, property rights and disaster – to understand what some medieval people found in nature and what their assumptions and beliefs kept them from seeing.

Reviews

"Recommened." -Choice

"Epstein is a deeply erudite scholar, at home in the main medievalcanon of theology, natural philosophy, literature, and law, as well asin obscure but illuminating texts from later medieval Italy, especiallyGenoa." -Richard C. Hoffmann, Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References

Bibliography

Archival Sources

  • Archivio di Stato di Genova, Cartolari notarili

  • Cart. N. 20 parte 1, Bonovassallo de Maiori notary

  • Cart. N. 293, Benvenuto de Bracelli notary

Primary Sources in Print

Accursius, Institutionum, Paris, 1559.
Albertus Magnus, De animalibus Libri XXVI, ed. Hermann Stadler, Munster, 1920.
Albertus Magnus, De vegetalibus libri vii, ed. Ernest Mayer, Berlin, 1867.
Albertus Magnus, Albertus Magnus on Animals: A Medieval Summa Zoologica, trans. K. F. Kitchell Jr and I. M. Resnick, Baltimore, 1999.
Albertus Magnus, Al-Qur’ān: A Contemporary Translation, trans. Ahmed Ali, Princeton, 2001.
Ambrose, Hexameron, ed. Karl Schenkl, Prague, 1897.
Anonimo Genovese, Poesie, ed. L. Cocito, Rome, 1970.
Aristotle, Politica, ed. P. Michaud-Quantin, Bruges, 1961.
Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, ed. H. J. Drossaart Lulofs, Bruges, 1966.
Aristotle, De generatione et corruptione, ed. Joanna Judycka, Leiden, 1986.
Aristotle, De animalibus, ed. A.M. I. Van Oppenraaij, Leiden, 1992.
Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans, ed. and trans. R. W. Dyson, Cambridge, 1998.
Augustine, Contra Julianum, PL 44, Paris, 1865.
Augustine, De Genesi ad litteram, ed. J. Zycha, Vienna, 1894.
Augustine, Retractationum, ed. Pius Knöll, Vienna, 1902.
Bacon, Roger, De multiplicatione specierum, ed. and trans. by David C. Lindberg, Oxford, 1983.
Balbi, Giovanni, Catholicon, Mainz, 1460.
Bartholomaeus Anglicus, De Proprietatibus Rerum, Nuremberg, 1483.
Basil of Caesarea, Hexameron, Latin trans. Eustathius, PG 30.
Biagio Boccadibue (1298–1314), ed. L. De Angelis et al., Florence, 1978, 1983.
Biblia Latina cum glossa Ordinaria, ed. K. Froelich and M. T. Gibson, Turnhout, 1992.
Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem, ed. B. Fischer et al., Stuttgart, 1975.
Hildegard of Bingen, Physica: Liber subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum, eds. R. Hildebrandt and T. Gloning, Berlin, 2010.
Hildegard of Bingen, Sciuias, ed. A. Führkötter, Turnhout, 1978.
Bonaventure, Collationes in Hexaëmeron, ed. F. Delorme, Florence, 1934.
Caelius Aurelianus, Gynaecia, ed. M. F. Drabkin and I. E. Drabkin, Baltimore, 1951.
Corpus Iuris Civilis, ed. P. Krueger and T. Mommsen, Berlin, 1963.
Dante Alighieri, Inferno, ed. and trans. Robert and Jean Hollander, New York, 2000.
Glosse preaccursiane alle Istituzioni, ed. S. Caprioli et al., Rome, 1984, 2004.
Gregory the Great, Commento morale a Giobbe, ed. P. Siniscalco, Rome, 1992.
Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, Le Roman de la Rose, ed. F. Lecoy, Paris, 1965, 1973.
Iacopo da Varazze (Jacopo da Varagine), Cronaca di Genova, ed. G. Monleone, Rome, 1941.
Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda Aurea, ed. Giovanni Paolo Maggioni, Florence, 2001.
Innocent IV, Pope, Super libros quinque decretalium, Frankfort, 1570.
Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum XII, ed. W. M. Lindsay, Oxford, 1911.
