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  • Cited by 8
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
February 2015
Print publication year:
2015
Online ISBN:
9781316104217

Book description

This book is the first comprehensive study of the Reagan administration's policy toward the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile. Based on new primary and archival materials, as well as on original interviews with former US and Chilean officials, it traces the evolution of Reagan policy from an initial 'close embrace' of the junta to a re-evaluation of whether Pinochet was a risk to long-term US interests in Chile and, finally, to an acceptance in Washington of the need to push for a return to democracy. It provides fresh insights into the bureaucratic conflicts that were a key part of the Reagan decision-making process and reveals not only the successes but also the limits of US influence on Pinochet's regime. Finally, it contributes to the ongoing debate about the US approach toward democracy promotion in the Third World over the past half century.

Reviews

'While reams of scholarly writings have been published on the US role in the overthrow of Chilean democracy in September 1973, almost nothing of substance has been written on the US role in the denouement of the Pinochet dictatorship in 1990 - until now. Through astute analysis of a massive quantity of declassified US documents, Reagan and Pinochet has filled a major historical void. This is a compelling, definitive, and valuable study.'

Peter Kornbluh - author of The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability

'Having conducted solid archival research and extensive interviewing of US and Chilean officials, Morris Morley and Chris McGillion have presented us with a fine study of the Reagan administration’s policies toward the military dictatorship of General Pinochet. The administration successfully nudged Chile toward democracy, while simultaneously working to preserve the Chilean military’s power and to marginalize popular and leftist movements. This study serves as a useful corrective to earlier celebratory accounts of the administration’s role in South America.'

Stephen G. Rabe - University of Texas, Dallas

'Based on extensive research and oral histories, Morris Morley and Chris McGillion have produced the most comprehensive examination of Ronald Reagan’s controversial relationship with General Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship in Chile. In the process, they challenge the Reagan administration’s claims of success for its policy of a ‘close embrace’ and why it had to abandon this approach for a new policy that encouraged change in Chile. This work is an important addition to the burgeoning literature on American policy toward Chile, South America, and human rights.'

David F. Schmitz - Robert Allen Skotheim Chair of History, Whitman College, Washington

'… this book is set to become the definitive account of US policy towards Chile in the 1980s. It makes a major contribution to our understanding of an important facet of the long, painful Chilean transition back to formal electoral democracy in 1990.'

Philip Chrimes Source: International Affairs

'This important book surveys US relations with Chile during the two Reagan administrations as policy evolved from support of the Pinochet dictatorship to, eventually, active pressure from the US to complete a transition to democracy … Recommended for those interested in Latin American affairs, including undergraduate and graduate students as well as academics and professionals. Summing up: recommended.'

M. A. Morris Source: Choice

'The book is not only a valuable addition to the literature on US-Latin American relations but it also augments our understanding of the foreign policy-making process in the United States by providing a detailed description of conflicts within the State Department; among the State Department, the Department of Defense, and the National Security Council; and between the bureaucracies and Congress. The authors highlight the messiness of the foreign policy process and show that policies are determined by those who win the foreign policy battles.'

