United States Migrant Interdiction and the Detention of Refugees in Guantánamo Bay

Azadeh Dastyari

doi:10.1017/CBO9781316181584

References

Bibliography

U.S. Case Law and Related Documents

Abdullahi v Pfizer, Inc., 562 F.3d 163 (2nd Cir, 2009).
Akhtar v Reno, 123 F.2d Supp. 191 (SDNY, 2000).
American Bar Association v Christopher, 43 F.3d 1412 (11th Cir, 1995).
Barapind v Reno, 225 F.3d 1100 (9th Cir, 2000).
Beazley v Johnson, 242 F.3d 248 (5th Cir, 2001).
Benitez v Wallis, 337 F.3d 1289 (11th Cir, 2003).
Bertrand v Sava, 684 F.2d 204 (2nd Cir, 1982).
Bird v United States, 923 F Supp. 338 (D Conn, 1996).
Boumediene v Bush, 553 US 723 (2008).
British Caledonian Airways v Bond, 665 F.2d 1153 (DC Cir, 1981).
Calderon v Reno, 39 F.2d Supp 943 (ND Ill, 1998).
Calero-Toledo v Person Yacht Leasing Co., 416 US 663 (1974).
Cardenas v Smith, 733 F.2d 909 (DC Cir, 1984).
Clancy v Office of Foreign Assets Control of US Dept. of Treasury, 559 F.3d 595 (7th Cir, 2009).
Clark v Martinez, 543 US 371 (2005).
Cook v United States, 288 US 102 (1932).
Cuban American Bar Association v Christopher, 43 F.3d 1412 (11th Cir, 1995).
Cuban American Bar Association v Christopher, No 94–2183 (Class Action Complaints) (SD Fla, 1994).
Diggs v Richardson, 555 F.2d 848 (DC Cir, 1976).
Edwards v Carter, 580 F.2d 1055 (DC Cir, 1978).
EEOC v Arabian American Oil Co, 499 US 244 (1991).
Floy Bros v Filardo, 336 US 281 (1949).
Foster v Neilson, 27 US 253 (1829).
Frolova v Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 761 F.2d 370 (7th Cir, 1985).
Goldstar (Panama) S.A. v United States, 967 F.2d 965 (4th Cir, 1992).
Haitian Refugee Center Inc. v Christopher, 43 F.3d 1431 (11th Cir, 1995).
Haitian Centers Council Inc. v McNary, 969 F.2d 1326 (2nd Cir, 1992).
Haitian Centers Council Inc. v McNary, 969 F.2d 1350 (2nd Cir, 1992).
Haitian Centers Council Inc. v McNary, No. 92-CV-1258 (EDNY, June 5, 1992).
Haitian Centers Council Inc. v Sale, 823 F Supp. 1028 (EDNY, 1993).
Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 112 S Ct 1245 (1992).
Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 789 F. Supp. 1552 (SD Fla, 1991).
Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 949 F.2d 1109 (11th Cir, 1991).
Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 953 F.2d 1498 (11th Cir, 1992).
Haitian Refugee Center v Gracey, 600 F Supp. 1396 (DDC, 1985).
Haitian Refugee Center v Gracey, 809 F.2d 794 (DC Cir, 1987).
Haitian Refugee Center Inc. v Christopher (District Court for the Southern District of Florida / No. 95–0022–CIV–MOORE, 5 January 1995).
Hamdan v Rumsfeld, 548 US 557 (2006).
Huerta v United States, 548 F.2d 343 (Fed Cir, 1977).
Igartua De La Rosa v United States, 32 F.3d 8 (1st Cir, 1994).
In re Extradition of Cheung, 968 F Supp. 791(D Conn, 1997).
In re Stoffregen, 6 F.2d 943 (DC Cir, 1925).
INS v Aguirre-Aguirre, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999).
INS v Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 US 440 (1987).
INS v Stevic, 480 US 421 (1987).
Islamic Republic of Iran v Boeing Co., 771 F.2d 1279 (9th Cir, 1985).
Jama v INS, 22 F.2d Supp. 353 (DNJ, 1 October 1998).
Johnson v Eisentrager, 339 US 763 (1950).
Johnson v Quander, 370 F.2d Supp. 79 (D DC 2005).
Kiyemba v Obama, 130 S.Ct. 1235 (2010).
Kiyemba v Obama, 555 F.3d 1022 (DC Cir, 2009).
Kiyemba v Obama, 561 F.3d 509 (DC Cir, 2009).
Kiyemba v Obama, 605 F.3d 1046 (DC Cir, 2010).
Kyler v Montezuma County, 203 F.3d 614 (9th Cir, 2000).
Lauritzen v Larsen, 345 US 571 (1953).
Leng May Ma v Barber, 357 US 185(1958).
Linder v Calero Portocarrero, 747 F Supp. 1452 (SD Fla, 1990).
United States v Marino-Garcia, 679 F.2d 1373 (11th Cir, 1982).
Martinez-Lopez v Gonzales, 454 F.3d 500 (5th Cir, 2006).
Matter of Median, 151 & N Dec. 611 (BIA, 1976).
McNary v Haitian Centers Council, Inc., 503 US 1000 (1992).
Medellin v Texas, 552 US 491 (2008).
Munaf v Geren, 128553 US 674 (2008).
Murray v Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 US 64 (1804).
Parhat v Gates, 532 F.3d 834 (DC Cir, 2008).
Pierre v Gonzales, 502 F.3d 109 (2nd Cir, 2007).
Rasul v Bush, 542 US 466 (2004).
Recinos De Leon v Gonzales, 400 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir, 2005).
Rousseau v Brown, 21 App. DC 73 (DC Cir, 1903).
Sale v Haitian Centers Council Inc., 509 US 155 (1993).
Sandhu v Burke (United States District Court, S.D. New York, No 97 Civ 4608, 2000 WL 191707, 10 February 2000).
Septic Tank Co. v Knoxville, 227 US 39 (1913).
Singh v Ashcroft, F.3d 396 (6th Cir, 2005).
Sosa v Alvarez-Machain, 542 US 692, 735 (2004).
Tel-Oren v Libyan Arab Republic, 726 F.2d 774 (DC Cir, 1984).
US ex rel. Knauff v Shaughnessy, 338 US 543 (1950).
United States v $228,536, 895, F.2d 908 (2nd Cir, 1990).
United States v Aguilar, 883 F.2d 662 (9th Cir, 1989).
United States v Davis, 905 F.2d 245 (9th Cir, 1990).
United States v Degado-Garcia, 374 F.3d 1137 (DC Cir, 2004).
United States v Duarte-Acero, 208 F.3d 1282 (11th Cir, 2000).
United States v Layton, 509 F Supp. 212 (ND Cal, 1981).
United States v Lee, 906 F.2d 117 (4th Cir, 1990).
United States v Merkt, 794, F.2d 950 (5th Cir, 1986).
United States v Munsingwear, 340 US 36 (1950).
United States v Percheman, 32 US 51 (1833).
United States v Postal, 589 F.2d 862 (5th Cir, 1979).
United States v Rendon, 354 F.3d 1320 (11th Cir, 2003).
United States v Rogers, 388 F Supp. 298 (ED Va, 1975).
United States v Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 US 259 (1990).
White v Paulsen, 997 F Supp. 1380 (ED Wash, 1998).
Zadvydas v Davis, 533 US 678 (2001).
Zhen Li Iao v Gonzales, 400 F.3d 530 (7th Cir, 2005).