Isidore of Seville, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, trans. Stephen A. Barney et al., Cambridge, 2006.
Jerome, Opera Exegitica, ed. P. Antin, Turnhout, 1959.
Jerome, Commentaires de Jerome sur le prophete Isaie, ed. R. Grayson et al., Freiburg, 1993.
Kroniek van het klooster Bloemhof te Wittewierum, eds. H. P. H. Jansen and A. Janse, Hilversum, 1991.
Le Livre de Comptes de Giovanni Piccamiglio homme d'affaires Génois 1456–1459, ed. J. Heers, Paris, 1959.
Manuel II Palaiologos, Dialogue mit einem Muslim, ed. and trans. Karl Förstel, Würzburg, 1993.
Morelli, Giovanni di Pagolo, Ricordi, ed. V. Branca, Florence, 1969.
Nicholas of Damascus, Nicolaus Damascenus De Plantis: Five Translations, eds. H. J. D. Lulofs and E. L. J. Poortman, Amsterdam, 1989.
Olivi, Pietro di Giovanni, De emptionibus et venditionibus, de usuris, de restitutionibus, ed. G. Todeschini, Rome, 1980.
Osbern of Gloucester, Derivazioni, ed. P. Busdraghi, Spoleto, 1996.
Palladius, Rutilius Taurus Aemelianus, Opus Agriculturae, ed. R. H. Rodgers, Leipzig, 1975.
Papiae elementarium Littera A, ed. V. de Angelis, Milan, 1977.
Papias, Elementarium, Venice, 1492.
Papias, Ars Grammatica, ed, R. Cervani, Bologna, 1998.
Petrus Comestor, Scolastica Historia, Liber Genesis, ed. A. Sylwan, Turnhout, 2005.
Petrus de Crescentiis (Piero de Crescenzi), Ruralia commoda, ed. W. Richter, Heidelberg, 1995.
Physiologus Latinus, ed. Francis J. Carmody, Paris, 1939.
Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia, ed. K. Mayhoff, Leipzig, 1875–1906.
Quintilian, Declamationes XIX maiores, ed. L. Håkanson, Stuttgart, 1982.
Rabanus Maurus, De universo, PL 111.
Robert Grosseteste, Hexaëmeron, eds. R.C. Dales and S. Gieben, London, 1982.
Ser Matteo di Biliotto notaio: Imbreviature, eds. M. Soffici and F. Sznura, Florence, 2002.
Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verborum significatione, ed. W. M. Lindsay, Leipzig, 1913.
Soranus, Gynaeciorum, ed. Valentin Rose, Leipzig, 1882.
Soranus, Soranus’ Gynecology, trans. Oswei Temkin, Baltimore, 1956.
Stella, Giorgio and Giovanni, Annales Genuenses, ed. G. Petti Balbi, Bologna, 1975.
Tacitus, Annales, ed. E. Koestermann, Leipzig, 1971.
Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, De curtorum chirugia per insitionem, trans. Joan H. Thomas, New York, 1996.
The Prose Salernitan questions, ed. B. Lawn, London, 1979.
Thomas Aquinas, Expositio super Iob ad litteram, Rome, 1965.
Thomas Aquinas, Quaestiones disputatae de potentia dei, Turnhout, 2010.
Thomas Aquinas, On Creation (a translation of Quaestiones Disputatae de Potentia Dei, Q. 3) trans. S. C. Selner-Wright, Washington, 2011.
Thomas Aquinas, Pseud. De usuris, New York, 1948.
Thomas of Cantimpré, Liber de natura rerum, ed. H. Boese, Berlin, 1973.
Thomas of Celano, in Analecta Franciscana, Legendae S. Francisci Assisiensis saeculis XIII et XIV, vol. 10, Florence, 1941. Contains the first and second lives by Thomas, as well as the life by St. Bonaventure.
Turmeda, Anselme, Dispute de L’Ane, ed. A. Llinares, Paris, 1984.
Uguccione da Pisa, Derivationes. ed. E. Cecchini et al., Florence, 2004.
Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum naturale, ?, ?1481.
Walter of Henley, Walter of Henley and Other Treatises on estate Management and Accounting, ed. Dorothea Oschinsky, Oxford, 1971.
William of Conches, Dragmaticon Philosophiae, ed. I Ronca, Turnhout, 1997.

