[1] The Flag Press, “History Behind Semaphore Flags,” retrieved from http://flagexpressions.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/history-behind-semaphore-flags/, Nov. 17, 2012.
[2] A. G., Bell, “Selenium and the Photophone,”Nature, vol. 22, no. 569, pp. 500–5030, 1880.
[3] F. R., Gfeller and U., Bapst, “Wireless In-House Data Communication Via Diffuse Infrared Radiation,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1474–1486, Nov. 1979.
[4] Z., Ghassemlooy, W., Popoola, and S., Rajbhandari, Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modeling with MATLAB(R), 1st edn. CRC Press, 2012.
[5] G. W., Marsh and J. M., Kahn, “Performance Evaluation of Experimental 50-Mb/s Diffuse Infrared Wireless Link Using On-Off Keying with Decision-Feedback Equalization,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 1496–1504, Nov. 1996.
[6] J. B., Carruthers and J. M., Kahn, “Angle Diversity for Nondirected Wireless Infrared Communication,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 960–969, June 2000.
[7] Y., Tanaka, T., Komine, S., Haruyama, and M., Nakagawa, “Indoor Visible Light Data Transmission System Utilizing White LED Lights,”IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E86-B, no. 8, pp. 2440–2454, Aug. 2003.
[8] M., Afgani, H., Haas, H., Elgala, and D., Knipp, “Visible Light Communication Using OFDM,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities (TRIDENTCOM), Barcelona, Spain, March 1-3, 2006, pp. 129–134.
[9] J., Vucic, C., Kottke, S., Nerreter, K. D., Langer, and J. W., Walewski, “513 Mbit/s Visible Light Communications Link Based on DMT-Modulation of a White LED,”Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 28, no. 24, pp. 3512–3518, Dec. 2010.
[10] J., Vucic, C., Kottke, K., Habel, and K., Langer, “803 Mbit/s Visible Light WDM Link Based on DMT Modulation of a Single RGB LED Luminary,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), March 2011, pp. 1–3.
[11] A. M., Khalid, G., Cossu, R., Corsini, P., Choudhury, and E., Ciaramella, “1-Gb/s Transmission Over a Phosphorescent White LED by Using Rate-Adaptive Discrete Multitone Modulation,”IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1465–1473, Oct. 2012.
[12] G., Cossu, A. M., Khalid, P., Choudhury, R., Corsini, and E., Ciaramella, “3.4 Gbit/s Visible Optical Wireless Transmission Based on RGB LED,”Optics Express, vol. 20, pp. B501–B506, 2012.
[13] A., Azhar, T., Tran, and D., O'Brien, “A Gigabit/s Indoor Wireless Transmission Using MIMO-OFDM Visible-Light Communications,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 171–174, Jan. 15, 2013.
[14] D., Tsonev, H., Chun, S., Rajbhandari, J., McKendry, S., Videv, E., Gu, M., Haji, S., Watson, A., Kelly, G., Faulkner, M., Dawson, H., Haas, and D., O'Brien, “A 3-Gb/s Single-LED OFDM-based Wireless VLC Link Using a Gallium Nitride μLED,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 99 (to appear), p. 4, 2014.
[15]“'Li-fi' via LED Light Bulb Data Speed Breakthrough,” BBC News, Oct. 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24711935.
[16] S., Dimitrov, R., Mesleh, H., Haas, M., Cappitelli, M., Olbert, and E., Bassow, “On the SIR of a Cellular Infrared Optical Wireless System for an Aircraft,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (IEEE JSAC), vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1623–1638, Dec. 2009.
[17] S., Dimitrov, H., Haas, M., Cappitelli, and M., Olbert, “On the Throughput of an OFDM-based Cellular Optical Wireless System for an Aircraft Cabin,” in Proceedings of the European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2011), Rome, Italy, April 11-15, 2011, invited Paper.
[18] B., Ghimire and H., Haas, “Self Organising Interference Coordination in Optical Wireless Networks,”EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 1, no. 131, April 2012.
[19] H., Haas, “Wireless Data from Every Light Bulb,” TED Website, Aug. 2011. http://bit.ly/tedvlc.
[20] J. R., Barry, Wireless Infrared Communications. Springer, 1994, vol. 280.
[21] J. M., Kahn and J. R., Barry, “Wireless Infrared Communications,”Proceedings ofthe IEEE, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 265–298, Feb. 1997.
[22] C., Singh, J., John, Y. N., Singh, and K. K., Tripathi, “A Review of Indoor Optical Wireless Systems,”IETE Technical Review, vol. 19, pp. 3–17, Jan.-April 2002.
[23] P., Barker and A. C., Boucouvalas, “Performance Modeling of the IrDA Protocol for Infrared Wireless Communications,”IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 113–117, 1998.
[24] European Commission, “Technical Briefing: Phasing out Incandescent Bulbs in the EU,” retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu, Sept. 2008.
[25] T., Komine and M., Nakagawa, “Fundamental Analysis for Visible-Light Communication System using LED Lights,”IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 100–107, Feb. 2004.
[26] T., Komine and M., Nakagawa, “Performance Evaluation of Visible-Light Wireless Communication System using White LED Lightings,” in Proceedings of the ISCC 2004. Ninth-International Symposium on Computers and Communications, vol. 1, June 28– July 1, 2004, pp. 258–263.
[27] M., Miki, E., Asayama, and T., Hiroyasu, “Visible-Light Communication using Visible-Light Communication Technology,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligence Systems (CIS 06), Bangkok, Thailand, June 7–9, 2006, pp. 1–6.
