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  3. Technocracy and Democracy in Latin America
  • Cited by 126
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2014
Print publication year:
2014
Online ISBN:
9781107446663
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107446663
Subjects:
Area Studies, Latin American Studies, Politics and International Relations, Latin American Government, Politics and Policy, Comparative Politics
Information

Book description

Praised by some as islands of efficiency in a sea of unprofessional, politicized and corrupt states, and criticized by others for removing wide areas of policy making from the democratic arena, technocrats have become prominent and controversial actors in Latin American politics. Nonelected state officials with advanced educations from top universities, technocrats achieve considerable autonomy from political and economic actors and exert great influence over their countries' fates. This finding poses an intriguing paradox. These experts lack an independent base of authority, such as popular election, and the tenure enjoyed by professional bureaucrats. What, then, explains the power of technocrats in democratic Latin America? Why do they enjoy and maintain greater policy influence in some areas than in others? Through analysis of economic and health policy in Colombia from 1958 to 2011 and in Peru from 1980 to 2011, Technocracy and Democracy in Latin America answers these and other questions about experts in Latin America.

Reviews

'The best comparative analysis of technocratic policy from any region of the world. Students of Latin America, country experts, scholars on democracy, and anyone interested in the politics of knowledge need to read this book. Theoretically acute and empirically rigorous.'

Miguel Angel Centeno - Musgrave Professor of Sociology and International Affairs, Princeton University, New Jersey

'Drawing on hundreds of interviews with politicians and policy makers, and careful analysis of the governance of the economy and the health sector in Colombia and Peru, Eduardo Dargent provides a welcome reorientation of political science toward the outputs of policy in this exploration of the striking subnational variation in state capacity.'

Hillel Soifer - Temple University, Philadelphia

'This path breaking book offers a serious challenge to theorists who have long argued that technocrats derive their power from other actors, including politicians, businesses and international financial institutions. This is first-rate comparative politics research, with eye-opening implications.'

Kent Eaton - University of California, Santa Cruz

'A much-needed study of the power and limitations of technocrats in Latin American democracies … a major contribution to comparative research on state reform and policy making.'

Steven Levitsky - Harvard University, Massachusetts

'In a brilliantly crafted comparative analysis, Eduardo Dargent develops a persuasive theoretical framework that explains the relative autonomy of technocrats. The rich evidence from the economic and health policy issue areas in Peru and Colombia robustly support his arguments.'

Eduardo Silva - Lydian Chair Professor of Political Science, Tulane University, Louisiana

'Eduardo Dargent breaks with the dominant idea that technocrats are almost entirely subordinated to their political masters … a theoretically sophisticated and extremely well-documented work.'