Secondary Works

Adams, J. N. (1993) “The Generic Use of Mula and the Status and Employment of Female Mules in the Roman World,” Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 136: 35–61.
Albrecht, Eva (2000) “The Organization of Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Maius and of Some Other Latin Encyclopedias,” in The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias, ed. S. Harvey, Dordrecht: 46–74.
Alexander, Dominic (2008) Saints and Animals in the Middle Ages, Woodbridge.
Ambrosoli, Mauro (1997) The Wild and the Sown: Botany and Agriculture in Western Europe 1350–1850, trans. Mary McCann Salvatorelli, Cambridge.
Anderson, Gary A. (2009) Sin: A History, New Haven.
Armstrong, Edward A. (1973) St. Francis: Nature Mystic, Berkeley.
Armstrong, Lawrin (2003) Usury and the Public Debt in Early Renaissance Florence, Toronto.
Auberger, Janick and Keating, Peter (2009) Histoire humaine des animaux de l’Antiquité à nos jours, Paris.
Auerbach, Erich (1968) Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Willard R. Trask, Princeton.
Bartlett, Robert (2008) The Natural and the Supernatural in the Middle Ages, Cambridge.
Beagon, Mary (1992) Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder, Oxford.
Beck, Corinne (1994) “Approches du traitment de l'animal chez les encyclopédistes du XIIIe siècle,” in L’enciclopedismo médiévale, ed M. Piccone, Ravenna: 163–78.
Beckert, Jens (2008) Inherited Wealth, trans. Thomas Dunlap, Princeton.
Benvenuti, Anna (2010) “Riti propiziatori e di espiazione,” in Le calamità ambientali nel tardo medioevo europeo: realtà, percezioni, reazioni, ed. M. Matheus et al., Florence: 77–86.
Bering, Jesse (2011) The Belief Instinct, New York.
Berlioz, Jacques (1998) Catastrophes naturelles et calamités au Moyen Age, Florence.
Berti, Marcello (2000) Nel Mediterraneo ed oltre, Pisa.
Biller, Peter (2000) The Measure of Multitude: Population in Medieval Thought, Oxford.
Biller, Peter (2009) “Proto-racial thought in medieval science,” in The Origins of Racism in the West, ed. M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, and J. Ziegler, Cambridge: 157–80.
Boase, Roger (1996/;7) “Autobiography of a Muslim Convert: Anselm Turmeda (c.1353–c.1430),” Al-Masāq 9: 45–98.
Boissonade, Gustave (1873) Histoire de la reserve héréditaire et de son influence morale et économique, Paris.
Bok, Sissela (2010) Exploring Happiness: From Aristotle to Brain Science, New Haven.
Borst, Arno (1988) Il terremoto del 1348, Salerno.
Borst, Arno (1994) Das Buch den Naturgeschichte: Plinius und seine Leser im Zeitalter des Pergaments, Heidelberg.
Bos, Kirsten I. et al. (2011) “A Draft Genome of Yersinia pestis from Victims of the Black Death,” Nature doi:10 1038/;nature10549.
Boschi, Enzo, et al. (1995) Catalogo dei forti terremoti in Italia dal 461 a. C. al 1980, Rome.
Boswell, John (1980) Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century, Chicago.
Brown, Peter (1988) The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity, New York.
Buell, Denise Kimber (2009) “Early Christian Universalism and Modern Forms of Racism,” in The Origins of Racism in the West, ed. M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, and J. Ziegler, Cambridge: 109–31.
Cadden, Joan (1993) Meanings of Sex Differences in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture, Cambridge.
Campbell, Bruce M. S. (2010) “Nature as Historical Protagonist: Environment and Society in Pre-Industrial England,” Economic History Review 63: 281–314.
Chenu, M.-D. (1997) Nature, Man, and Society in the Twelfth Century, trans. Jerome Taylor and Lester K. Little, Toronto.
Clark, Willene B. (2006) A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second Family Bestiary, Woodbridge.
Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1992) Horse Power: A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies, Cambridge, Mass.
Cohen, Jeremy (1989) “Be Fertile and Increase, Fill the Earth and Master It”: The Ancient and Medieval Career of a Biblical Text, Ithaca.
Cohn, Samuel K. Jr. (2002) The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe, London.
Conan, Michel and W.J. Kress, eds. (2007) Botanical Progress, Horticultural Innovations and Cultural Changes, Washington, DC.
Crouzet-Pavan, Elisabeth (2010) “Une histoire de risque: Venise et les perils de mer,” in Le calamità ambientali nel tardo medioevo europeo: realtà, percezioni, reazioni, eds. M. Matheus et al., Florence: 127–57.
