Abrams, P. A. (1980). “Are Competition Coefficients Constant? Inductive versus Deductive Approaches.” The American Naturalist 116: 730–735
Abrams, P. A. (1983). “The Theory of Limiting Similarity.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 359–377
Adams, C. C. (1915). “The Variations and Ecological Distribution of the Snails of the Genus ‘Io.’” Memoirs of The National Academy of Sciences 12: 1–9
Allee, W. C., E. E. Emerson, et al. (1949). Principles of Animal Ecology. Philadelphia, Saunders
Allen, T. F. H. and T. W. Hoekstra (1992). Toward a Unified Ecology. New York, Columbia University Press
Andrewartha, H. G. (1957). “The Use of Conceptual Models in Population Ecology.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 22: 219–232
Andrewartha, H. G. and L. C. Birch (1954). The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Andrewartha, H. G. and L. C. Birch (1984). The Ecological Web. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Anonymous (1944). “British Ecological Society Symposium on ‘The Ecology of Closely Allied Species.’” Journal of Animal Ecology 13: 176–178
Antonovics, J., , K. Clay, and , J. Schmitt (1987). “The measurement of small-scale environmental heterogeneity using clonal transplants of ‘Anthoxanthum Odoratum’ and ‘Danthonia Spicata.’” Oecologia 71: 601–607
Antonovics, J., N. C. Ellestrand, and R. N. Brandon (1988). “Genetic Variation and Environmental Variation: Expectations and Experiments.” In L. D. Gottlieb and S. K. Jain, eds.: 275–303
Antonovics, J. and S. Via (1988). “Genetic Influences on the Distribution and Abundance of Plants.” In A. J. Davy, M. J. Hutchings, and A. R. Watkinson, eds.: 185–203
Beatty, J. (1995). “The Evolutionary Contingency Thesis.” In G. Wolters and J. G. Lennox, eds.: 45–81
Bechtel, W. (1984). “Reconceptualizations and Interfield Connections: The Discovery of the Link between Vitamins and Coenzymes.” Philosophy of Science 51: 265–292
Bechtel, W., ed. (1986a). Integrating Scientific Disciplines. Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
Bechtel, W. (1986b). “The Nature of Scientific Integration.” In W. Bechtel, ed.: 3–52
Beer, G. (1985). “Darwin's Reading and the Fictions of Development.” In D. Kohn, ed.: 543–588
Berryman, A. A. (1987). “Equilibrium or Nonequilibrium: Is That the Question?” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 68: 500–502
Berryman, A. A. (1991). “Stabilization or Regulation: What It All Means!” Oecologia 86: 140–143
Birch, L. C. (1960). “The Genetic Factor in Population Ecology.” American Naturalist 94: 5–24
Blackburn, S. (1993). Essays in Quasi-Realism. New York, Oxford University Press
Bogen, J. and Woodward, J. (1988). “Saving the Phenomena.” The Philosophical Review 97: 303–352
Botkin, D. B. (1990). Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. New York, Oxford University Press
Botkin, D. B. (1993). Forest Dynamics: An Ecological Model. Oxford, Oxford University Press
Boyd, R. N. (1973). “Realism, Underdetermination, and a Causal Theory of Evidence.” Nous 7: 1–12
Brandon, R. (1990). Adaptation and Environment. Princeton, Princeton University Press
Brandon, R. (1994). “Theory and Experiment in Evolutionary Biology.” Synthese 99: 59–73
Brandon, R. (1996). Concepts and Methods in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology. New York, Cambridge University Press
Brandon, R. and , M. D. Rausher (1996). “Testing Adaptationism: A Comment on Orzack and Sober.” American Naturalist 148: 189–201
Brookhaven Symposia in Biology (1969). Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems. No. 22. Upton NY, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brooks, D. R. and D. A. McLennan (1991). Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior: A Research Program in Comparative Biology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Brown, J. H. (1995). Macroecology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Cappuccino, N. (1995). “Novel Approaches to the Study of Population Dynamics.” In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price, eds.: 3–18
Cappuccino, N. and P. W. Price, eds. (1995). Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis. San Diego, Academic Press
Cartwright, N. (1983). How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement. Oxford, Oxford University Press
Cartwright, N. (1999). The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Caswell, H. (1978). “Predator-mediated Coexistence: A Nonequilibrium Model.” The American Naturalist 112: 127–154
Caswell, H. (1988). “Theory and Models in Ecology: A Different Perspective.” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 69: 102–109
Chapman, R. N. (1931). Animal Ecology. New York, McGraw-Hill
Cherrett, J. M., ed. (1989). Ecological Concepts. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications
Chesson, P. L. (1981). “Models for Spatially Distributed Populations: The Effect of Within-patch Variability.” Theoretical Population Biology 19: 288–325
Chesson, P. L. (1982). “The Stabilizing Effect of a Random Environment.” Journal of Mathematical Biology 15: 1–36
Chesson, P. L. and T. J. Case (1986). “Overview: Nonequilibrium Community Theories: Chance, Variability, History, and Coexistence.” In J. Diamond and T. Case, eds.: 229–239
Chitty, D. (1996). Do Lemmings Commit Suicide? Beautiful Hypotheses and Ugly Facts. New York, Oxford University Press
Clements, F. E. (1905). Research Methods in Ecology. Lincoln, NE, University Publishing Company
Clements, F. E. (1916). Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Publication No. 242. Washington, DC, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Coffa, J. A. (1973). “Foundations of Inductive Explanation.” Ph.D. dissertation, Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (1957). Population Studies: Animal Ecology and Demography. No. 22. Cold Spring Harbor, NY, Biological Laboratory