Patricio Silva - Universiteit Leiden

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Contents

Contents
References

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Interviews

Colombia

Arenas, Roberto (2006). Author interview. Director of the NPD (1970–1974). Bogotá: 10th. May.
Arias, Andrés (2009). Author interview. Minister of Agriculture (2006–2010) and Vice Minister of Finance (2003–2004). Candidate, conservative party presidential primaries (2010). Bogotá: 28th July.
Ávila, Ricardo (2008). Author interview. Economic adviser to President César Gaviria (1990–1994). Editor of Portafolio. Bogotá: 7th May.
Barco, Víctor Renán (2006). Author interview. Senator. Member of the Budget Commission. Bogotá: 17th May.
Botero, Rodrigo (2009). Author telephone interview. Minister of Finance (1974–1976). Founder of Fedesarrollo. Boston: 27th July.
Caballero Argáez, Carlos (2007). Author interview. Member, Monetary Board (2001–2003). Dean, Public Policy Department, Los Andes University. Bogotá: 8th October.
Cano, Carlos Gustavo (2008). Author interview. Director, Central Bank. Bogotá: 29th April.
Cadena, María Isabel (2009). Author interview. General Secretary, Ministry of Finance. Bogotá: 23rd July.
Cárdenas, Jorge Hernán (2008). Author interview. Expert in administrative reform. Bogotá: 25th January.
Cárdenas, Mauricio (2008). Author interview. NPD Director (1999–2000). Director, Fedesarrollo. Bogotá: 21st January.
Castaño, Ramón (2008). Author interview. Health expert. Member and Director of PARS. Bogotá: 8th February.
Cepeda, Manuel (2006). Author interview. Constitutional Justice. President, Constitutional Court (2001–2009) Bogotá: 18th May.
Chávez, Juliana (2008). Author interview. Adviser, office of the Vice President. Assistant in the DNP (2001–2005). Bogotá: 8th February.
Dávila, Andrés (2008). Author interview. Political Scientist and Adviser, office of the Vice President. Chief of the Justice and Security area, DNP, 2001–2007, Bogotá: 8th February.
Echeverry, Juan Carlos (2008). Author interview. NPD Director (2000–2002). Minister of Finance (2010–). Bogotá: 24th January.
Galán Sarmiento, Augusto (2009). Author interview. Minister of Health (2005–2006). Bogotá: 29th July.
Gaviria, Alejandro (2008). Author interview. Deputy Director of NPD (2002–2004). Dean, Economics Department, Universidad de Los Andes. Bogota: 4th March.
Gaviria, César (2013). Author telephone interview. Colombian President (1990–1994). Bogotá: 7th October.
Giedion, Úrsula (2008). Author interview. Health expert. Consultant to the Ministry of Health and PARS. Bogotá: 11th February.
Hernández, Gregorio (2008). Author interview. General Manager, Banco de la República. Bogotá: 7th May.
Hommes, Rudolph (2008). Author interview. Minister of Finance (1990–1994). Bogotá: 28th May.
Janna, Michel (2013). Director of Public Credit, Ministry of Finance (April 2013–). Bogotá: 24th September.
Junguito, Roberto (2008). Author interview. Minister of Finance (1984–1986; 2002–2003). Monetary Bank Board (1991–1999). Bogotá: 7th February.
Kalmanovitz, Salomón (2008). Author interview. Member, Monetary Board of Banco de la República (1993–2005). Bogotá: 24th April.
La Serna, Juan Mario (2008). Author interview. Member, Monetary Board of Banco de la República, (2005–2009). Bogotá: 29th April.
Llorente, Rodrigo (2006). Author interview. Minister of Finance (1973–1974). Bogotá: 15th May.
Mejía, Luis Bernardo (2006). Author interview. NPD official. (1996–2001). Bogotá: 14th May 2006.
Montenegro, Santiago (2008). Author interview. NPD Director (2002–2006). Bogotá: 28th February.
Morales Benites, Olympo (2008). Author interview. Politician. Member, liberal party and Alas Equipo Colombia. Bogotá: 2nd May.
Morales Benites, Otto (2006). Author interview. Liberal party leader. Minister of Agriculture, (1960–1962, Minister of Labor (1958–1960). Bogotá: 15th May.
Ordóñez, Antonio (2006). Author interview. Minister of Health (1966–1970). Health expert. Bogotá: 17th May.
Paredes, Nelcy (2008). Author interview. Health expert. Member, “Team Change.” Adviser, ACEMI. Bogotá: 20th February.
Perry, Guillermo (2008). Author interview. Minister of Finance (1994–1996). Bogotá: 26th February.
Pinto, Diana (2009). Author interview. Health expert. Member, PARS. Adviser, Ministry of Social Protection. Researcher, Fedesarrollo. Bogotá: 23rd July.
Ramírez, Jaime (2009). Author interview. Health expert. Senior technical Advisor of PARS. (1999–2001). Bogotá: 28th July.
Reina, Mauricio (2008). Author interview. Vice Minister of Commerce (1994–1995). Researcher, Fedesarrollo. Bogotá: 27th February.
Reyes Forero, Carlos (2012). Author phone interview. Colombian health expert. Adviser to Minister Mauricio Santa María. Bogotá: 17th January.
Samper, Ernesto (2008). President of Colombia (1994–1998), Bogota 14th February.
Santa María, Mauricio (2008). Author interview. Deputy Director, NPD (2005–2007). Minister of Social Protection (2010–2012). Bogotá: 28th February.
Steiner, Roberto (2009). Author interview. Director of Fedesarrollo (2009–). Bogotá: 21st July.
Tono, Teresa (2008). Author interview. Health expert. Member and Director of PARS (1996–2008). Adviser, Ministry of Health. Bogotá: 24th April.
Uribe, Juan Pablo (2008). Author interview. Health expert. Adviser, Ministry of Health. Vice Minister of Health (2002). Bogotá: 29th January.
Urrutia, Miguel (2008). Author interview. Director, NPD (1974–1977). Adviser to the Monetary Board (1966–1970). Secretary General, Banco de la República (1993–2005). Bogotá: 25th February.
Vidal Perdomo, Jaime (2006). Author interview. Secretary of the Presidency (1958–1962). Bogotá: 13th May.
Zapata, Juan (2011). Author phone interview. Colombian health expert. Member, Fedesarrollo. Bogotá: 16th November.