[28] J., Grubor, S., Randel, K., Langer, and J. W., Walewski, “Broadband Information Broadcasting Using LED-Based Interior Lighting,”Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 26, pp. 3883–3892, 2008.
[29] D. C., O'Brien, L., Zeng, H., Le-Minh, G., Faulkner, J. W., Walewski, and S., Randel, “Visible Light Communications: Challenges and Possibilities,” in IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, ser., Cannes, France, Sept. 2008.
[30] H., Elgala, R., Mesleh, and H., Haas, “Indoor Broadcasting via White LEDs and OFDM,”IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1127–1134, Aug. 2009.
[31] H., Elgala, R., Mesleh, and H., Haas, “Indoor Optical Wireless Communication: Potential and State-of-the-Art,”IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 56–62, Sept. 2011.
[32] D., O'Brien, “Visible Light Communications: Challenges and Potential,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Photonics Conference (PHO), Virginia, USA, Oct. 2011, pp. 365–366.
[33] L., Hanzo, H., Haas, S., Imre, D., O'Brien, M., Rupp, and L., Gyongyosi, “Wireless Myths, Realities and Futures: From 3G/4G to Optical and Quantum Wireless,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 1853–1888, May 2012.
[34] Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC), retrieved from http://www.vlcc.net, Feb. 2007.
[35] IEEE Std. 802.15.7-2011, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, Part 15.7: Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Using Visible Light, IEEE Std., 2011.
[36] J. G., Andrews, A., Ghosh, and R., Muhamed, Fundamentals of WiMAX. Pearson Education, 2007.
[37] BROADCOM Corporation, “802.11n: Next-Generation Wireless LAN Technology,” White paper, BROADCOM Corporation, Tech. Rep., April 2006, retrieved from http://www.broadcom.com/docs/WLAN/802-11n-WP100-R.pdf, Aug. 4, 2006.
[38] Ofcom, “Study on the Future UK Spectrum Demand for Terrestrial Mobile Broadband Applications,” Realwireless, report, June 2013.
[39] “Visible Light Communication (VLC)-A Potential Solution to the Global Wireless Spectrum Shortage,” GBI Research, Tech. Report, 2011, http://www.gbiresearch.com/.
[40] Cisco Visual Networking Index, “Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2012–2017,” CISCO, White Paper, Feb. 2013, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360.pdf.
[41] Wireless Gigabit Aliance, “Specifications,” retrieved from http://wirelessgigabitalliance.org/specifications/, Nov. 19, 2012.
[42] IEEE P802.11 - Task Group AD, “Very High Throughput in 60 GHz,” retrieved from http://www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgad_update.htm, Nov. 19, 2012.
[43] S., Dimitrov and H., Haas, “Optimum Signal Shaping in OFDM-based Optical Wireless Communication Systems,” in Proceeding ofthe IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (IEEE VTC Fall), Quebec City, Canada, Sept. 3–6, 2012.
[44] BS EN 62471:2008, Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems, BSI British Standards Std., Sept. 2008.
[45] J. G., Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[46] H., Haas and P., Valtink, 100 Produkte der Zukunft–Wegweisende Ideen, die unser Leben verändern werden. Econ Verlag, 2007, ch. Sprechendes Licht–Leuchtdioden übermitteln Daten.
[47] H., Elgala, R., Mesleh, H., Haas, and B., Pricope, “OFDM Visible Light Wireless Communication Based on White LEDs,” in Proceedings ofthe 64th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Dublin, Ireland, April 22–25, 2007.
[48] H., Burchardt, N., Serafimovski, D., Tsonev, S., Videv, and H., Haas, “VLC: Beyond Point-to-Point Communication,”IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, pre-print, http://www.eng.ed.ac.uk/drupal/hxh/publications/.
[49] J., Campello, “Practical Bit Loading for DMT,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC 1999), vol. 2, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June 6–10, 1999, pp. 801–805.
[50] H. E., Levin, “A Complete and Optimal Data Allocation Method for Practical Discrete Multitone Systems,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM 2001), vol. 1, San Antonio, TX, USA, Nov. 25–29, 2001, pp. 369–374.
[51] J., Armstrong and A., Lowery, “Power Efficient Optical OFDM,”Electronics Letters, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 370–372, March 16, 2006.
[52] S. C. J., Lee, S., Randel, F., Breyer, and A. M. J., Koonen, “PAM-DMT for Intensity-Modulated and Direct-Detection Optical Communication Systems,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 1749–1751, Dec. 2009.
[53] N., Fernando, Y., Hong, and E., Viterbo, “Flip-OFDM for Optical Wireless Communications,” in Information Theory Workshop (ITW). Paraty, Brazil: IEEE, Oct. 16–20, 2011, pp. 5–9.
[54] D., Tsonev, S., Sinanović, and H., Haas, “Novel Unipolar Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (U-OFDM) for Optical Wireless,” in Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan: IEEE, May 6–9, 2012.
[55] K., Asadzadeh, A., Farid, and S., Hranilovic, “Spectrally Factorized Optical OFDM,” in 12th Canadian Workshop on Information Theory (CWIT 2011). IEEE, May 17–20, 2011, pp. 102–105.
[56] J., Fakidis, D., Tsonev, and H., Haas, “A Comparison between DCO-OFDMA and Synchronous One-dimensional OCDMA for Optical Wireless Communications,” in 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), London, Sept. 8–11, 2013, pp. 3605–3609.
[57] M. B., Rahaim, A. M., Vegni, and T. D. C., Little, “A Hybrid Radio Frequency and Broadcast Visible Light Communication System,” in IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM2011) Workshops, Dec. 5–9, 2011, pp. 792–796.