Cole, L. C. (1954). “The Population Consequences of Life History Phenomena.” Quarterly Review of Biology 19: 103–135
Cole, L. C. (1957). “Sketches of General and Comparative Demography.” In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia: 1–16
Coleman, W. (1986). “Evolution into Ecology? The Strategy of Warming's Ecological Plant Geography.” Journal of the History of Biology 19: 181–196
Collingwood, R. G. (1940). An Essay on Metaphysics. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Collins, J. P. (1986). “‘Evolutionary Ecology’ and the Use of Natural Selection in Ecological Theory.” Journal of the History of Biology 19: 257–288
Colwell, R. K. (1984). “What's New? Community Ecology Discovers Biology.” In P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and W. S. Gaud, eds.: 387–396
Connell, J. H. (1961a). “Effects of Competition, Predation by Thais lapillus and other Factors of Natural Populations of the Barnacle Balanus balanoides.” Ecological Monographs 31: 61–104
Connell, J. H. (1961b). “The Influence of Interspecific Competition and Other Factors on the Distribution of the Barnacle Chthamalus stellatus.” Ecology 42: 710–723
Connell, J. H. (1990). “Apparent vs. ‘real’ competition in plants.” In J. B. Grace and D. Tilman: 9–26
Connell, J. H. and , W. P. Sousa (1983). “On the Evidence Needed to Judge Ecological Stability or Persistence.” American Naturalist 121: 789–824
Connor, E. F. and , D. Simberloff (1986). “Competition, Scientific Method, and Null Models in Ecology.” American Scientist 74: 155–162
Cook, R. E. (1977). “Raymond Lindeman and the Trophic-Dynamic Concept in Ecology.” Science 198: 22–26
Cooper, G. (1989). Ecology and Evolution, a Philosophical Study. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota
Cooper, G. (1990). “The Explanatory Tools of Theoretical Population Biology.” In A. Fine, M. Forbes, and L. Wessels, eds., Philosophy of Science Association 19901: 165–178
Cooper, G. (1993). “The Competition Controversy in Community Ecology.” Biology and Philosophy 8: 359–384
Cooper, G. (1996). “Towards a Genuine Dialogue between Ecology and Philosophy of Science.” Ecology 76: 974–977
Cooper, G. (1997). “Theoretical Modeling and Biological Laws.” In L. Darden, ed., Philosophy of Science Association 1996, Supplement to Philosophy of Science, 63: 28–35
Cooper, G. (1998). “Generalizations in Ecology: A Philosophical Taxonomy.” Biology and Philosophy 13: 555–586
Cooper, G. (2001). “Must There Be a Balance of Nature?” Biology and Philosophy 16: 481–506
Costanza, R., G. B. Norton, and B. D. Haskell, eds. (1992). Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington, DC, Island Press
Cowles, H. C. (1898). “The Phytogeography of Nebraska.” Botanical Gazette 25: 370–371
Cox, D. L. (1979). Charles Elton and the Emergence of Modern Ecology. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University
Curtis, J. (1959). The Vegetation of Wisconsin. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press
Darden, L., ed. (1997). Philosophy of Science Association 1996, Supplement to Philosophy of Science, 63
Darden, L. and , N. Maull (1977). “Interfield Theories.” Philosophy of Science 44: 43–64
Darwin, C. (1859). The Origin of Species. New York, Collier Books (1962)
Davenport, C. B. (1897). Experimental Morphology. London, MacMillan
Davy, A. J., M. J. Hutchings, and A. R. Watkinson, eds. (1988). Plant Population Ecology: The 28th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Sussex 1987. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications
Dayton, P. K. (1975). “Experimental Evaluation of Ecological Dominance in a Rocky Intertidal Algal Community.” Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159
DeAngelis, D. L. and , J. C. Waterhouse (1987). “Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Concepts in Ecological Models.” Ecological Monographs 57: 1–21
Boer, P. J. (1968). “Spreading the Risk and Stabilization of Animal Numbers.” Acta Biotheoretica 18: 165–194
Boer, P. J. (1986). “The Present Status of the Competitive Exclusion Principle.” Trends in Evolutionary Ecology 1: 25–28
den Boer, P. J. and J. Reddingius (1996). Regulation and Stabilization Paradigms in Population Ecology. London, Chapman and Hall
Dennis, B. and , B. Taper (1994). “Density Dependence in Time Series Observation of Natural Populations: Estimation and Testing.” Ecological Monographs 64: 205–224
Diamond, J. and T. Case, eds. (1986). Community Ecology. New York, Harper & Row
Diamond, J. M. and R. M. May (1981). “Island Biogeography and the Design of Natural Reserves.” In R. M. May, ed.: 228–252
Dobzhansky, T. (1957). “Discussion” from H. G. Andrewartha, “The Use of Conceptual Models in Population Ecology.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 22: 235
Duhem, P. (1962). The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. New York, Atheneum
Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum, vol. 7, 1996
Dupré, J., ed. (1987). The Latest on the Best. Cambridge, MIT Press
Earman, J., I. Janis, G. J. Massey, and N. Rescher, eds. (1993). Philosophical Problems of the Internal and External Worlds: Essays on the Philosophy of Adolf Grünbaum. Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press
Egerton, F. N. (1973). “Changing Concepts of the Balance of Nature.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 48: 322–350
Elton, C. (1927). Animal Ecology. London, Sidgewick and Jackson
Elton, C. (1933). The Ecology of Animals. London, Methuen
Fagerström, T. (1987). “On Theory, Data and Mathematics in Ecology.” Oikos 50(2): 258–261