Peru

Abugattás, Javier (2007) Author interview. Vice Minister of Economy (1988). Adviser, MEF (various periods over the last twenty years). Lima: 10th August.
Abusada, Roberto (2010) Author interview. Viceminister of Commerce in MEF (1980–1982) and advisor in MEF during some periods during the nineties. Lima 29th March.
Alva Orlandini, Javier (2007) Author interview. Vice President (1980–1985). Senator (1980–1990). Leader and member of Acción Popular. Lima: 20th June.
Álvarez, Rosalía (2007). Author interview. Secretary General, MEF (2006–2008). Official in MEF since 1982. Lima: 4th December.
Álvarez Rodrich, Augusto (2007) Author interview. Member, Board of OSIPTEL (1993–1998). Lima: 15th June.
Aráoz, Mercedes (2013). Author telephone interview. Minister of Economics (December 2009–September 2010) Lima: 29th November.
Arce, Melitón (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Health (1985–1988; 2007). Adviser, MINSA (2006–2007). Lima: 18th June.
Arias Stella, Javier (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (1964–1966), (1967–1968). Minister of Foreign Affairs (1980–1983). Lima: 17th July.
Arrieta, Alejandro (2007) Author interview. Adviser, MEF (various periods since 1980). Lima: 3rd June.
Arrisueño, Gabriel (2007) Author interview. Researcher, Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD). Lima: 15th August.
Arrunátegui, Jorge (2013) Author interview. Adviser, MEF (2003–2006). Vice Minister of Social Benefits, Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion (2011–2013). Lima: 30th December.
Ballén, Mariana (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF. Lima: 5th December.
Barletti, Bruno (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF. Official in charge of implementing the Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera (SIAF). Lima: 20th July.
Blume, Cecilia (2007). Author interview. Chief Adviser, MEF (2005–2006). Lima: 7th.July.
Boza, Beatriz (2007). Author interview. President of INDECOPI (1994–2000). Adviser, MEF (2000–2001). Lima: 30th.July.
Burneo, Kurt (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Finance (2001–2004), MEF. Member, Board of the Central Bank (2001–2006). Lima: 15th June.
Cáceres, Rosario (2007). Author interview. Chief, Parliamentary Coordination Office, MEF. Lima: 2nd August.
Calderón, José (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Health (2007). Doctor in MINSA (since the 1980s). Lima: 21st June.
Campos, Fernando (2007). Author interview. Legal Adviser, MINSA. Negotiator with unions. Lima: 21st June.
Carranza, Luis (2010). Author interview. Minister of Economics (2006–2008; 2009). Lima: 11th February.
Carrillo, Carlos (2007). Author interview. Director (1990–1992), (1994–1999), Instituto Nacional de Salud. Lima: 16th October.
Casas, Carlos (2013). Author interview. Vice Minister of Economics (2010). Chief of Advisers (2006–2008), and Adviser (1999), MEF. Lima: 21st November.
Chávez, Benjamín (2008). Author interview. Adviser, Ministry of Commerce. Lima: 16th November.
Cortez, Juan Carlos (2007). Author interview. Deputy Director, Ciudadanos al Día. Lima: 2nd July.
Cubas, Víctor (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Health (1990–1991). Dean, Public Health Department, Universidad Cayetano Heredia. Lima: 3rd July.
Del Castillo, Jorge (2007). Author interview. President, Council of Ministers (2006–2008). Lima: 28th June.
Díaz, Álvaro (2007). Author interview. Adviser and Negotiator (Free Trade Agreements), Ministry of Commerce. Lima: 16th November.
Du Bois, Fritz (2007). Author interview. Chief of Cabinet, MEF (1991–1997). Lima: 18th June.
Escaffi, José (2007). Author interview. General Manager of OSIPTEL (1993–1997). Lima: 15th July.
Espinoza, Rubén (2007). Author interview. Consultant and Researcher, Instituto Nacional de Salud. Adviser, MINSA (1990s). Lima: 16th August.
Farah, Eduardo (2007). Author interview. President, National Society of Industry (2007). Lima: 27th June.
Ferrero, Carlos (2007). Author interview. President, Council of Ministers (2003–2005). Lima: 1st June.
