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  3. Optical Code Division Multiple Access
  • Cited by 28
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781139206914
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139206914
Subjects:
Communications and Signal Processing, Engineering, Electronic, Optoelectronic Devices, and Nanotechnology
Information

Book description

A comprehensive guide to optical fiber communications, from the basic principles to the latest developments in OCDMA for Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) systems. Part I starts off with the fundamentals of light propagation in optical fibers, including multiple access protocols, and their enabling techniques. Part II is dedicated to the practical perspectives of Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) technology. It covers the key building blocks of OCDMA, devices such as optical encoders and decoders, signal impairments due to noise, and data confidentiality, a unique property of OCDMA. This is followed by hybrid system architectures with TDM and WDM and practical aspects such as system cost, energy efficiency and long-reach PONs. Featuring the latest research, with cutting-edge coverage of system design, optical implementations, and experimental demonstrations in test beds, this text is ideal for students, researchers and practitioners in the industry seeking to obtain an up-to-date understanding of optical communication networks.

Reviews

'This book delivers more than its title seems to promise. Rather than simply presenting the key principles of Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA), it also provides a very useful introduction to optical fiber transmission systems.'

K. Alan Shore Source: Optics and Photonics

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Contents

Contents
References

References

Chapter 1

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Chapter 2

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9. ITU-T G.984.2 (2003). Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON): Physical Media Dependent (PMD) Layer Specification.
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Chapter 3

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Chapter 4

1. Kikuchi K. (1997). Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communications (in Japanese), Chapter 5, Tokyo: Shokodo.
2. Green Jr. P. E. (1993). Fiber Optical Networks, Chapter 8, Prentice Hall.
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Chapter 5

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Chapter 6

1. Dixon R. C. (1994). Spread Spectrum Systems with Commercial Applications Spread Spectrum, Chapter 2, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Shannon, C. E. (1949). Communication in the presence of noise, Proc. IRE, 37; 2, 10–21.
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4. Tur M. (1997). Private communications, Tel-Aviv University.
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6. Delisle C. and Cielo P. (1975). Application de la modulation spectrale la transmission de l'information. Can. J. Phys., 53, 1047–1053.
7. Prucnal P. R., Santoro M. A. and Fan T. R. (1986). Spread spectrum fiber-optic local area network using optical processing, J. Lightwave Technol., 4; 5, 547–554.
8. Scott R. P., Cong W., Hernandez V. J., Li K., Kolner B. H., Heritage J. P. and Yoo S. J. B. (2005). An eight-user time-slotted SPECTS O-CDMA testbed: demonstration and simulations, J. Lightwave Technol., 23; 10, 3232–3240.
9. Wang X. and Kitayama K. (2004). Analysis of beat noise in coherent and incoherent time-spreading OCDMA, J. Lightwave Technol., 22; 10, 2226–2235.

Chapter 7

1. Davies P. A. and Shaar A. A. (1983). Asynchronous multiplexing for an optical fiber local area network, Electronic Lett., 19, 390–392.
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4. Goh T., Yasu M., Hattori K., Himeno A., Okuno M. and Ohmori Y. (1998). Low-loss and high-extinction-ratio silica-based strictly nonblocking 16x16 thermooptic matrix switch, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 10; 6, 810–812.
5. Wada N. and Kitayama K. (1999). A 10 Gb/s optical code division multiplexing using 8-chip optical bipolar code and coherent detection, J. Lightwave Technol., 17; 10, 1758–1765.
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8. Wang X., Matsushima K., Kitayama K., Nishiki A., Wada N. and Kubota F. (2005). High-performance optical code generation and recognition by use of a 511-chip, 640 Gchip/s phase-shifted superstructured fiber Bragg grating, Opt. Lett., 30; 4, 355–357.
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12. Wang X., Wada N., Cincotti G., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2006). Demonstration of over 128-Gb/s-capacity (12-User X 10.71-Gb/s/User) asynchronous OCDMA using FEC and AWG-based multiport optical encoder/decoders, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 18; 15, 1603–1605.
13. Yoshima S., Nakagawa N., Kataoka N., Suzuki N., Noda M., Nogami M, Nakagawa J. and Kitayama K. (2010). 10 Gb/s-based PON over OCDMA uplink burst transmission using SSFBG encoder/multi-port decoder and burst-mode receiver, J. Lightwave Technol., 28; 4, 365–371.
14. Omichi K., Nomura R., Matsumoto R., Shimizu S., Terada Y., Sakamoto A., Yamauchi R., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2012). Superstructured FBG based optical encoder/decoder for highly-confidential 40 Gbps telecommunication network, OFS 2012, SPIE, 8421, 1–3 (Beijing, China).
15. Kataoka N., Wang X., Wada N., Cincotti G., Terada Y. and Kitayama K. (2009). 8 X 8 full-duplex demonstration of asynchronous, 10Gbps, DPSK-OCDMA system using apodized SSFBG and multi-port en/decoder, ECOC 2009, 6.5.5 (Vienna, Austria, September 2009).
16. Kataoka N., Wada N., Wang X., Cincotti G., Sakamoto A., Terada Y., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2009). Field trial of duplex, 10 Gbps X 8-user DPSK-OCDMA system using a single 16 X 16 multi-port encoder/decoder and 16-level phase-shifted SSFBG encoder/decoders, J. Lightwave Technol., 27; 3, 299–305.