Fine, A. (1993). “Fictionalism.” In P. A. French, T. E. Uehling, and H. K. Wettstein, eds.:1–18
Forbes, S. A. (1887). “The Lake as a Microcosm.” Bulletin Science Association of Peoria, Illinois 1887: 77–87
French, P. A., T. E. Uehling, and H. K. Wettstein, eds. (1993). Midwest Studies in Philosophy Volume 18: Philosophy of Science. Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press
Gauch, H. (1982). Multivariate Analyses in Community Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Gause, G. F. (1934). The Struggle for Existence. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins
Gause, G. F. (1939). “Analytical Population Studies in Relation to General Ecology.” American Midland Naturalist 21: 235–253
Giere, R. N. (1979). Understanding Scientific Reasoning. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Giere, R. N. (1988a). Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Giere, R. N. (1988b). “Laws, Theories, and Generalizations.” In A. Grünbaum and W. C. Salmon, eds.: 37–46
Giere, R. N., ed. (1992). Cognitive Models of Science. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press
Gilbert, F. S. (1980). “The Equilibrium Theory of Island Geography: Fact or Fiction.” Journal of Biogeography 7: 209–235
Gilpin, M. and I. Hanski, eds. (1991). “Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. London, Academic Press
Gleason, H. A. (1926). “The Individualistic Concept of the Plant Association.” Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53: 1–20
Glennan, S. S. (1996). “Mechanism and the Nature of Causation.” Erkenntnis 44: 49–71
Glennan, S. S. (1997). “Capacities, Universality, and Singularity.” Philosophy of Science 64: 605–626
Glennan, S. S. (2002). “Contextual Unanimity and the Units of Selection Problem.” Philosophy of Science 69: 118–137
Golley, F. B. (1993). A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More than the Sum of the Parts. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press
Gottlieb, L. T. and S. K. Jain, eds. (1988). Plant Evolutionary Biology. London, Chapman and Hall
Gould, S. J. (1989). Wonderful Life. New York, The Free Press
Grace, J. B. and D. Tilman (1990). Perspectives on Plant Competition, San Diego, Academic Press
Greenwood, P. J., P. H. Harvey, and M. Slatkin, eds. (1985). Evolution: Essays in Honor of John Maynard Smith. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Grinnell, J. (1917). “The Niche-Relationships of the California Thrasher.” Auk 34: 427–433
Grünbaum, A. (1954). “Science and Ideology.” The Scientific Monthly 79: 13–19
Grünbaum, A. and W. C. Salmon, eds. (1988). The Limitations of Deductivism. Berkeley, University of California Press
Hacking, I. (1983). Representing and Intervening. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Berlin, Reimer
Hagen, J. B. (1992). An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press
Haila, Y. (1986). “On the Semiotic Dimension of Ecological Theory: The Case of Island Biogeography.” Biology and Philosophy 1: 377–387
Haila, Y. (1988). “The Multiple Faces of Ecological Theory and Data.” Oikos 53: 408–411
Haila, Y. and O. Järvinen (1980). “The Role of Theoretical Concepts in Understanding the Ecological Theatre: A Case Study on Island Biogeography.” In E. Saarinen, ed.: 261–278
Haila, Y. and R. Levins (1992). Humanity and Nature. London, Pluto Press
Hairston, N. G. (1989). Ecological Experiments. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Hanski, I. (1990). “Density Dependence, Regulation, and Variability in Animal Populations.” In M. P. Hassell and R. M. May, eds.: 141–150
Hanski, I. (1991a). “The Functional Response of Predators: Worries about Scale.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6: 141–143
Hanski, I. (1991b). “Single-species Metapopulation Dynamics: Concepts, Models and Observations.” In M. Gilpin and I. Hanski, eds.: 17–38
Hanski, I. (1991c). “Metapopulation Dynamics: Brief History and Conceptual Domain.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42: 3–16
Hanski, I. (1996). “Metapopulation Ecology.” In O. E. Rhodes, R. K. Chesser, and M. H. Smith, eds.: 13–43
Hanski, I., , I. Woiwod, and , J. Perry (1993). “Density Dependence, Population Persistence, and Largely Futile Arguments.” Oecologia 95: 595–598
Hanski, I. and M. E. Gilpin (1997). Metapopulations Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. San Diego, Academic Press
Harper, J. L. (1967). “A Darwinian Approach to Plant Ecology.” Journal of Ecology 55: 247–270
Harrison, S. (1991). “Local Extinction in a Metapopulation Context: An Empirical Evaluation.” Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42: 73–88
Hausman, D. M. (1992). The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Hempel, C. G. (1965). Aspects of Scientific Explanation. New York, The Free Press
Hempel, C. G. (1988). “Provisos: A Problem Concerning the Inferential Function of Scientific Theories.” In A. Grünbaum, and W. C. Salmon, eds.: 19–36
Hensen, V. (1887). “Über die Bestimmung des Planktons oder des im Meere Treibendend Materials an Pflanzen und Tieren.” Berichte der Kommission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen der deutschen Meeresforsuchung 5: 1–109
Hesse, M. (1980). Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science. Bloomington, Indiana University Press
Holyoak, M. and , J. H. Lawton (1993). “Comments Arising from a Paper by Wolda and Dennis: Using and Interpreting the Results of Tests for Density Dependence.” Oecologia 95: 592–594
Howard, L. O. and W. F. Fiske (1911). The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-Tail Moth. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 91. Reprinted (1977) New York, Arno Press
Hughes, R. I. G. (1993). “Theoretical Explanation.” In P. A. French, T. E. Uehling, and H. K. Wettstein, eds.:132–153