[58] pure VLC. pure VLC Li-1st. video. http://purevlc.co.uk/li-fire/purevlc-li-1st/
[59] S., Ortiz, “The Wireless Industry Begins to Embrace Femtocells,”Computer, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 14–17, July 2008.
[60] V., Chandrasekhar, J., Andrews, and A., Gatherer, “Femtocell Networks: A Survey,”IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 59–67, 2008.
[61] H., Haas, “High-Speed Wireless Networking Using Visible Light,” retrieved from https://spie.org/x93593.xml, 2013.
[62] I., Stefan, H., Burchardt, and H., Haas, “Area Spectral Efficiency Performance Comparison between VLC and RF Femtocell Networks,” in Proceedings ofthe International Conference on Communications (ICC), Budapest, Hungary, Jun. 2013, pp. 1–5.
[63] G. W., Marsh and J. M., Kahn, “Channel Reuse Strategies for Indoor Infrared Wireless Communications,”IEEE ransactions on Communications, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1280–1290, Oct. 1997.
[64] C., Chen, N., Serafimovski, and H., Haas, “Fractional Frequency Reuse in Optical Wireless Cellular Networks,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2013). London: IEEE, Sept. 8–11, 2013.
[65] C., Chen, D., Tsonev, and H., Haas, “Joint Transmission in Indoor Visible Light Communication Downlink Cellular Networks,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE Workshop on Optical Wireless Communication (OWC 2013), Atlanta, GA: IEEE, Dec. 9, 2013.
[66] S., Dimitrov, R., Mesleh, H., Haas, M., Cappitelli, M., Olbert, and E., Bassow, “Path Loss Simulation of an Infrared Optical Wireless System for Aircraft,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM2009), Honolulu, HI, Nov. 30–Dec. 4, 2009.
[67] S., Dimitrov, S., Sinanovic, and H., Haas, “Signal Shaping and Modulation for Optical Wireless Communication,”IEEE/OSA Journal on Lightwave Technology (IEEE/OSA JLT), vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1319–1328, May 2012.
[68] F. R., Gfeller, P., Bernasconi, W., Hirt, C., Elisii, and B., Weiss, “Dynamic Cell Planning for Wireless Infrared In-House Data Transmission,”Mobile Communications Advanced Systems and Components, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 1994, vol. 783, pp. 261–272.
[69] S. B., Alexander, Optical Communication Receiver Design, 1st edn. SPIE Press Book, Jan. 1997.
[70] D. C., O'Brien, G. E., Faulkner, S., Zikic, and N. P., Schmitt, “High Data-Rate Optical Wireless Communications in Passenger Aircraft: Measurements and Simulations,” in 6th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP'08), Graz, Austria, July 23–25, 2008, pp. 68–71.
[71] G., Yun and M., Kavehrad, “Indoor Infrared Wireless Communications Using Spot Diffusing and Fly-Eye Receivers,”The Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 18, no. 4, Oct. 1993.
[72] M., Kavehrad and S., Jivkova, “Indoor Broadband Optical Wireless Communications: Optical Subsystems Designs and their Impact on Channel Characteristics,”IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 30–35, 2003.
[73] F. E., Alsaadi and J. M. H., Elmirghani, “Spot Diffusing Angle Diversity MC-CDMA Optical Wireless System,” in Proceedings ofthe IET Optoelectronics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 131–141, June 2009.
[74] T., Borogovac, M., Rahaim, and J. B., Carruthers, “Spotlighting for Visible Light Communications and Illumination,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2010) Workshops, Dec. 6–10, 2010, pp. 1077–1081.
[75] J., Kahn, J., Barry, W., Krause, M., Audeh, J., Carruthers, G., Marsh, E., Lee, and D., Messerschmitt, “High-Speed Non-Directional Infrared Communication for Wireless Local-Area Networks,” in Proceedings of the 26th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, vol. 1, California, Oct. 26–28, 1992, pp. 83–87.
[76] J. M., Kahn, W. J., Krause, and J. B., Carruthers, “Experimental Characterization of Non-Directed Indoor Infrared Channels,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 43, no. 234, pp. 1613–1623, Feb.–Mar.–Apr. 1995.
[77] J. B., Carruthers and J. M., Kahn, “Modeling of Nondirected Wireless Infrared Channels,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Communications: Converging Technologies for Tomorrow's Applications, vol. 2, Dallas, TX, June 23–27, 1996, pp. 1227–1231.
[78] M. R., Pakravan, M., Kavehrad, and H., Hashemi, “Indoor Wireless Infrared Channel Characterization by Measurements,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1053–1073, July 2001.
[79] D. C., O'Brien, S. H., Khoo, W., Zhang, G. E., Faulkner, and D. J., Edwards, “High-speed Optical Channel Measurement System,” in Proceedings ofthe SPIE, Optical Wireless Communications IV, vol. 4530, Denver, CO, Aug. 21–22, 2001, pp. 135–144.
[80] K., Smitha and J., John, “Propagation Measurements of Indoor Infrared Channels,” Dec. 2004, retrieved from http://ee.iust.ac.ir/profs/Sadr/Papers/ltwp20.pdf, Dec. 29, 2004.
[81] J., Barry, J., Kahn, W., Krause, E., Lee, and D., Messerschmitt, “Simulation of Multipath Impulse Response for Indoor Wireless Optical Channels,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 367–379, April 1993.
[82] A., Muller, “Monte-Carlo Multipath Simulation of Ray Tracing Channel Models,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 1994, Communications: The Global Bridge, vol. 3, Nov. 28–Dec. 2, 1994, pp. 1446–1450.