Chapter 8

1. Kitayama K., Sasaki M., Araki S., Tsubokawa M., Tomita A., Inoue K., Harasawa K., Nagasako Y. and Takada A. (2011). Security in photonic networks: threats and security enhancement, J. Lightwave Technol., 29; 21, 3210–3222.
2. Zeltsan Z. (2005). ITU-T recommendation X.805 and its application to NGN, ITU/IETF Workshop on NGN.
3. Kodama T. (2011). Studies on Secure M-ary Optical Code Division Multiplexing Using a Single Multi-port Encoder/Decoder, Doctoral dissertation.
4. Wang X., Wada N., Miyazaki T., Cincotti G. and Kitayama K. (2007). Asynchronous multiuser coherent OCDMA system with code-shift-keying and balanced detection, IEEE Select. Topics Quantum Electron., 13; 5, 1463–1470.
5. Wang X., Wada N., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2006). Coherent OCDMA system using DPSK data format with balanced detection, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 18; 7, 826–828.
6. Kataoka N., Wada N., Cincotti G., Kitayama K. and Miyazaki T. (2007). A novel multiplexed optical code label processing with huge number of address entry for scalable optical packet switched network, ECOC2007, Tu3.2.6 (Berlin).
7. Cincotti G., Sacchieri V., Manzacca G., Kataoka N., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2008). Physical layer security: all-optical cryptography in access networks, ICTON2008 (Athens, Greece).
8. Cincotti G., Manzacca G., Sacchieri V., Wang X., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2008). Secure OCDM transmission using a planar multiport encoder/decoder, J. Lightwave Technol., 26; 13, 1798–1806.
9. Shake T. (2005). Security performance of optical CDMA against eavesdropping confidentiality performance of spectral-phase-encoded optical CDMA, J. Lightwave Technol., 23; 2, 655–670.
10. Wu B. B., Prucnal P. R. and Narimanov E. E. (2006). Secure transmission over an existing public WDM lightwave network, IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., 18; 17, 1870–1872.
11. Menendez R., Agarwal A., Toliver P., Jackel J. and Etemad S. (2007). Direct optical processing of M-ary code-shift keyed spectral phase encoded OCDMA, J. Opt. Networks, 6; 5, 442–450.
12. Kodama T., Nakagawa N., Kitayama K., Kataoaka N., Wada N., Cincotti G., Wang X. and Miyamazaki T. (2010). Secure 2.5Gbit/s, 16-ary OCDM block-ciphering with XOR using a single multi-port en/decoder, J. Lightwave Technol., 28; 1, 181–187.
13. Kodama T., Kataoka N., Wada N., Cincotti G., Wang X., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2010). High-security 2.5 Gbps, polarization multiplexed 256-ary OCDM using a single multi-port encoder/decoder, Opt. Express, 18; 20, 21376–21385.
14. Kodama T., Kataoka N., Wada N., Cincotti G., Wang X. and Kitayama K. (2011). 4096-Ary OCDM/OCDMA system using multidimensional PSK codes generated by a single multiport en/decoder, J. Lightwave Technol., 29; 22, 3372–3380.