Hunter, M. D. and , P. W. Price (1998). “Cycles in Insect Populations: Delayed Density Dependence or Exogenous Driving Variables?” Ecological Entomology 23: 216–222
Hurlbert, S. H. (1984). “Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments.” Ecological Monographs 54: 187–211
Huston, M. A. (1991). “Use of Individual-based Forest Succession Models to Link Physiological Whole-tree Models to Landscape-scale Ecosystem Models.” Tree Physiology 9: 293–306
Huston, M., , D. DeAngelis, and , W. Post (1988). “New Computer Models Unify Ecological Theory.” Bioscience 38(10): 682–691
Hutchinson, G. E. (1948). “Circular Causal Systems in Ecology.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 50: 221–246
Hutchinson, G. E. (1957). “Concluding Remarks.” In Cold Spring Harbor: 415–427
Hutchinson, G. E. (1959). “Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals?” The American Naturalist 870: 145–159
Hutchinson, G. E. (1978). An Introduction to Population Ecology. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press
Huxley, J. S. (1942). Evolution: The Modern Synthesis. London, George Allen and Unwin
James, F. C., , R. F. Johnston, , N. O. Wamer, , G. J. Niemi, and , W. J. Boecklen (1984). “The Grinnellian Niche of the Wood Thrush.” American Naturalist 124: 17–47
Kareiva, P. (1989). “Renewing the Dialogue Between Theory and Experiments in Population Ecology.” In J. S. D. Roughgarden, R. M. May, and S. A. Levin, eds.: 68–88
Keller, D. R. and F. B. Golley, eds. (2000). The Philosophy of Ecology. Athens, University of Georgia Press
Kelly, K. and , C. Glymour (1989). “Convergence to the Truth and Nothing but the Truth.” Philosophy of Science 56: 185–220
Kelly, K. and , C. Glymour (1990). “Theory Discovery from Quantified Data.” Journal of Philosophical Logic 19 (1): 1–33
Kimler, W. (1986). “Advantage, Adaptiveness, and Evolutionary Ecology.” Journal of the History of Biology 19: 215–233
Kingsland, S. (1985). Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Kingsland, S. (1995). Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology. 2nd ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Kitcher, P. (1981). “Explanatory Unification.” Philosophy of Science 48: 507–531
Kitcher, P. (1982). Abusing Science: The Case against Creationism. Cambridge, MIT Press
Kitcher, P. (1985a). “Darwin's Achievement.” In N. Rescher, ed., Reason and Rationality in Science. Washington, DC, University Press of America
Kitcher, P. (1985b). “Two Approaches to Explanation.” Journal of Philosophy 82: 632–639
Kitcher, P. (1989). “Explanatory Unification and the Causal Structure of the World.” In P. Kitcher and W. C. Salmon: 410–505
Kitcher, P. (1993). The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without Illusions. New York, Oxford University Press
Kitcher, P. and W. C. Salmon (1989). Scientific Explanation, vol. 13 of Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press
Kline, A. D. and , C. A. Matheson (1986). “How the Laws of Physics Don't Even Fib.” PSA 1: 33–41
Korfiatis, K. J. and , G. P. Stamou (1994). “Emergence of New Fields in Ecology: The Case of Life History Studies.” History and Philosophy of Life Sciences 16: 97–116
Krebs, J. R. (1978). Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 2nd ed. New York, Harper & Row
Krebs, J. R. and N. B. Davies, eds. (1984). Behavioral Ecology. 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell
Kritcher, P. (1998). “Nothing Endures but Change: Ecology's Newly Emerging Paradigm.” Northeastern Naturalist 5: 165–174
Kuhn, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Kuhn, T. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed., enl. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Lack, D. L. (1947). Darwin's Finches: An Essay on the General Biological Theory of Evolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Lack, D. L. (1954). The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Lack, D. L. (1973). “My Life as an Amateur Ornithologist.” Ibis 115: 421–434
Lakatos, I. (1970). “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave, eds., (1970): 91–197
Lakatos, I. and A. Musgrave, eds. (1970). Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. London, Cambridge University Press
Larcher, W. (1995). Physiological Plant Ecology. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, Springer Verlag
Lawler, S. P. (1998). “Ecology in a Bottle: Using Microcosms to Test Theory.” In W. J. Resetarits and J. Bernardo: 236–253
Laymon, R. (1989). “Cartwright and the Lying Laws of Physics.” The Journal of Philosophy 86: 353–372
Levins, R. (1966). “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology.” American Scientist 54: 421–431
Levins, R. (1968). Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Levins, R. (1969). “Some Demographic and Genetic Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity for Biological Control.” Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 15: 237–240
Levins, R. (1993). “A Response to Orzack and Sober: Formal Analysis and the Fluidity of Science.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 547–555
Lewin, R. (1983). “Santa Rosalia Was a Goat.” Science 221: 636–639
Lewontin, R. C. (1969). “The Meaning of Stability.” In Brookhaven Symposia in Biology: 13–24
Lewontin, R. C. (1974). The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. New York, Columbia University Press
Lewontin, R. C. (1985). “Population Genetics.” In P. J. Greenwood, P. H. Harvey, and M. Slatkin, eds.: 3–18
Lindeman, R. L. (1942). “The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology.” Ecology 23: 399–418
Lloyd, E. A. and C. G. Anderson (1993). “Empiricism, Objectivity, and Explanation.” In P. A. French, T. E. Uehling, and H. K. Wettstein, eds.: 121–131