[83] F., Lopez-Hernandez, R., Perez-Jimenez, and A., Santamaria, “Ray-tracing Algorithms for Fast Calculation of the Impulse Response on Diffuse IR-wireless Indoor Channels,”Optical Engineering, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 2775–2780, Oct. 2000.
[84] V., Pohl, V., Jungnickel, and C., von Helmolt, “A Channel Model for Wireless Infrared Communication,” in Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications PIMRC 2000, vol. 1, London, Sept. 18–21, 2000, pp. 297–303.
[85] V., Jungnickel, V., Pohl, S., Nonnig, and C., von Helmolt, “A Physical Model of the Wireless Infrared Communication Channel,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 631–640, April 2002.
[86] S., Rodriguez, R., Perez-Jimenez, F., Lopez-Hernandez, O., Gonzalez, and A., Ayala, “Reflection Model for Calculation of the Impulse Response on IR-wireless Indoor Channels Using Ray-tracing Algorithm,”Microwave Optical Technology Letter, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 296–300, Jan. 2002.
[87] O., Gonzalez, S., Rodriguez, R., Perez-Jimenez, B. R., Mendoza, and A., Ayala, “Error Analysis of the Simulated Impulse Response on Indoor Wireless Optical Channels Using a Monte Carlo-based Ray-tracing Algorithm,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 124–130, Jan. 2005.
[88] H., Naoki and I., Takeshi, “Channel Modeling of Non-Directed Wireless Infrared Indoor Diffuse Link,”Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications), vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 9–19, Feb. 2007.
[89] G., Ntogari, T., Kamalakis, and T., Sphicopoulos, “Performance Analysis of Non-directed Equalized Indoor Optical Wireless Systems,” in Proceedings ofthe 6th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing CSNDSP 2008, Graz, Austria, July 23–25, 2008, pp. 156–160.
[90] M., Bertrand, O., Bouchet, and P., Besnard, “Personal Optical Wireless Communications: LOS/WLOS/DIF Propagation Model and QOFI,” in Proceedings ofthe 6th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing CSNDSP 2008, Graz, Austria, July 23–25, 2008, pp. 179–182.
[91] Vishay Semiconductors, “Datasheet: TSHG8200 High Speed Infrared Emitting Diode, 830 nm, GaAlAs Double Hetero,” retrieved July 26, 2011 from http://www.vishay.com/docs/84755/tshg8200.pdf, July 2008.
[92] Osram Opto Semiconductors, “Datasheet: LCW W5SM Golden Dragon White LED,” retrieved from http://www.osram.de, April 2011.
[93] OSRAM GmbH, “Datasheet: OS-PCN-2008-002-A OSTAR LED,” retrieved from http://www.osram.de, Feb. 2008.
[94] Vishay Semiconductors, “Infrared Emitters,” retrieved from http://www.vishay.com/ir-emitting-diodes/, Jan. 25, 2011.
[95] Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., “Silicon PIN Photodiode,” retrieved from http://sales.hamamatsu.com/en/products/solid-state-division/si-photodiode-series/si-pin-photodiode.php, Jan. 25, 2011.
[96] Thorlabs, “Bandpass Filters,” retrieved from http://www.thorlabs.com/NewGroupPage9.cfm?ObjectGroup_ID=1001, Jan. 25, 2011.
[97] Vishay Semiconductors, “Datasheet: TEMD5110X01 Silicon PIN Photodiode,” May 2009, retrieved from http://www.vishay.com/docs/84658/temd5110.pdf, July 26, 2011.
[98] F.-M., Wu, C.-T., Lin, C.-C., Wei, C.-W., Chen, H.-T., Huang, and C.-H., Ho, “1.1-Gb/s White-LED-Based Visible Light Communication Employing Carrier-Less Amplitude and Phase Modulation,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 1730–1732, Oct. 2012.
[99] D., Tse and P., Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[100] Analog Devices, “Transimpedance Amplifiers,” retrieved from http://www.analog.com/en/fiberoptic/transimpedance-amplifiers/products/index.html, Jan. 25, 2011.
[101] B. T., Phong, “Illumination for Computer Generated Pictures,”Communications of the ACM, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 311–317, June 1975.
[102] Integra Incorporated, “Specter,” retrieved from http://www.integra.jp/en/specter/index.html, Dec. 21, 2008.
[103] T., Whitted, “An Improved Illumination Model for Shaded Display,”Communications of the ACM, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 343–349, June 1980.
[104] J., Kajiya, “The Rendering Equation,” in Proceedings ofthe 13th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques ACM SIGGRAPH 1986, vol. 20, no. 4, New York, NY, Aug. 1986, pp. 143–150.
[105] S., Pattanaik and S., Mudur, “Computation of Global Illumination by Monte Carlo Simulation of the Particle Model of Light,” in Proceedings ofthe 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, Bristol, May 1992, pp. 71–83.
[106] T. S., Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
[107] J., Armstrong, “OFDM for Optical Communications,”Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 189–204, Feb. 2009.
[108] H., Elgala, R., Mesleh, and H., Haas, “Practical Considerations for Indoor Wireless Optical System Implementation using OFDM,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTel), Zagreb, Croatia, Jun. 8–10, 2009.
[109] L., Jingyi, P., Joo, W., Hai, J., Ro, and D., Park, “The Effect of Filling Unique Words to Guard Interval for OFDM System,” IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group, retrieved May 13, 2009 from http://www.ieee802.org/16/tga/contrib/C80216a-02_87.pdf, Tech. Rep., Sept. 2002.
