In this final chapter, we briefly review what we have learned and then look at some tensions that are inherent in family policy, poverty reduction and the role of the state. The chapter also discusses two cross-cutting themes: the misuse of science; and policy and research gaps. Finally, we propose some building blocks that should inform approaches in the future.

What have we learned?

The evidence presented in Chapter Three gives us a clear idea about what matters most for children to thrive when looking at their cognitive, social and emotional development:

• • Money matters in its own right, not only in terms of the ability to buy goods and services that promote healthy development, but also because the lack of money is a key factor in parental stress.

• • Parents also matter. A good home learning environment can make a real difference to children's learning and attainment as well as their social and emotional development. However, it is harder to provide such an environment for children when income is low.

• • Parents’ – especially mothers’ – educational background and their mental health are particularly important for how children fare. Different aspects of family resources matter for different outcomes: income, education and social class are all important. Persistent poverty and hardship are particularly damaging.

• • Relationships matter, not only between mothers, fathers and their children, but also between mothers and fathers. Good relationships between parents in intact or separated families are a protective factor for children.

We have explored the changes in the direction of family policy between governments, driven by political perspectives, external events, public attitudes and civil society. We know that policy and interventions can make a difference, and there are a number of strategic lessons for policy that we draw from the last two decades.

If we are to make a lasting impact on children's life chances, government policy needs to encompass macro-and microfactors. The year 2010 marked the end of a dual approach to improving children's outcomes through the reduction of child poverty and increasing parents’ and children's capabilities. Under the Labour administration, the commitment to reduce child poverty ensured that policy measures and investment were focused on this crucial driver of children's life chances. Targets are not without problems – they can lead public policy to prioritise the short over the long term.