Silvia Borzutzky Source: The Journal of American History

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Contents

Primary and Archival Sources
Interviews
Abrams, Elliott, Washington, DC, October 28, 2007. DOS, Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, 1981–1985; Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, 1985–1989.
Aaron, David L., Santa Monica, CA (telephone), September 5, 2007. NSC, Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs, 1977–1981.
Barnes, Harry G., Peacham, VT, October 27, 2007. DOS, U.S. Ambassador to Chile, 1985–1988.
Bushnell, John, Falls Church, VA, September 22, 2006. DOS, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, 1979–1981.
Cáceres, Carlos, Santiago, Chile, July 16, 2008. President, Central Bank, 1982–1983; Minister of Finance, 1983–1984; Minister of Interior, 1988–1989.
Cohen, Steven, Washington, D.C., September 13, 2006. DOS, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Human Rights/Security Assistance, 1979–1980.
Confidential telephone interview 1, Washington, DC, September 5, 2007. DOS, U.S. Embassy, Santiago, and Department of State Chile Desk Officer during Reagan administration.
Confidential telephone interview 2, Springfield, VA, September 14, 2007. DOS, senior official, Latin American affairs, 1983–1988.
Confidential telephone interview 3, Washington, DC, September 25, 2007. DOS, senior official, U.S. Embassy, Santiago, 1989–1992.
Confidential telephone interview 4, Hilton Head, SC, April 19, 2007. DOS, U.S. Embassy, Santiago, during the transition from Carter to Reagan.
Correa, Enrique R., Santiago, Chile, July 17, 2008. Senior member, Socialist Party during 1980s; cofounder, Party of Democracy (PPD), 1987; member, Executive Committee of NO campaign, 1988.
Errázuriz, Hernán, Santiago, Chile, July 14, 2008. President of Central Bank, 1983–1984; Ambassador to the United States, 1984–1988; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1988–1990.
Gelbard, Robert, Washington, DC, October 5, 2007. DOS, Deputy Assistant Secretary for South America, 1985–1988.
Gillespie, Charles A., Washington, DC, September 14, 2007. DOS, U.S. Ambassador to Colombia, 1985–1988; U.S. Ambassador to Chile, 1988–1991.
Grover, Charles W., Bethesda, MD, September 15, 2006. DOS, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy, Santiago, 1978–1982.
Johnson, Victor C., Washington, DC, September 19, 2007. Staff Director, U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, 1981–1993.
Jones, George F., Fairfax, VA, September 17, 2007. DOS, Deputy Director, Office of Regional Political Programs, 1978–1982; Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy, Santiago, 1985–1989.
Landau, George W., Peacham, VT, September 10, 2007. DOS, U.S. Ambassador to Chile, 1977–1982.
Meo, Paul M., Bethesda, MD, September 19, 2007. Senior World Bank Economic Official with Latin American responsibilities, principally with the Andean Group countries, including Chile, 1976–1987.
Motley, Langhorne, Washington, DC, October 10, 2007. DOS, Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs, 1982–1985.
Múñoz, Heraldo, New York City, September 25, 2008. Cofounder, Party for Democracy, senior member of Chilean Socialist Party during 1980s, member of Executive Committee of NO campaign for the 1988 plebiscite.
Núñez, Ricardo, Santiago, Chile, July 9, 2008. Socialist Party member; founder of the Socialist Convergence, 1980; Secretary-General, Socialist Party, and founder of Political Committee of Socialist Unity, 1986; founder, Party for Democracy, 1988; active role in NO campaign for 1988 plebiscite.
Pastor, Robert, Washington, DC, September 18, 2006. NSC Staff, Senior Latin American Cluster/North/South Cluster, 1977–1981.
Schifter, Richard, Bethesda, MD, September 17, 2007. DOS, U.S. Representative, United Nations Human Rights Committee, 1981–1985; Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, 1985–1992.
Service, Robert E., Washington, DC, September 16, 2007. DOS, Office of Southern Cone Affairs, 1980–1982.
Shultz, George P., Stanford, CA, April 14, 2008. DOS, U.S. Secretary of State, 1982–1989.
Skol, Michael, Cape Code, Maine, October 1, 2007. DOS, Deputy Director, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Policy Planning, 1982–1985; Director, Office of Andean Affairs, 1987–1988; Deputy Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs (South America), 1988–1990.
Steven, Robert, Arlington, VA, April 16, 2007. DOS, Chile Desk Officer, 1977–1979.
Swigert, James, Washington, DC, October 18, 2007. DOS, Chile Desk Officer, 1985–1987.
Valdés, Gabriel, Santiago, Chile, July 15, 2008. President of Christian Democratic Party, 1982–1987; founder of Democratic Alliance, 1983.
Whitney, Peter, Washington, DC, April 24, 2007. DOS, Chile Desk Officer, 1979–1981; Economic Officer, U.S. Embassy, Santiago, 1981–1983.
Wilson, Jr. James M. Washington, DC, September 15, 2006, DOS, Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs, 1975; Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, 1976–1978.
Manuscript, Archival, and Oral History Collections
American Presidency Project, .