Loehle, C. (1983). “Evaluation of Theories and Calculation Tools in Ecology.” Ecological Modelling 19: 239–247
Loehle, C. (1987a). “Errors of Construction, Evaluation, and Inference: A Classification of Sources of Error in Ecological Models.” Ecological Modelling 36: 297–314
Loehle, C. (1987b). “Hypothesis Testing in Ecology: Psychological Aspects and the Importance of Theory Maturation.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 62: 397–409
Loehle, C. (1988). “Philosophical Tools: Potential Contributions to Ecology.” Oikos 51: 97–104
Lomnicki, A. (1988). Population Ecology of Individuals. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Lotka, A. J. (1925). Elements of Physical Biology. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins
Lubchenco, J. (1978). “Plant Species Diversity in a Marine Intertidal Community: Importance of Herbivore Food Preferences and Algal Competitive Abilities.” The American Naturalist 112: 23–39
Lubchenco, J. and L. A. Real (1991). “Manipulative Experiments as Tests of Ecological Theory.” In L. A. Real and J. H. Brown, eds.: 715–733
MacArthur, R. H. (1960). “On the Relative Abundance of Species.” American Naturalist 94: 25–36
MacArthur, R. H. (1972). Geographical Ecology. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
MacArthur, R. H. and , R. Levins (1967). “The Limiting Similarity, Convergence, and Divergence of Coexisting Species.” The American Naturalist 101: 377–385
MacArthur, R. H. and , E. R. Pianka (1966). “An Optimal Use of a Patchy Environment.” The American Naturalist 101: 377–385
MacArthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Margalef, R. (1969). “Diversity and Stability: A Practical Proposal and a Model of Interdependence.” In Brookhaven Symposia in Biology: 25–37
May, R. M. (1973). Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
May, R. M. (1974). “Scaling in Ecology.” Science 184: 1131
May, R. M., ed. (1981a). Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates, Inc
May, R. M. (1981b). “Models for Two Interacting Populations.” In R. M. May, ed.: 78–104
May, R. M. (1984). “An Overview: Real and Apparent Patterns in Community Structure.” In D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle: 3–18
May, R. M. (1986). “The Search for Patterns in the Balance of Nature: Advances and Retreats.” Ecology 67: 1115–1126
Mayr, E. (1961). “Cause and Effect in Biology.” Science 134: 1501–1506
McIntosh, R. P. (1980). “The Background and Some Current Problems of Theoretical Ecology.” In E. Saarinen, ed.: 1–61
McIntosh, R. P. (1985). The Background of Ecology. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
McIntosh, R. P. (1987). “Pluralism in Ecology.” Annual Review of Ecological Systems 18: 321–341
McIntosh, R. P. (1992). “Whither Ecology?” The Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 495–498
McIntosh, R. P. (1995). “H. A. Gleason's ‘Individualistic Concept’ and Theory of Animal Communities: A Continuing Controversy.” Biological Review 70: 317–357
McMullin, E. (1985). “Galilean Idealization.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 16: 264–265
Mertz, D. B. and D. E. McCauley (1980). “The Domain of Laboratory Ecology.” In E. Saarinen: 229–244
Murdoch, W. W. (1994). “Population Regulation in Theory and Practice.” Ecology 75: 271–287
Murray, B. G. (1982). “On the Meaning of Density Dependence.” Oecologia 53: 370–373
Murray, B. G. (1987). “The Calculation of the Rate of Increase, R, of Populations with Heterogeneous Life Histories.” Oikos 50: 262–266
Murray, B. G. (1998). “Can the Population Regulation Controversy Be Buried and Forgotten?” Oikos 84: 148–152
Naess, A. (1973). “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement.” Inquiry 16: 95–100
Nagel, E. (1961). The Structure of Science. New York, Harcourt, Brace and World
Nersessian, N. J. (1991). “How Do Scientists Think? Capturing the Dynamics of Conceptual Change in Science.” In R. N. Giere: 3–44
Nicholson, A. J. (1933). “The Balance of Animal Populations.” Journal of Animal Ecology 2: 132–178
Nicholson, A. J. (1954). “An Outline of the Dynamics of Animal Populations.” Australian Journal of Zoology 2: 9–65
Nicholson, A. J. (1957). “Discussion” from L. C. Birch, “The Role of Weather in Determining the Distribution and Abundance of Animals.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology: 216
Nicholson, A. J. (1960). “The Role of Population Dynamics in Natural Selection.” In S. Tax, ed.: 477–522
Nicholson, A. J. and V. A. Bailey (1935). The Balance of Animal Populations. London, Zoological Society of London
Nitecki, M. H. and A. Hoffman, eds. (1987). Neutral Models in Biology. New York, Oxford University Press
Odum, E. (1953). Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders
Orians, G. H. (1962). “Natural Selection and Ecological Theory.” The American Naturalist 46: 257–263
Orians, G. H. et al. (1986). Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-Solving: Concepts and Case Studies. Washington, DC, Academy Press
Orzack, S. H. and , E. Sober (1993). “A Critical Assessment of Levins's ‘The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology (1966).’” The Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 533–546
Orzack, S. H. and , E. Sober (1994). “Optimality Models and the Test of Adaptationism.” American Naturalist 143: 361–380
Osherson, D. and , S. Weinstein (1989). “Paradigms of Truth Detection.” Journal of Philosophical Logic 18: 1–42
Ospovat, D. (1981). The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838–1859. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Oster, G. F. and E. O. Wilson (1978). Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Pagel, M. D. and , P. H. Harvey (1988). “Recent Developments in the Analysis of Comparative Data.” Quarterly Review of Biology 64: 413–440