Chapter 9

1. Wang X., Wada N., Cincotti G., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2006). Demonstration of over 128-Gb/s-capacity (12-User X 10.71-Gb/s/User) asynchronous OCDMA using FEC and AWG-based multiport optical encoder/decoders, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 18; 15, 1603–1605.
2. Shieh W. and Djordjevic I. (2010). OFDM for Optical Communications, Academic Press.
3. Yoshima S., Nakagawa N., Kataoka N., Suzuki N., Noda M., Nogami M., Nakagawa J. and Kitayama K. (2010). 10 Gb/s-based PON over OCDMA uplink burst transmission using SSFBG encoder/multi-port decoder and burst-mode receiver, J. Lightwave Technol., 28; 4, 365–371.
4. Cincotti G., Kataoka N., Wada N., Wang X., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2009). Demonstration of asynchronous, 10Gbps OCDMA PON system with colorless and sourceless ONUs, ECOC 2009, 6.5.7 (Vienna).
5. Yoshima S., Tanaka Y., Kataoka N., Wada N., Nakagawa J. and Kitayama K., Full-duplex, extended-reach 10G-TDM-OCDM-PON system without en/decoder at ONU, J. Lightwave Technol., in press.
6. Kodama T., Tanaka Y., Yoshima S., Kataoka N., Nakagawa J., Shimizu S., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2013). Scaling the system capacity and reach of 10G-TDM- OCDM-PON system without en/decoder at ONU, J. Opt. Commun. Networks, 5; 2, 134–143.
7. Kitayama K., Wang X. and Wada N. (2006). OCDMA over WDM PON: A solution path to gigabit-symmetric FTTH, J. Lightwave Technol., 24; 4, 1654–1662.
8. Wang X., Wada N., Cincotti G., Miyazaki T. and Kitayama K. (2007). Field trial of 3-WDM X 10-OCDMA X 10.71 Gbps, asynchronous, WDM/DPSK-OCDMA using hybrid E/D without FEC and optical thresholding, J. Lightwave Technol., 25; 1, 207–215.
9. Kataoka N., Cincotti G., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2011). Demonstration of asynchronous, 40Gbps X 4-user DPSK-OCDMA transmission using a multi-port encoder/decoder, Opt. Express, 19; 26, B965–970.
10. Kataoka N., Cincotti G., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2011). 2.56 Tbps (40-Gbps X 8-wavelength X 4-OC X 2-POL) asynchronous WDM-OCDMA-PON using a multi-port encoder/decoder, ECOC 2011, Th.13.B.6 (Geneva, September 2011).
11. Omichi K., Nomura R., Matsumoto R., Shimizu S., Terada Y., Sakamoto A., Yamauchi R., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2012). Superstructured FBG based optical encoder/decoder for highly- confidential 40 Gbps telecommunication network, OFS 2012, SPIE, 8421, 1–3 (Beijing, China). Matsumoto R., Kodama T., Shimizu S., Nomura R., Omichi K., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2013). Apodized SSFBG en/decoder for 40G-OCDM-PON system, OECC/PS 2013, MP1-6 (Kyoto, Japan).
12. Matsumoto R., Kodama T., Shimizu S., Nomura R., Omichi K., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2013). Cost-effective, asynchronous 4 X 40Gbps full-duplex OCDMA demonstrator using apodized SSFBGs and a multi-port encoder/decoder, OFC2013, OW4D.7 (Anaheim, CA).
13. Kitayama K. (1994). Novel spatial spread spectrum based fiber optic CDMA networks for image transmission, IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., 12; 4, 762–772.
14. Kitayama K., Nakamura M., Igasaki Y. and Kaneda K. (1997). Image fiber-optic two-dimensional parallel links based upon optical space-CDMA: experiment, J. Lightwave Technol., 15; 1, 202–212.
15. Nakamura M. and Kitayama K. (1998). System performances of optical space code- division multiple-access-based fiber-optic two-dimensional parallel data link, Appl. Opt., 37; 14, 2915–2924.
16. Nakamura M., Kitayama K., Igasaki Y., Shamoto N. and Kaneda K. (2002). Image fiber optic space-CDMA parallel transmission experiment using 8 X 8 VCSEL/PD arrays, Appl. Opt., 41; 32, 6901–6906.
17. Nakamura M. and Kitayama K. (2001). Two-dimensional erbium-doped image fiber amplifier (EDIFA), J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., 7; 3, 434–438.