U.S. Statutes, Notices, Regulations, Executive Orders, Proclamations and Other Related Material

An Act Declaring that War Exists Between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, 30 Stat. 364.
Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 Pub L No 89–414, 732, 80 Stat. 1161 (1966).
Detainees Treatment Act of 2005 Pub L No 109–148, 119 Stat. 2680, 2742–4.
Executive Order 12324, 46 Federal Register 48 (1981).
Executive Order 12807, 57 Federal Register 23 (1992).
Executive Order 12807, 57 Federal Register 23, 133 (1992).
Executive Order 13276, 67 Federal Register 69 (2002).
Executive Order 13286, 68 Federal Register 10619 (2003).
Executive Order 13492, 74 Federal Register 4897 (2009).
Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Pub L No 105–277 (1998).
Homeland Security Act, Pub L No 107–296, 116 Stat. 745 (2002).
Immigration and Nationality Act, Pub L No 82–414, 66 Stat. 163 (1952).
INS Memorandum, Shipboard Processing of Cubans (9 August 1995).
Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, Pub L No 104–114, 110. Stat. 785 (1996).
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, Pub L No 510, 87th Cong, 1st sess, (1962).
Presidential Proclamation 2523, 3 CFR 270 (1941).
Presidential Proclamation 3447, 27 Federal Register 1085 (1962).
Presidential Proclamation 4865, 46 Federal Register 48 (1981).
Refugee Act, Pub L No 96–212, 94 Stat. 102 (1980).