British Diplomatic Oral History Program, Churchill Archives Center, Cambridge, UK.
Declassified Documents Reference System, Washington, DC.
Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Arlington, VA.
Gerald R. Ford Library, Ann Arbor, MI.
International Monetary Fund Archives, Washington, DC.
Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, GA.
Margaret Thatcher Foundation, .
National Security Archive, Washington, DC.
Ronald Reagan Library, Simi Valley, CA.
U.S. National Archives, College Park, MD.
World Bank Group Archives, Washington, DC.
Personal Papers
Robert Alexander, Rutgers University Library, Rutgers, NJ.
Harry G. Barnes, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Donald M. Fraser, Minnesota Historical Society, Minneapolis–St. Paul.
George Lister, Benson Latin American Library, University of Texas at Austin.
General Dennis P. McAuliffe, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA.
James D. Theberge, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
U.S. Government Documents, Published and Unpublished
Congressional Record – Senate.
Congressional Record – House.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Latin America.
NSSD Number 2-85, January 9, 1985. “Economic Development for Central America,” National Security Study Directives, 1981–1989. .
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 1982, January to July 2, 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983.
U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants and Assistance from International Organizations, July 1, 1945–September 30, 1982, July 1, 1945–September 30, 1986.
U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and Related Agencies, Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations for 1986, Part 3, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., March 21, 1985.
U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Armed Services, Report of the Delegation to Eastern Caribbean and South American Countries, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., No. 16, Committee Print, February 1984.
U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on International Development Institutions and Finance, Current Directions for U.S. Policy toward Chile, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., July 21, 1987.
U.S. Congress, House, Human Rights Abuses in Chile: Time for United States Action, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., July 30, 1986.
U.S. Congress, House, Transcript, Briefing on Chile, Executive Session, October 2, 1986.
U.S. Congress, House, Human Rights and U.S. Policy in the Multilateral Development Banks, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., July 21 and 23, 1981.
U.S. Congress, House, Human Rights and U.S. Voting Policy in the Development Banks: The Case of Chile, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., December 5, 1985.
U.S. Congress, House and Senate, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, Human Rights Policies at the Multilateral Development Banks, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., June 22, 1983.
U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations, Implementation of Congressionally Mandated Human Rights Provisions, Volume 1, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., July 14, 30, September 17, 1981.
U.S. Congress, House, Subcommittees on Human Rights and International Organizations, and the Western Hemisphere Affairs, Human Rights in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, 98th Cong., 1st Sess., October 21, 1983.
U.S. Congress, House, U.S. Policy, Human Rights, and the Prospects for Democracy in Chile, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., April 12, May 17, July 28, August 2, 3, 1988.
U.S. Congress, House, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade, Reauthorization of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, 100th Cong., 2d Sess., March 15, 1985.
U.S. Congress, House, and on Inter-American Affairs, U.S. Economic Sanctions against Chile, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., March 10, 1981.
U.S. Congress, House, Developing an American Consensus, Report by Howard H. Baker Jr., 97th Cong., 2d Sess., March 1982.
U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Nomination of Ernest W. Lefever, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., May 18, 19, June 4, 5, 1981.
U.S. Congress, Senate, Official Transcript to Hear Testimony on Nomination of Harry G. Barnes to Be Ambassador to Chile, June 17, 1985.
U.S. Congress, Senate, Theberge Nomination to Be Ambassador, Unpublished Transcript, December. 7, 1981.
U.S. Department of State Collections, Chile Declassification Project Collections, Electronic, State Chile, Tranche III.
U.S. Department of State Collections, Chile Declassification Project Collections, Electronic, CIA Creation Documents.
U.S. Department of State Collections, Chile Declassification Project Collections, Electronic, NARA, Chile III.
U.S. General Accounting Office, Food Tampering: FDA’s Actions on Chilean Fruit Based on Sound Evidence, GAO/HRD-90-164, September 1990.

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