Chapter 10

1. Kaneko S., Kataoka N., Miki N., Kimura H., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2011). Optical code-division-multiple access: thorough comparison with TDM- and DWDM-PONs for future PON systems toward 100Gbit/s/ONU, unpublished work.
2. Kataoka N., Cincotti G., Wada N. and Kitayama K. (2011). Demonstration of asynchronous, 40Gbps X 4-user DPSK-OCDMA transmission using a multi-port encoder/decoder, ECOC2011, Tu.5.C.4 (Geneva).
3. Wang X., Wada N., Kataoka N., Miyazaki T., Cincotti G. and Kitayama K. (2007). 100 km field trial of 1.24 Tbit/s, spectral efficient asynchronous 5 WDM × 25 DPSK-OCDMA using one set of 50 × 50 ports large scale en/decoder, OFC2007, PDP14 (Anaheim, CA.).
4. Tucker R. S. (2011). Green optical communications – part 1: Energy limitations in transport, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., 17; 2, 245–260.
6. Kitayama K., Wada N. and Sotobayashi H. (2000). Architectural considerations for photonic IP router based upon optical code correlation (Invited), IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 18; 12, 1834–1844.
7. Nozaki K., Shinya A., Matsuo S., Segawa T., Sato T., Kawaguchi Y., Takahashi R. and Notomi M. (2012). Ultralow-power all-optical RAM based on nanocavities, Nature Photonics, 26; February, 1–5.
8. Nakahara T., Suzaki Y., Urata R., Segawa T., Ishikawa H. and Takahashi R. (2011). Enhanced multi-hop operation using hybrid optoelectronic router with time-to-live-based selective forward error correction, Opt. Express, 12; 19, B301–307.
9. Takushima Y. and Kikuchi K. (1994). Photonic switching using spread spectrum technique, Electron. Lett., 30, 436–438.
10. Vaughn M. D. and Blumenthal D. J. (1997). All-optical updating of subcarrier encoded packet headers with simultaneous wavelength conversion of baseband payload in semiconductor amplifiers, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 9, 827–829.
11. Way W. I., Lin Y.-M. and Chang G.-K. (2000). A novel optical label swapping technique using erasable optical single-sideband subcarrier label, OFC1999, WD6 (Baltimore, MD).
12. Cardakli M. C., Gurkan D., Havstad S. A. and Willner A. E. (2000). Variable-bit-rate header recognition for reconfigurable networks using tunable fiber-Bragg-gratings as optical correlators, OFC2000, TuN2 (Baltimore, MD).
13. Kitayama K. and Wada N. (1999). Photonic IP routing, IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., 11, 1689–1691.
14. Wada N., Cincotti G., Yoshima S., Kataoka N. and Kitayama K. (2006). Characterization of a full encoder/decoder in the AWG configuration for code-based photonic routers. Part II: experiments and applications, IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol., 24; 1, 113–121.
15. Kitayama K. (1998). Code division multiplexing lightwave networks based upon optical code conversion, IEEE Select. Areas Commun., 16, 1309–1319.
16. Huang S., Baba K., Murata M. and Kitayama K. (2006). Variable-bandwidth optical paths: Comparison between optical code-labeled path and OCDM path, IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave Technol., 24; 10, 3563–3573.
17. Huang S., Baba K., Murata M. and Kitayama K. (2006). Architecture design and performance evaluation of multigranularity optical networks based on optical code division multiplexing, J. Opt. Networking, 5; 12, 1028–1042.
18. Maintenance & Troubleshooting of a PON Network with an OTDR, JDSU.
19.FTTx PON Guide: Testing Passive Optical Networks, third edition, EXFO (www.3-edge.de/export/sites/3EDGE/de/main/solutions/FTTx-PON-Networks/Content-Misc/FTTx-PON-Reference-Guide.pdf).
20. NTT East Japan (2012). Case studies of faults and countermeasures in a passive optical network system, NTT Technical Review, 10; 7, 31–35.
21. Technical reference 73603 (1999). Unbundled dark fiber (UDF) Technical specifications, February (www.docstoc.com/docs/2140807/Unbundled-Dark-Fiber-(UDF)-Technical-Specifications#).
22. Green P. E. Jr. (2006). Fiber To The Home, The New Empowerment, John Wiley & Sons.
23. Kashyap R. and Blow K. J. (1988). Observation of catastrophic self-propelled self-focusing in optical fibres, Electron. Lett., 24; 1 47–49.
24. Todoroki S. (2005). Origin of periodic void formation during fiber fuse, Optic Express, 13; 17, 6381–6389.
25. Shuto Y., Yanagi S., Asakawa S., Kobayashi M. and Nagase R. (2004). Fiber fuse generation in single-mode fiber-optic connectors, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 16; 1, 171–176.
26. Yanagi S., Asakawa S., Kobayashi M., Shuto Y. and Naruse R. (2004). Fiber fuse terminator (in Japanese), Technical Report of IEICE, OPE2004–178.

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