[110] D., Dardari, V., Tralli, and A., Vaccari, “A Theoretical Characterization of Nonlinear Distortion Effects in OFDM Systems,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1755–1764, Oct. 2000.
[111] S., Dimitrov, R., Mesleh, H., Haas, M., Cappitelli, M., Olbert, and E., Bassow, “Line-of-sight Infrared Wireless Path Loss Simulation in an Aircraft Cabin,” in Proceedings ofthe European Workshop for Photonic Solutions for Wireless, Access, and In-House Networks (IPHOBAC'09), Duisburg, Germany, May 18–20, 2009. http://www.ist-iphobac.org/workshop/program.asp.
[112] N., Schmitt, “Wireless optical NLOS Communication in Aircraft Cabin for In-flight Entertainment,” in Proceedings of the ESA 1st Optical Wireless Onboard Communications Workshop, Noordwijk, Netherlands, Sept. 29–30, 2004.
[113] N., Schmitt, T., Pistner, C., Vassilopoulos, D., Marinos, A., Boucouvalas, M., Nikolitsa, C., Aidinis, and G., Metaxas, “Diffuse Wireless Optical Link for Aircraft Intra-cabin Passenger Communication,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing CSNDSP 2006</jt>, Patras, Greece, July 19–21, 2006.
[114] ATENAA Project, “Advanced Technologies for Networking of Avionic Applications,” retrieved from http://www.atenaa.org/, May 8, 2009.
[115] P., Djahani and J. M., Kahn, “Analysis of Infrared Wireless Links Employing Multibeam Transmitters and Imaging Diversity Receivers,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 2077–2088, Dec. 2000.
[116] F. E., Alsaadi and J. M. H., Elmirghani, “Mobile MC-CDMA Optical Wireless System Employing an Adaptive Multibeam Transmitter and Diversity Receivers in a Real Indoor Environment,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 08), May 19–23, 2008, pp. 5196–5203.
[117] D., Wu, Z., Ghassemlooy, H., Le-Minh, S., Rajbhandari, and Y., Kavian, “Power Distribution and Q-factor Analysis of Diffuse Cellular Indoor Visible Light Communication Systems,” in the 16th European Conference on Networks and Optical Communications (NOC 2011), Newcastle upon Tyne, July 20–22, 2011, pp. 28–31.
[118] D., Wu, Z., Ghassemlooy, H., Le-Minh, S., Rajbhandari, and L., Chao, “Channel Characteristics Analysis of Diffuse Indoor Cellular Optical Wireless Communication Systems,” in Proceedings of the OSA Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition (OSAACP2011), Shanghai, China, Nov. 13–16, 2011, pp. 1–6.
[119] Robert & Associates, “Rhinoceros 3D,” retrieved from http://www.rhino3d.com/, Jan. 15, 2009.
[120] Vishay, Semiconductors, “Datasheet: TSFF5210 High Speed Infrared Emitting Diode, 870 nm, GaAlAs Double Hetero,” retrieved July 26, 2011 from http://www.vishay.com/docs/81090/tsff5210.pdf, June 2009.
[121]Vishay, Semiconductors, “Datasheet: TESP5700 Silicon PIN Photodiode, RoHS Compliant,” retrieved Dec. 22, 2008 from http://www.vishay.com/docs/81573/tesp5700.pdf, Sept. 2008.
[122] M., Cappitelli, M., Olbert, C., Mussmann, and R., Greule, “GUM in Simulation und Messung,” in Proceedings of Licht 2008 Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany, Sept. 10–13, 2008, pp. 487–491.
[123] A., Cheng, S., Rao, L., Cheng, and D., Lam, “Assessment of Pupil Size Under Different Light Intensities Using the Procyon Pupillometer,”Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1015–1017, June 2006.
[124] Vishay, Semiconductors, “Datasheet: VSMB2020X01 High Speed Infrared Emitting Diodes, RoHS Compliant, 940 nm, GaAlAs, DDH, AEC-Q101 Released,” retrieved Dec. 29, 2008 from http://www.vishay.com/docs/81930/vsmb2000.pdf, Nov. 2008.
[125] Vishay, Semiconductors, “Datasheet: BPW41N Silicon PIN Photodiode, RoHS Compliant,” retrieved Dec. 29, 2008 from http://www.vishay.com/docs/81522/bpw41n.pdf, Sept. 2008.
[126] S., Glisic, Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Technologies. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[127] H., Haas and S., McLaughlin, eds., Next Generation Mobile Access Technologies: Implementing TDD. Cambridge University Press, Jan. 2008.
[128] P., Omiyi, H., Haas, and G., Auer, “Analysis of TDD Cellular Interference Mitigation Using Busy-Bursts,”Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 2721–2731, July 2007.
[129] B., Ghimire, G., Auer, and H., Haas, “Busy Bursts for Trading-off Throughput and Fairness in Cellular OFDMA-TDD,”Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, vol. 2009, Article ID 462396, 14 pages, 2009.
[130] G., Auer, S., Videv, B., Ghimire, and H., Haas, “Contention Free Inter-Cellular Slot Reservation,”IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 318–320, May 2009.
[131] S., Dimitrov, S., Sinanovic, and H., Haas, “Clipping Noise in OFDM-based Optical Wireless Communication Systems,”IEEE Transactions on Communications (IEEE TCOM), vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1072–1081, April 2012.
[132]S., Dimitrov, S., Sinanovic, and H., Haas, “A Comparison of OFDM-based Modulation Schemes for OWC with Clipping Distortion,” in GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), Houston, TX, Dec. 5–9, 2011.