Paine, R. T. (1966). “Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity.” The American Naturalist 100: 65–75
Paine, R. T. and , R. L. Vadas (1969). “The Effects of Grazing by Sea Urchins, Strongylocentroutus spp. on Benthic Algal Populations.” Limnology and Oceanography 14: 710–719
Patten, B. C., ed. (1971). Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology. Vol. 1. New York, Academic Press
Pearl, R. and , L. J. Reed (1920). “On the Rate of Growth of the Population of the United States since 1920 and Its Mathematical Representation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6: 275–288
Peters, R. H. (1976). “Tautology in Evolution and Ecology.” American Naturalist 110: 1–12
Peters, R. H. (1980). “Useful Concepts for Predictive Ecology.” In E. Saarinen: 215– 228
Peters, R. H. (1983). The Ecological Implications of Body Size. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Peters, R. H. (1991). A Critique for Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Pianka, E. (1983). Evolutionary Ecology. New York, Harper & Row
Pickett, S. T. A., J. Kolasa, and C. G. Jones (1994). Ecological Understanding. New York, Academic Press
Pielou, E. C. (1977). Mathematical Ecology. New York, John Wiley
Pielou, E. C. (1981). “The Usefulness of Ecological Models: A Stock-Taking.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 56: 17–31
Pietroski, P. and , G. Rey (1995). “When Other Things Aren't Equal: Saving ‘Ceteris Paribus’ Laws from Vacuity.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 46(1): 81–110
Pimm, S. L. (1991). The Balance of Nature?: Ecological Issues in the Conservation of Species and Communities. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Platt, J. R. (1964). “Strong Inference.” Science 146: 347–353
Preston, F. W. (1969). “Diversity and Stability in the Biological World.” In Brookhaven Symposia in Biology: 1–12
Price, D. J. d. S. (1961). Science since Babylon. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press
Price, P. W. (1984). “Alternative Paradigms in Community Ecology.” In P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and William S. Gaud, eds.: 354–383
Price, P. W., C. N. Slobodchikoff, and William S. Gaud (1984). A New Ecology: Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, Wiley
Price, P. W., William S. Gaud, and C. N. Slobodchikoff (1984). “Introduction: Is There a New Ecology?” In P. W Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and William S. Gaud, eds.: 2–11
Price, P. W. and M. D. Hunter (1995). “Novelty and Synthesis in the Development of Population Dynamics.” In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price, eds.: 389–413
Prout, T. (1965). “The Estimation of Fitness from Genotypic Frequencies.” Evolution 19: 546–551
Putman, R. J. and S. D. Wratten (1984). Principles of Ecology. Berkeley, University of California Press
Railton, P. (1981). “Probability, Explanation, and Information.” Synthese 48: 233–256
Ramensky, L. G. (1924). “Basic Regularities of Vegetation Covers and Their Study.” In Russian. Vĕstnik Opytnogo dêla Stedne-chernoz. Ob., Voronezh: 37–73
Real, L. A. and J. H. Brown, eds. (1991). Foundations of Ecology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Reddingius, J. (1971). “Gambling for Existence: A Discussion of Some Theoretical Problems in Animal Populations Ecology.” Acta Biotheoretica 20(suppl.): 1–20
Resetarits, W. J. Jr. and J. Bernardo (1998). Experimental Ecology: Issues and Perspectives. New York, Oxford University Press
Reeve, J. D., M. P. Ayers, and P. L. Lorio, Jr. (1995). “Host Suitability, Predation, and Bark Beetle Population Dynamics.” In N. Cappucino and P. W. Price, eds.: 339–358
Rhodes, O. E., R. K, Chesser, and M. H. Smith, eds. (1996). Population Dynamics in Ecological Space and Time. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Richards, O. W. (1928). “Potentially Unlimited Multiplication of Yeast with Constant Environment, and the Limiting of Growth by Changing Environment.” Journal of General Physiology 11: 525
Ricklefs, R. E. (1979). Ecology. New York, Chiron Press
Ricklefs, R. E. (2000). “Density Dependence, Evolutionary Optimization, and the Diversification of Avian Life Histories.” The Condor 102: 9–22
Ringler, N. H. (1979). “Selective Predation by Drift-feeding Brown Trout (Salmo trutta).” Journal of Fisheries Resource Board Canada 26: 392–403
Rosenberg. A. (1985). The Structure of Biological Science. New York, Cambridge University Press
Rosenberg, A. (1989). “From Reductionism to Instrumentalism.” In M. Ruse, ed.: 245–262
Rosenberg, A. (1994). Instrumental Biology of the Disunity of Science. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Roughgarden, J. (1984). “Competition and Theory in Community Ecology.” In G. Salt, ed., Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 3–21
Roughgarden, J. (1986). “A Comparison of Food Limited and Space Limited Animal Competition Communities.” In J. Diamond and T. Case, eds., Community Ecology. New York, Harper & Row: 492–516
Roughgarden, J. and J. Diamond (1986). “Overview: The Role of Species Interactions in Community Ecology.” In J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds.: 333–343
Roughgarden, J. S. D., R. M. May, and S. A. Levin, eds. (1989). Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Royama, T. (1992). Analytical Population Dynamics. London, Chapman & Hall
Ruse, M., ed. (1989). What the Philosophy of Biology Is. Dordrecht, Holland, Kluwer Academic Publishers
Saarinen, E., ed. (1980). Conceptual Issues in Ecology. Dordrecht, Holland, D. Reidel Publishing Company
Salmon, W. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Salmon, W. (1985). “Conflicting Conceptions of Scientific Explanation.” Journal of Philosophy 82: 651–654