Ferraro, Carlos (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Commerce (2002–2009). Lima: 30th October.
Francke, Pedro (2007). Author interview. Director, FONCODES (2001–2003). Expert in health policies. Lima: 19th June.
Fuentes Rivera, José (2007). Author interview. MINSA Official in Directive Positions since the eighties. Lima: 4th July.
Gálvez, Nelly (2007). Author interview. Official, DIGEMID (Medical drugs regulation office in MINSA). Lima: 17th August.
Gana Perú (2011). La Gran Transformación: Plan de Gobierno 2011–2016, Lima: Gana Perú.
García, Uriel (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (1980–1982). Lima: 10th July.
Gastañeta, Rafael (2007). Author interview. Adviser, Minister of Commerce. Lima: 16th November.
Gozzer, Ernesto (2007). Author interview. Consultant, MINSA (1991–1993). Member, Office of International Cooperation (1994–1999). Lima: 21st August.
Guerra García, Roger (2007). Author interview. Congressman 1995–2000. Dean, Universidad Cayetano Heredia (1989–1994). Lima: 9th July.
Guerrero, Luis (2007). Author interview. Official, SIAF, MEF. Lima: 11th December.
Hume, María Jesús. (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Commerce (1980–1982), MEF. Lima: 13th December.
Iwsaki, Maria Lila (2007). Author interview. Advisor and Secretary General (1999) in MEF. Lima, 27 September.
Johnson, Jaime (2007). Author interview. Public Health Expert. Adviser, MINSA and other social policy agencies. Lima 26th June.
Kapsoli, Javier (2007). Author interview. Director, Social and Economic Affairs, MEF (2007). Lima: 11th June.
Kuczynski, Pedro Pablo (2007). Author interview. Minister of Economics (2001–2002; 2004–2005). President, Council of Ministers (2005–2006). Lima: 17th August.
León García, Luis (2007). Author interview. Director, General Health Office, MINSA (2007). Lima: 19th October.
Lescano, Yonhy (2007). Author interview. Congressman for Puno. Lima: 5th. December.
Llanos, Alejandro (2007). Author interview. Public health expert. Director, Epidemiology Office, National Health Institute (1985–1992). Adviser in the Andean Pact. Lima: 3rd July.
Lombardi, Guido (2008). Author interview. Congressman, Unidad Nacional (2006–2011). President, Economy Committee, Peruvian Congress. Lima: 17th August.
Luján, Manuel (2007). Author interview. Doctor in MINSA (1982–present). Vice Ministerial Adviser (2004–2006). Lima: 26th July.
Marchena, Pedro (2007). Author interview. Expert in MINSA (1990s). Lima: 24th October.
Martinez, Juan José (2007). Author interview. Legal Adviser, MEF. Lima: 21st November.
Mazetti, Pilar (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (2004–2006). Lima: 29th November.
Meloni, Augusto (2007). Author interview. Public health expert. Director, Office of Cooperation (1993–1999). Lima: June 1st and 4th August.
Mendoza, Pedro (2007). Author interview. Member, International Cooperation Office, MINSA (1995–2000). Lima: 22nd August.
Mendoza, Waldo (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Finance (2004–2005). Lima: 6th June.
Monteagudo, Manuel (2008). Author interview. Legal Adviser, Central Bank. Lima: 11th August.
Montoya, Andrés (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF (2003–2004). Lima: 6th July.
Montoya, Víctor Hugo (2007). Author interview. Legal Expert, Constitutional Tribunal. Lima: 6th December.
Morales, José Miguel (2007). Author interview. President, CONFIEP (2005–2006). Lima: 25th June.
Mori, Antonio (2007). Author interview. MEF official. Member, SIAF, MEF. Lima: 11th December.
Morón, Eduardo (2007 and 2013). Author interview. Vice Minister of Economics (2008–2009), Adviser, MEF and MINCETUR. Researcher, Center of Research, Universidad del Pacífico (CIUP). Lima: 14th November 2007; 19th November 2013.
Nakasone, Eduardo (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF (2003–2004). Lima: 17th July.
Negrón, Carmen (2007). Author interview. MEF official. Lima: 30th May.
Palacios, Rosa María (2007). Author interview. Adviser, PCM. Journalist. Lima: 10th July.