[133] S., Dimitrov and H., Haas, “Information Rate of OFDM-Based Optical Wireless Communication Systems With Nonlinear Distortion,”Journal Lightweight Technology, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 918–929, March 15, 2013.
[134] S., Dimitrov, “Analysis of OFDM-based Intensity Modulation Techniques for Optical Wireless Communications,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Aug. 2012.
[135] H., Elgala, R., Mesleh, and H., Haas, “Non-linearity Effects and Predistortion in Optical OFDM Wireless Transmission Using LEDs,”Interscience International Journal ofUltra Wideband Communications and Systems (IJUWBCS), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 143–150, 2009.
[136] J., Rice, Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, 2nd edn. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press, 1995.
[137] J., Bussgang, “Cross Correlation Function of Amplitude-Distorted Gaussian Signals,” Research Laboratory for Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, Technical Report 216, March 1952.
[138] J., Armstrong and B. J. C., Schmidt, “Comparison of Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM and DC-Biased Optical OFDM in AWGN,”IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 343–345, May 2008.
[139] B., Wilson and Z., Ghassemlooy, “Pulse Time Modulation Techniques for Optical Communications: A Review,”Proceedings of the IEEE on Optoelectronics, vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 347–357, Dec. 1993.
[140] M. D., Audeh, J. M., Kahn, and J. R., Barry, “Performance of Pulse-position Modulation on Measured Non-directed Indoor Infrared Channels,”IEEE Transactions on Communica-tions, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 654–659, June 1996.
[141] D., Lee, J., Kahn, and M., Audeh, “Trellis-Coded Pulse-Position Modulation for Indoor Wireless Infrared Communications,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1080–1087, Sept. 1997.
[142] S., Randel, F., Breyer, S. C. J., Lee, and J. W., Walewski, “Advanced Modulation Schemes for Short-Range Optical Communications,”IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1280–1289, 2010.
[143] Y., Zeng, R., Green, and M., Leeson, “Multiple Pulse Amplitude and Position Modulation for the Optical Wireless Channel,” in Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON'08), vol. 4, Athens, Greece, June 22–26, 2008, pp. 193–196.
[144] J., Barry and J., Kahn, “Design of Non-Directed Infrared Links for High-Speed Wireless Networks,” in Proceedings of the Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting LEOS 1994, Boston, MA, Oct. 31–Nov 3. 1994.
[145] M., Akbulut, C., Chen, M., Hargis, A., Weiner, M., Melloch, and J., Woodall, “Digital Communications Above 1 Gb/s Using 890-nm Surface-Emitting Light-Emitting Diodes,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 85–87, Jan. 2001.
[146] S., Rajbhandari, Z., Ghassemlooy, and M., Angelova, “Optimising the Performance of Digital Pulse Interval Modulation with Guard Slots for Diffuse Indoor Optical Wireless Links,”IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1025–1030, June 2011.
[147] J. B., Carruthers and J. M., Kahn, “Multiple-subcarrier Modulation for Nondirected Wireless Infrared Communication,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 538–546, April 1996.
[148] T., Ohtsuki, “Multiple–Subcarrier Modulation in Optical Wireless Communications,”IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 74–79, March 2003.
[149] P., Golden, H., Dedieu, and K., Jacobsen, Fundamentals of DSL Technology. Auerbach Publications, 2006.
[150] B., Inan, S. C. J., Lee, S., Randel, I., Neokosmidis, A. M. J., Koonen, and J. W., Walewski, “Impact of LED Nonlinearity on Discrete Multitone Modulation,”IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 439–451, Oct. 2009.
[151] H., Elgala, R., Mesleh, and H., Haas, “Impact of LED Nonlinearities on Optical Wireless OFDM Systems,” in 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sept. 2010, pp. 634–638.
[152] K., Asadzadeh, A., Dabbo, and S., Hranilovic, “Receiver Design for Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM,” in GLOBECOM Workshops (Optical Wireless Communication), 2011 IEEE, Houston, TX, Dec. 5–9, 2011, pp. 777–781.
[153] Q., Pan and R. J., Green, “Bit-Error-Rate Performance of Lightwave Hybrid AM/OFDM Systems with Comparison with AM/QAM Systems in the Presence of Clipping Impulse Noise,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 278–280, Feb. 1996.
[154] H., Ochiai and H., Imai, “Performance Analysis of Deliberately Clipped OFDM Signals,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 89–101, Jan. 2002.
[155] A., Bahai, M., Singh, A., Goldsmith, and B., Saltzberg, “A New Approach for Evaluating Clipping Distortion in Multicarrier Systems,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1037–1046, June 2002.
[156] D. J. G., Mestdagh, P., Spruyt, and B., Biran, “Analysis of Clipping Effect in DMT-based ADSL Systems,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC 1994, vol. 1, New Orleans, LA, May 1–5, 1994, pp. 293–300.
[157] E., Vanin, “Signal Restoration in Intensity-Modulated Optical OFDM Access Systems,”OSA Optics Letters, vol. 36, no. 22, pp. 4338–4340, 2011.
[158] S. C. J., Lee, F., Breyer, S., Randel, H. P. A., van der Boom, and A. M. J., Koonen, “High-speed Transmission over Multimode Fiber Using Discrete Multitone Modulation,”Journal of Optical Networking, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 183–196, Feb. 2008.
[159] R. J., Green, H., Joshi, M. D., Higgins, and M. S., Leeson, “Recent Developments in Indoor Optical Wireless,”IET Communications, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–10, Jan. 2008.
[160] J., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Gao, Y., Luo, and D., Gu, “Exact BEP Analysis for Coherent M-arry PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channels,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 2008-Spring), Singapore, May 11-14, 2008, pp. 390–394.