Crowther, Kathleen M. (2010) Adam and Eve in the Protestant Reformation, Cambridge.
Curley, Michael J. (2009) Physiologus: A Medieval Book of Nature Lore, Chicago.
Curtius, E. R. (1973) European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard Trask, Princeton.
Darwin, Charles, (n.d.) The Origin of Species, New York.
Davies, Paul Sheldon (2009) Subjects of the World: Darwin's Rhetoric and the Study of Agency in Nature, Chicago.
Doody, Alison (2010) Pliny's Encyclopedia: The Reception of the Natural History, Cambridge.
Durkheim, Emile (1930) Le suicide, Paris.
Epstein, Steven A. (1991) Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe, Chapel Hill.
Epstein, Steven A (1996) Genoa and the Genoese 958–1528, Chapel Hill.
Epstein, Steven A (2001) Speaking of Slavery: Color, Ethnicity, and Human Bondage in Italy, Ithaca.
Epstein, Steven A (2007) Purity Lost, Baltimore.
Favre A.-M. M. and Thomas, C. eds. (2008) L’invention de la catastrophe au XVIIIe siècle: Du châtiment divin au desastre naturel, Geneva.
Freedman, Paul (1999) Images of the Medieval Peasant, Stanford.
Garner, Robert J. (1979) The Grafter's Handbook, New York.
Garnsey, Peter (1996) Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine, Cambridge.
Garnsey, Peter (2007) Thinking about Property: From Antiquity to the Age of Revolution, Cambridge.
Glacken, Clarence (1967) Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley.
Goetz, G. (1903) “Papias und seine Quellen,” Sitzgungs. der Bayer Akademie 1903: 267–86.
Goldenberg, David M. (2003) The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Princeton.
Goldenberg, David M (2009) “Racism, Color Symbolism, and Color Prejudice,” in The Origins of Racism in the West, eds. M. Eliav-Feldon, B. Isaac, and J. Ziegler, Cambridge: 88–108.
Gould, Stephen Jay (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, Cambridge, Mass.
Habig, Marion (1973) St. Francis of Assisi Omnibus of Sources, Chicago.
Herlihy, David (1980) “Attitudes Toward the Environment in Medieval Society,” in Historical Ecology: Essays on Environment and Social Change, ed. Lester J. Bilsky, Port Washington: 234–51.
Hoffmann, Richard C. (2008) “Homo et Natura, Homo in Natura: Ecological Perspectives on the European Middle Ages,” in Engaging with Nature, eds. B. Hanawalt and L. J. Kiser, Notre Dame: 11–38.
Ihssen, Brenda Llewellyn (2008) “Basil and Gregory's Sermons on Usury: Credit Where Credit Is Due,” Journal of Early Christian Studies 16: 403–30.
Juneja, Monica and Mauelshagen, Franz (2007) “Disaster and Pre-Industrial Societies: Historiographic Trends and Comparative Perspectives,” The Medieval History Journal 10: 1–31.
Kedar, Benjamin Z. (1976) Merchants in Crisis: Genoese and Venetian Men of Affairs and the Fourteenth-Century Depression, Princeton.
King, Margaret L. (1994) The Death of the Child Valerio Marcello, Chicago.
Kingsbury, Noel (2009) Hybrid: The History & Science of Plant Breeding, Chicago.
Kruk, Remke (2002) “Ibn Sīnā On Animals: Between the First Teacher and the Physician,” in Avicenna and His Heritage, eds. Jules Janssens and Daniel DeSmet, Leuven: 325–41.
Kuehn, Thomas (2008) Heirs, Kin, and Creditors in Renaissance Florence, Cambridge.
Kugel, James L. (1998) Traditions of the Bible, Cambridge, Mass.
Langholm, Odd (1992) Economics in the Medieval Schools, Leiden.
LeGoff, Jacques (1988) Your Money or Your Life: Economy and Religion in the Middle Ages, trans. Patricia Ranum, New York.
Lewis, C. S. (1964) The Discarded Image, Cambridge.
Lopez, Robert S. and Raymond, I. W. (1955) Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World, New York.
Maggioni, Giovanni Paolo (1995) Ricerche sulla composizione e sulla trasmissione della “Legenda Aurea”, Spoleto.
Mayor, Adrienne (2000) The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times, Princeton.
Mayor, Adrienne (2005) Fossil Legends of the First Americans, Princeton.
McKee, Sally (2004) “Inherited Status and Slavery in Late Medieval Italy and Venetian Crete,” Past and Present 182: 31–53.
McMahon, Darrin M. (2006) Happiness: A History, New York.
Metzger, Ernst, ed. (1998) A Companion to Justinian's Institutes, Ithaca.
de Miramon, Charles (2008) “Aux origins de la noblesse et des princes du sang: France et Angleterre au XIVe siècle,” in Micrologus 27: 157–210.
Murdoch, Brian (2003) The Medieval Popular Bible: Expansions of Genesis in the Middle Ages, Cambridge.
Murphy, Trevor (2004) Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia, Oxford.