Pasco Font, Alberto (2007). Author interview. Economist. Executive Director, COPRI. Lima: 3rd December.
Pastor, Ada (2007). Author interview. Deputy Director, PRAES. Public Officer, Instituto Peruano de Seguridad Social (IPSS) now ESSALUD. Lima: 19th October.
Peña, Manuel (2007). Author interview. Director, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Peru. Lima: 6th August.
Pérez, Martín (2008). Author interview. Minister of Commerce (2008–2010). Lima: 19th August.
Pinillos, Luis (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (1988–1989). Lima: 21st June.
Polarollo, Pierina (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF. Health reform expert. Lima: 14th June.
Portocarrero, Augusto (2010). Author interview. Health expert. Ministry Adviser and Health Official, MINSA. Lima: 5th August.
Pretell, Eduardo (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (2000–2007). Lima: 27th November.
Prialé, Miguel (2007). Author interview. Director, SNIP. Lima: 6th June.
Quijandría, Jaime (2009). Author interview. Minister of Economics (2003–2004). Lima: 25th June.
Ramírez, Gladys (2007). Author interview. Deputy Director, Epidemiology Office, Ministry of Health. Lima: 28th May.
Rettberg, Angelika (2009). Author interview. Political scientist. Expert on business groups in Colombia. Bogotá: 24th July 2009.
Rivera, Iván (2011). Minister of Industry (1983–1984). Advisor in MEF (1993–1996). Skype Interview. Washington 4th January.
Salazar, Ricardo (2007). Author interview. President, CONSUCODE (2001–2003). Lima: 13th June.
Sánchez Moreno, Francisco (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Health (1978–1979). Director, Academia Peruana de la Salud. Lima: 13th August.
Seinfield, Janice (2007). Author interview. Public health expert. Researcher, Centro de Investigación de la Universidad del Pacífico. Lima: 14th November.
Solari, Luis (2007). Author interview. Health Minister (2001–2002). First Minister (2002–2003). Congressman, Peru Posible (2001–2006). Lima: 11th June.
Sotelo, Eduardo (2007). Author interview. Legal adviser, MEF and SUNAT. Lima: 21st August.
Távara, José (2007). Author interview. Director, OSIPTEL (2004–2007). Vice Minister of Communications (2004–2007). Lima: 6th December.
Tejada de Rivero, David (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (1985–1987; 1989). Lima: 10th July.
Teullet, Patricia (2007). Author interview. Vice Minister of Economics (2001–2002). Lima: 12th June.
Ugarte, José Miguel (2008). Author interview. Director, National Direction of Public Indebtment, MEF. Lima: 7th August.
Ugarte, Mayén (2006). Author interview. Adviser, MEF (1994–1998). Lima: 10th June.
Ugarte, Óscar (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (2009–2011) and Vice Minister of Health (2001–2002). Lima: 10th July.
Valencia, Sofía (2007). Author interview. Economist. World Bank Consultant. Lima: 5th July.
Vásquez, María Inés (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF (2003–2006). Lima: 25th May.
Vera, José Carlos (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF and MINSA (1993–1994). Lima: 17th October.
Vidal, Álvaro (2007). Author interview. Minister of Health (2003–2004). Lima: 14th August.
Vílchez, Nidia (2007). Author interview. Congresswoman for Junín. Member, Budget Commission, Congress. Lima: 6th December.
Villarán, Fernando (2007). Author interview. Minister of Labor (2001–2003). Lima: 26th July.
Von Hesse, Milton (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF. Director of SNIP (2002–2006). Lima: 14th June.
Webb, Richard (2007). Author interview. President, Central Bank (1983–1985; 2001–2003). Lima: 6th December.
Zamalloa, Edgar (2007). Author interview. Adviser, MEF (1998–2004). Director of Economic Analysis, MEF (2005–2006). Lima: 17th July.
Zavala, Fernando (2007). Author interview. Minister of Economics (2005–2006). Lima: 15th October.
Zegarra, Gonzalo (2007). Author interview. Editor, Semana Económica. Lima: 31st May.

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