[161] N., Johnson, S., Kotz, and N., Balakrishnan, Continuous Univariate Distributions, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1994, vol. 1.
[162] P. K., Vitthaladevuni, M.-S., Alouini, and J. C., Kieffer, “Exact BER Computation for Cross QAM Constellations,”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 3039–3050, Nov. 2005.
[163] J., Smith, “Odd-Bit Quadrature Amplitude-Shift Keying,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 385–389, March 1975.
[164] S., Dimitrov and H., Haas, “On the Clipping Noise in an ACO-OFDM Optical Wireless Communication System,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM 2010), Miami, FL, Dec. 6–10, 2010.
[165] C., Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,”Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379–423 and 623–656, July and Oct. 1948.
[166] G. D., Forney and G., Ungerboeck, “Modulation and Coding for Linear Gaussian Channels,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 2384—2415, Oct. 1998.
[167] R.-J., Essiambre, G., Kramer, P., Winzer, G., Foschini, and B., Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fibre Networks,”IEEE/OSA Journal on Lightwave Technology (IEEE/OSA JLT), vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 662—701, Feb. 15, 2010.
[168] S., Hranilovic and F., Kschischang, “Capacity Bounds for Power- and Band-limited Optical Intensity Channels Corrupted by Gaussian Noise,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 784—795, May 2004.
[169] C., Shannon, “Communication in the Presence of Noise,” in Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 10—21, Jan. 1949.
[170] A., Farid and S., Hranilovic, “Capacity of Optical Intensity Channels with Peak and Average Power Constraints,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany, June 14—18, 2009, pp. 1–5.
[171] A., Farid and S., Hranilovic, “Capacity Bounds for Wireless Optical Intensity Channels with Gaussian Noise,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 6066—6077, Dec. 2010.
[172] R., You and J., Kahn, “Upper-bounding the Capacity of Optical IM/DD Channels with Multiple-subcarrier Modulation and Fixed Bias Using Trigonometric Moment Space Method,”IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 514—523, Feb. 2002.
[173] X., Li, R., Mardling, and J., Armstrong, “Channel Capacity of IM/DD Optical Communication Systems and of ACO-OFDM,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEEICC 2007), Glasgow, June 24—28 2007, pp. 2128—2133.
[174] X., Li, J., Vucic, V., Jungnickel, and J., Armstrong, “On the Capacity of Intensity-Modulated Direct-Detection Systems and the Information Rate of ACO-OFDM for Indoor Optical Wireless Applications,”IEEE Transactions on Communications (IEEE TCOM), vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 799—809, March 2012.
[175] J., Tellado, L. M. C., Hoo, and J. M., Cioffi, “Maximum-Likelihood Detection of Nonlinearly Distorted Multicarrier Symbols by Iterative Decoding,”IEEE Transactions on Communi-cations, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 218—228, Feb. 2003.
[176] I., Gutman and D., Wulich, “On Achievable Rate of Multicarrier with Practical High Power Amplifier,” in Proceedings of the European Wireless Conference (EW 2012), Poznan, Poland, April 18—20, 2012, pp. 1—5.
[177] D., Kim and G. L., Stueber, “Clipping Noise Mitigation for OFDM by Decision-Aided Reconstruction,”IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4–6, Jan. 1999.
[178] H., Chen and A. M., Haimovich, “Iterative Estimation and Cancellation of Clipping Noise for OFDM Signals,”IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 305–307, July 2003.
[179] S., Boyd and L., Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[180] MathWorks, “Matlab Documentation Center,” retrieved from http://www.mathworks.co.uk/help/matlab/index.html, Nov. 17, 2012.
[181] M., Dyble, N., Narendran, A., Bierman, and T., Klein, “Impact of Dimming White LEDs: Chromaticity Shifts Due to Different Dimming Method,” in Proceedings of the SPIE 5941, 5th International Conference on Solid State Lighting, Bellingham, WA, 2005, pp. 291–299.
[182] Y., Gu, N., Narendran, T., Dong, and H., Wu, “Spectral and Luminous Efficacy Change of High-Power LEDs under Different Dimming Methods,” in Proceedings of the SPIE 6337, 6th International Conference on Solid State Lighting, San Diego, CA, 2006.
[183] K., Loo, Y., Lai, S., Tan, and C., Tse, “On the Color Stability of Phosphor-Converted White LEDs under DC, PWM, and Bi-Level Drive,”IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 2, pp. 974–984, 2012.
[184] E., Telatar, “Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channels,”European Transactions on Telecommun., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585–595, Nov./Dec. 1999.
[185] G. J., Foschini and M. J., Gans, “On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas,”Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 311–335, 1998.
[186] T., Fath, “Evaluation of Spectrally Efficient Indoor Optical Wireless Transmission Techniques,” Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Edinburgh, 2013, http://www.eng.ed.ac.uk/drupal/hxh/downloads/.
[187] S. G., Wilson, M., Brandt-Pearce, Q., Cao, and M., Baedke, “Optical Repetition MIMO Transmission with Multipulse PPM,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1901–1910, Sept. 2005.
[188] S. M., Navidpour, M., Uysal, and M., Kavehrad, “BER Performance of Free-Space Optical Transmission with Spatial Diversity,”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 2813–2819, Aug. 2007.
[189] D., O'Brien, “Multi-Input–Multi-Output (MIMO) Indoor Optical Wireless Communications,” in Conference Record of the Forty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Nov. 2009, pp. 1636–1639.
[190] L., Zeng, D., O'Brien, H., Minh, G., Faulkner, K., Lee, D., Jung, Y., Oh, and E. T., Won, “High Data Rate Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Optical Wireless Communications using White LED Lighting,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1654–1662, Dec. 2009.