Murray, Alexander (1978) Reason and Society in the Middle Ages, Oxford.
Murray, Alexander (1998) Suicide in the Middle Ages: The Violent against Themselves, Oxford.
Naas, Valérie (2002) Le projet encyclopédique de Pline L’Ancien, Rome.
Nirenberg, David N. (2002) “Mass Conversion and Genealogical Mentalities: Jews and Christians in Fifteenth-Century Spain,” Past and Present 174: 3–41.
Noonan, John T., Jr. (1957) The Scholastic Analysis of Usury, Cambridge, Mass.
Qualioni, D., Todeschini G., and Varanni, G.M. eds. (2005) Credito e usura fra teologia, diritto, e amministrazione, Rome.
Radkau, Joachim (2008) Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment, trans. Thomas Dunlap, Cambridge.
Reynolds, L. D. ed. (1983) Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics, Oxford.
Ribémont, Bernard (2002) Littérature et encyclopedies du Moyen Âge, Orleans.
Robinson, James T. (2000) “Gershom Ben Solomon's Sha'ar Ha- Shamayim: Its Sources and Use of Sources,” in The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias of Science and Philosophy, ed. S. Harvey, Dordrecht: 248–69.
Robinson, Marilynne (2005) The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought, New York.
Rosemann, Philipp W. (1996) Omne Agens Agit Sibi Simile: A ‘Repetition’ of Scholastic Metaphysics, Louvain.
Sahlins, Marshall (1972) Stone Age Economics, New York.
Santi, Francesco (1996) “L’animale eterno,” Micrologus 4: 231–64
Schäfer, Peter (2007) Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton.
Schenk, Gerrit J. (2010) “Dis-astri: Modelli interpretative delle calamità naturali dal Medioevo al Rinascimento,” in Le calamità ambientali nel tardo medioevo europeo: realtà, percezioni, reazioni, ed. M. Matheus et al., Florence: 23–75.
Seymour, M. C. et al. (1992) Bartholomaeus Anglicus and His Encyclopedia, Aldershot.
Sheehan, Michael M. (1963) The Will in Medieval England, Toronto.
Skidelsky, Robert (1994) John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Savior 1920–1937, New York.
Smith, Lesley (2009) The Glossa Ordinaria: The Making of a Medieval Bible Commentary, Leiden.
Smoller, Laura A. (2000) “Of Earthquakes, Hail, Frogs, and Geography: Plague and the Investigation of the Apocalypse in the Later Middle Ages,” in Last Things: Death & the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, eds. Caroline Walker Bynum and Paul Freedman, Philadelphia: 156–87.
Snowden, Frank M., Jr. (1983) Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient Views of Blacks, Cambridge, Mass.
Sorrell, Roger D., Jr. (1988) St. Francis of Assisi and Nature, New York.
Southern, R. W. (1986) Robert Grosseteste: The Growth of an English Mind in Medieval Europe, Oxford.
Squatriti, Paolo (2010) “The Floods of 589 and Climate Change at the Beginning of the Middle Ages: An Italian Microhistory,” Speculum 85: 799–826.
Stein, Peter (1999) Roman Law in European History, Cambridge.
Thorndike, Lynn (1923–58) A History of Magic and Experimental Science, New York.
Van den Abeele, Baudouin (1997) “Vincent de Beauvais naturaliste: les sources de livres d'animaux du Speculum natural,” in Lector et Compilator: Vincent de Beauvais, ed. Serge Lusignan and Monique Paulmier-Foucart, Grâne: 127–51.
van der Lugt, Maaike (2004) Le ver, le démon et la Vièrge: Les théories de la génération extraordinaire, Paris.
van der Lugt, Maaike and Miramon, Charles eds. (2008) L’hérédité entre Moyen Âge et Époque moderne: Perspectives historiques, Florence (contains her “Les maladies héréditaire dans la pensée scolastique [XIIe-XVIe siècles])”: 273–320.
Vanderjagt, Arjo and van Berkell, Klaus eds. (2005) The Book of Nature in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Leuven.
Van Doosselaere, Quentin (2009) Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa, Cambridge.
Verschueren, Jef (1999) Understanding Pragmatics, London.
Verschueren, Jef (2012) Ideology in Language Use, Cambridge.
Voisenet, Jacques (1994) Bestiare Chrétien: L’imagerie animale des auteurs du Haut Moyen Âge (Ve-XI s.), Toulouse.
Williams, Bernard (1993) Shame and Necessity, Berkeley.
Wood, Diane (2002) Medieval Economic Thought, Cambridge.
Worster, Donald (1994) Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas, Cambridge.
Wray, Shona Kelly (2009) Communities in Crisis: Bologna during the Black Death, Leiden.
Ziegler, Joseph (2008) “Hérédité et physiognomie,” in L’hérédité, eds. M. van der Lugt and C. de Miramon, Florence: 245–72.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.