Salmon, W. (1989). Four Decades of Scientific Explanation. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press
Salt, G. W., ed. (1984). Ecology and Evolutionary Biology: A Round Table on Research. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Sarkar, S. (1996). “Ecological Theory and Anuran Declines.” Bioscience 46: 199–207
Schaffner, K. F. (1993). Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Schimper, A. F. W. (1898). Pflanzen-Geographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. Jena, Fischer
Schoener, T. W. (1969). “Optimal Size and Specialization in Constant and Fluctuating Environments: An Energy-Time Approach.” In Brookhaven Symposia in Biology: 103–114
Schoener, T. W. (1986a). “Mechanistic Approaches to Community Ecology: A New Reductionism?” American Zoologist 26(1): 81–106
Schoener, T. W. (1986b). “Overview: Kinds of Ecological Communities – Ecology Becomes Pluralistic.” In J. Diamond and T. Case, eds.: 467–479
Schoener, T. W. (1989). “The Ecological Niche.” In Cherrett, ed.: 79–114
Schultze, E.-D. and H. A. Mooney, eds. (1994). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Berlin, Springer Verlag
Scudo, F. and J. R. Ziegler (1978). The Golden Age of Theoretical Ecology, 1923–1940. New York, Springer-Verlag
Semper, K. (1881). Animal Life as Affected by the Natural Conditions of Existence. New York, Appleton
Shapere, D. (1974). “Discovery, Rationality, and Progress in Science: A Perspective in the Philosophy of Science.” In K. F. Schaffner and R. Cohen, eds.: 407–419
Shelford, V. E. (1911). “Physiological Animal Geography.” Journal of Morphology 22: 551–618
Shelford, V. E. (1918). “Conditions of Existence.” In H. Ward and G. Whipple, eds.: 21–60
Shipley, B. and , P. A. Keddy (1987). “The Individualistic and Community-Unit Concepts as Falsifiable Hypotheses.” Vegetatio 69: 47–55
Shipley, B. and , R. H. Peters (1991) “The Seduction by Mechanism: A Reply to Tilman.” The American Naturalist 138: 1276–1282
Shrader-Frechette, K. S. (1989). “Idealized Laws, Anti-Realism, and Applied Science: A Case in Hydrogeology.” Synthese 81: 329–352
Shrader-Frechette, K. S. and E. D. McCoy (1993). Method in Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
Simberloff, D. (1984). “Competition Theory, Hypothesis Testing, and Other Community Ecological Buzzwords.” In G. W. Salt, ed.: 46–55
Simberloff, D. (1986). “Design of Nature Reserves.” In M. B. Usher, ed. Wildlife Conservation Evaluation. London, Chapman and Hall: 315–337
Simberloff, D. (1987). “Simplification, Danger, and Ethics in Conservation Biology.” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 68: 156–157
Simberloff, D. and , E. O. Wilson (1969). “Experimental Zoogeography of Islands. The Colonization of Empty Islands.” Ecology 50: 278–296
Simberloff, D. and , W. Boecklen (1981). “Santa Rosalia Reconsidered: Size Ratios and Competition.” Evolution 35: 1206–1228
Skyrms, B. (1980). Casual Necessity. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press
Slobodkin, L. B. (1962). Growth and Regulation of Animal Populations. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Sloep, P. B. (1993). “Methodology Revitalized?” British Journal of Philosophy and Science 44: 231–249
Smart, J. J. C. (1963). Philosophy and Scientific Realism. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul
Smith, T. and , M. Huston (1989). “A Theory of the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Plant Communities.” Vegetatio 83: 49–69
Sober, E. (1983). “Equilibrium Explanation.” Philosophical Studies 43: 201–210
Sober, E. (1993). Philosophy of Biology. San Francisco, Westview Press
Stauffer, R. C. (1957). “Haeckel, Darwin, and Ecology.” Quarterly Review of Biology 32: 138–144
Stearns, S. (1982). “The Emergence of Evolutionary and Community Ecology as Experimental Sciences.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 25(4): 621–648
Strong, D. R. (1984a). “Density-Vague Ecology and Liberal Population Regulation in Insects.” In P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and William S. Gaud, eds.: 313–327
Strong, D. R. (1984b). “Natural Variability and the Manifold Mechanisms of Ecological Communities.” In G. W. Salt, ed.: 56–80
Strong, D. R. (1986). “Density Vagueness: Abiding the Variance in the Demography of Real Populations.” In J. Diamond and T. Case, eds.: 257–268
Strong, D. R., S. Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle, eds. (1984). Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Tansley, A. G. (1935). “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms.” Ecology 16: 284–307
Tax, S., ed. (1960). Evolution after Darwin: The University of Chicago Centennial. Vol. 1, The Evolution of Life: Its Origins, History, and Future. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Thompson, W. R. (1939). “Biological Control and the Theories of the Interaction of Populations.” Parasitology 31: 299–388
Tilman, D. (1989). “Discussion: Population Dynamics and Species Interactions.” In J. S. D. Roughgarden, R. M. May, and S. A. Levin, eds.: 89–100
Tilman, D. (1991). “The Schism between Theory and Ardent Empiricism: A Reply to Shipley and Peters.” The American Naturalist 138: 1283–1286
Tilman, D. (1994a). “Community Diversy and Succession: The Roles of Competition, Dispersal, and Habitat Modification.” In E.-D. Schultze and H. A. Mooney, eds.: 328–344
Tilman, D. (1994b). “Competition and Biodiversity in Spatially Structured Habitats.” Ecology 75(1): 2–16
Tilman, D. and P. Kareiva (1997). Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Monographs in Population Biology, No. 30. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Tobey, R. (1981). Saving the Prairies: The Life Cycle of the Founding School of American Plant Ecology, 1895–1955. Berkeley, University of California Press