[191] T., Fath and H., Haas, “Performance Comparison of MIMO Techniques for Optical Wireless Communications in Indoor Environments,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 61, pp. 733–742, 2013.
[192] Y. A., Chau and S.-H., Yu, “Space Modulation on Wireless Fading Channels,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall 2001), vol. 3, Oct. 7–11, 2001, pp. 1668–1671.
[193] R., Mesleh, H., Haas, S., Sinanović, C. W., Ahn, and S., Yun, “Spatial Modulation,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2228–2241, July 2008.
[194] R., Mesleh, H., Elgala, and H., Haas, “Optical Spatial Modulation,”IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 234–244, March 2011.
[195] M., Di Renzo, H., Haas, A., Ghrayeb, S., Sugiura, and L., Hanzo, “Spatial Modulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implementation,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 56–103, Jan. 2014.
[196] T., Fath and H., Haas, “Optical Spatial Modulation Using Colour LEDs,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), June 9–13, 2013, pp. 3938–3942.
[197] O., Bouchet, G., Faulkner, L., Grobe, E., Gueutier, K. D., Langer, S., Nerreter, D., O'Brien, R., Turnbull, J., Vucic, J., Walewski, and M., Wolf, “Deliverable D4.2b Physical Layer Design and Specification, Seventh Framework Programme Information and Communication Technologies,” retrieved July 18, 2012 from http://www.ict-omega.eu, Feb. 2011.
[198] D., O'Brien, G., Faulkner, H., Le Minh, O., Bouchet, M., El Tabach, M., Wolf, J., Walewski, S., Randel, S., Nerreter, M., Franke, K. D., Langer, J., Grubor, and T., Kamalakis, “Home Access Networks Using Optical Wireless Transmission,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Cannes, France, Sept. 15–18, 2008, pp. 1–5.
[199] M., Safari and M., Uysal, “Do We Really Need OSTBCs for Free-Space Optical Communication with Direct Detection?”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7,no. 11, pp. 4445–4448, Nov. 2008.
[200] S. M., Alamouti, “A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1451–1458, Oct. 1998.
[201] S., Hranilovic, Wireless Optical Communication Systems, 1stedn. Springer, Sept. 1996.
[202] A., Goldsmith, Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[203] R., Mesleh, M., Di Renzo, H., Haas, and P. M., Grant, “Trellis Coded Spatial Modulation,”IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 2349–2361, July 2010.
[204] E., Basar, U., Aygolu, E., Panayirci, and V. H., Poor, “Space-Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation,”IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 823–832, March 2011.
[205] R., Mesleh, H., Haas, C. W., Ahn, and S., Yun, “Spatial Modulation: A New Low Complexity Spectral Efficiency Enhancing Technique,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication and Networking in China (CHINACOM), Beijing, China, Oct. 25–27, 2006, pp. 1–5.
[206] R., Mesleh, “Spatial Modulation: A Spatial Multiplexing Technique for Efficient Wireless Data Transmission,” Ph.D. dissertation, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany, June 2007.
[207] A., Younis, M., Di Renzo, R., Mesleh, and H., Haas, “Sphere Decoding for Spatial Modulation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kyoto, Japan, June 5–9, 2011, pp. 1–6.
[208] K.-D., Langer, J., Vucic, C., Kottke, L., Fernandez, K., Habel, A., Paraskevopoulos, M., Wendl, and V., Markov, “Exploring the Potentials of Optical-Wireless Communication Using White LEDs,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), June 26–30, 2011.
[209] H., Uchiyama, M., Yoshino, H., Saito, M., Nakagawa, S., Haruyama, T., Kakehashi, and N., Nagamoto, “Photogrammetric System Using Visible Light Communications,” in Proceedings of the Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics (IECON), Orlando, FL: IEEE, Nov. 10–13, 2008, pp. 1771–1776.
[210] T. Y. H., Okada, K., Masuda, and M., Katayama, “Successive Interference Cancellation for Hierarchical Parallel Optical Wireless Communication Systems,” in Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, Perth, USA: IEEE, Oct. 25–28, 2005, pp. 88–792.
[211] 3GPP, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Frequency (RF) System Scenarios,” 3GPP TR 36.942 V 8.2.0 (2009-05), retrieved Dec. 1, 2009 from www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/, May 2009.
[212] Y., Argyropoulos, S., Jordan, and S. P. R., Kumar, “Dynamic Channel Allocation in Interference-Limited Cellular Systems with Uneven Traffic Distribution,”IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 224–232, Jan. 1999.
[213] K. I. X., Lin and K., Hirohashi, “High-Speed Full-Duplex Multiaccess System for LEDs Based Wireless Communications Using Visible Light,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Photonic Technology (OEPT), Orlando, FL, July 10–13, 2009.
[214] Osram Opto Semiconductors, “SFH 4730, Lead (Pb) Free Product-RoHS Compliant,” retrieved from http://catalog.osram-os.com, March 25, 2011.
[215] Hamamatsu, Photonics K.K., “Datasheet: Si PIN photodiode S6801/S6898 series,” retrieved Oct. 18, 2010 from http://sales.hamamatsu.com/assets/pdf/parts_S/S6801_etc.pdf, Sept. 2008.
[216] B., Ghimire, G., Auer, and H., Haas, “Heuristic Thresholds for Busy Burst Signalling in a Decentralised Coordinated Multipoint Network,” in Proceedings of the 73rd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Budapest, Hungary: IEEE, May 15–19, 2011, pp. 5 pages on CD-ROM.
