INTRODUCTION

At its most primitive level, software is a set of instructions for hardware written in machine language. At a higher level, there are assemblers and higher level programming languages. There are frameworks, tools, and other methods of abstracting various aspects of software design that help us achieve one central goal: to handle complexity of software more reliability and faster. The biggest problem with software design and implementation is complexity and it is this complexity that leads into buggy systems, high cost of development, and long development cycles, and the existence of programming languages, frameworks, and other development tools is primarily to solve this very problem of software complexity. In other words, as one of the most fundamental software design concepts, abstraction reduces complexity (at least theoretically).

Today, there are many programming languages, frameworks, and tools designed to develop server-based and desktop applications. These languages, frameworks, and tools have matured through the years, becoming more efficient and more reliable as they get tested in real environments by real users. Along with the maturation of these tools has come the maturation of the process of software design and implementation. Ideas such as OOP, design patterns, and de facto standard software development processes have been developed and have matured with the tools and frameworks in a symbiotic manner.