Townsend, C. R. and P. Calow, eds. (1981). Physiological Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach to Resource Use. Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates
Turchin, P., , W. M. Getz, , D. E. Taneyhill, and , L. Ginzburg (1993). “The Logistic Equation Revisited: Final Installment,” in “Letters to the Editor.” Trends in Environmental Ecology 8: 68–70
Turchin, P. (1995). “Population Regulation: Old Arguments and a New Synthesis.” In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price, eds.: 19–41
Turchin, P. (1999). “Population Regulation: A Synthetic View.” Oikos 84: 153–159
Turchin, P. and , A. A. Berryman (2000). “Detecting Cycles and Delayed Density Dependence: A Comment on Hunter and Price (1998).” Ecological Entomology 25: 119–121
Underwood, A. J. and E. J. Denley (1984). “Paradigms, Explanations and Generalizations in Models for the Structure of Intertidal Communities on Rocky Shores.” In D. R. Strong, Jr., D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle, eds.: 151–180
van Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford, Clarendon Press
van Fraassen, B. C. (1989). Laws and Symmetry. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Vepsäläinen, K. and , B. Pisarski (1982). “Assembly of Island Ant Communities.” Annales Zoologici Fennici 19: 327–335
Vernadsky, W. I. (1944). “Problems of Biogeochemistry I. The Fundamental Matter-Energy Difference between the Living and Inert Bodies of the Biosphere.” Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 35: 483–517
Volterra, V. (1926). “Fluctuations in the Abundance of a Species Considered Mathematically.” Nature 118: 558–560
Wainwright, P. C. and S. M. Reilly (1994). Ecological Morphology: Integrative Organismal Biology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press
Walter, G. H. and , H. E. H. Paterson (1995). “Levels of understanding in ecology: interspecific competition and community ecology.” Australian Journal of Ecology 20: 463–466
Ward H. and G. Whipple, eds. (1918). Freshwater Biology. New York, Wiley
Warming, E. (1895). Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities. Oxford, Clarendon Press
Werner, E. (1984). “The Mechanisms of Species Interactions and Community Organization in Fish.” In D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. Abele, and A. Thistle, eds.: 360–382
Werner, E. (1986). “Species Interactions in Freshwater Fish Communities.” In J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds.: 344–358
Werner, E. and , D. J. Hall (1974). “Optimal Foraging and the Size Selection of Prey by the Bluegill Sunfish (‘Lepomis Macrochirus’).” Ecology 55: 1042–1052
Werner, E. and , D. J. Hall (1976). “Niche Shifts in Sunfishes: Experimental Evidence and Significance.” Science 191: 404–406
Werner, E. and , D. J. Hall (1977). “Competition and Habitat Shift in Two Sunfishes (‘Centrarchidae’).” Ecology 58: 869–876
Werner, E. and , D. J. Hall (1979). “Foraging Efficiency and Habitat Switching in Competing Sunfishes.” Ecology 60: 256–264
Werner, E. and , G. G. Mittelbach (1981). “Optimal Foraging: Field Tests of Diet Choice and Habitat Switching.” American Zoologist 21: 813–829
Werner, E., , J. F. Gilliam, , D. J. Hall, and , G. G. Mittelbach (1983a). “An Experimental Test of the Effects of Predation Risk on Habitat Use in Fish.” Ecology 64: 1540–1548
Werner, E., , G. G. Mittelbach, , D. J. Hall, and , J. F. Gilliam (1983b). “Experimental Tests of Optimal Habitat Use in Fish: The Role of Relative Habitat Profitability.” Ecology 64: 1525–1539
White, T. C. R. (1993). The Inadequate Environment: Nitrogen and the Abundance of Animals. Berlin, Springer-Verlag
Whittaker, R. H. (1975). Communities and Ecosystems. 2nd ed. New York, Macmillan
Wilbur, H. M. and J. Travis (1984). “An Experimental Approach to Understanding Pattern in Natural Communities.” In D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. Abele, and A. Thistle, eds.: 113–122
Williams, G. C. (1957). “Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence.” Evolution 11: 398–411
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press
Wilson, D. S. (1986). “Adaptive Indirect Effects.” In J. Diamond and T. Case, eds.: 437–444
Wilson, E. O. (1969). “The New Population Biology.” Science 163: 1184–1185
Wimsatt, W. C. (1980). “Randomness and Perceived-Randomness in Evolutionary Theory.” In E. Saarinen, ed.: 279–322
Wimsatt, W. C. (1987). “False Models as Means to Truer Theories.” In M. H. Nitecki and A. Hoffman, eds.: 23–55
Wolda, H. (1989). “The Equilibrium Concept and Density Dependence Tests: What Does It All Mean?” Oecologia 81: 430–432
Wolda, H. (1991). “The Usefulness of the Equilibrium Concept in Population Dynamics.” Oecologia 86: 144–145
Wolda, H., , B. Dennis, and , M. L. Taper (1994). “Density Dependent Tests, and Largely Futile Comments: Answers to Holyoak and Lawton (1993) and Hanski, Woiwod and Perry (1993).” Oecologia 98: 229–234
Wolters, G., J. G. Lennox, and P. McLaughlin, eds. (1995). Concepts, Theories, and Rationality in the Biological Sciences. Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pittsburgh Press
Woodward, J. (1989). “Data and Phenomena.” Synthese 79: 393–472
Woodward, J. (1993). “Capacities and Invariance.” In J. Earman, I. Janis, G. J. Massey and N. Rescher, eds.: 283–328
Woodward, J. (1997). “Explanation, Invariance, and Intervention.” Philosophy of Science 64: S26-S41
Worster, D. (1993a). “The Ecology of Order and Chaos.” In D. Worster: 156–170
Worster, D. (1993b). The Wealth of Nature. New York, Oxford University Press
Wright, S. (1940). “Breeding Structure of Populations in Relation to Speciation.” American Naturalist 74: 232–248