Treaties and Other International Agreements

Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Dominican Republic Concerning Maritime Migration Law Enforcement, signed at Washington 20 May 2003 (entered into force 20 May 2003).
Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Bahamas Concerning Cooperation in Maritime Law Enforcement, signed at Nassau 29 June 2004 (entered into force 29 June 2004).
Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval Stations; Lease to the United States of Lands in Cuba for Coaling and Naval Stations, 16–23 February 1903, US-Cuba, T.S. No. 418.
Agreement Effected by Exchange of Notes Regarding Migrants and Interdiction, 23 September 1981, US-Haiti, 33 U.S.T. 3559, TIAS. No. 10, 241.
Agreement on Interdiction of Haitian Immigration to the US, 23 September 1981, US-Haiti, 33 U.S.T.-3559.
Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, Registration 16 November 1994, 1836 UNTS 3 (entered into force provisionally on 16 November 1994 and definitively on 28 July 1996).
Charter of the United Nations, opened for signature 26 June 1945, 1 UNTS XVI (entered into force on 24 October 1945).
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, opened for signature 4 February 1985, 1465 UNTS 85 (entered into force 26 June 1987).
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 4 November 1950, 213 UNTS 222 (entered into force 3 September 1953).
Convention on Rights and Duties of States, opened for signature 26 December 1933, 165 LNTS 19 (entered into force 26 December 1934).
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, opened for signature 18 December 1979, 1249 UNTS 13 (entered into force 3 September 1981).
Convention on the High Seas, opened for signature 29 April 1958, 13 UST 2312 (entered into force 30 September 1962).
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, opened for signature 30 March 2007, 189 UNTS 137 (entered into force 3 May 2008).
Convention on the Rights of the Child, opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS, 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990).
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 150 (entered into force 22 April 1954).
International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, opened for signature 27 April 1979, 1405 UNTS 97 (entered into force 22 June 1985).
International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, opened for signature 1 November 1974, 164 UNTS 113 (entered into force 25 May 1980).
International Convention on Salvage, opened for signature 1 July 1989, 1953 UNTS 33479 (entered into force 14 July 1996).
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, opened for signature 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 195 (entered into force 4 January 1969).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976).
International Maritime Organization, Resolution MSC.167(78), Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea, 20 May 2004.
Joint Statement on Migration, US Department of State Dispatch, 8 May 1995, Vol. 6, Issue 19, 397.
Lease to the United States by the Government of Cuba of Certain Areas of Land and Water for naval or Coaling Stations in Guantánamo and Bahia Honda, 2 July 1903, US-Cuba, art. III, T.S. No. 426.
Maritime Boundary Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba (1977) Senate Treaty Document EX. H, 96–1.
Memorandum of understanding between the Government of the United Kingdom, the Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Government of the United States to establish in the Turks and Caicos Islands a processing facility to determine the refugee status of boat people from Haiti KAV 3906, Temp. State Dept. No. 94–158 (entered into force 18 June 1994).
Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the United States and the Government of Jamaica for the Establishment Within the Jamaican Territorial Sea and Internal Waters of a Facility to Process Nationals of Haiti Seeking Refuge Within or Entry to the United States of America, KAV 3901, Temp. State Dept. No. 94–153 (entered into force 2 June 1994).
North Atlantic Treaty, opened for signature 4 April 1949, 34 UNTS 243 (entered into force 24 August 1949).
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976).
Organization of American States, Resolution MRE/RES,. 1/91 OEA/SER. F/V.1 (3 October, 1991).
Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air Protocol Against Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, opened for signature 15 November 2000, 2241 UNTS 507 (entered into force 28 January 2004).
Protocol No 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Securing Certain Rights and Freedoms other than those Already Included in the Convention and in the first Protocol Thereto, opened for signature 16 September 1963, ETS No 46 (entered into force 2 May1968).
Protocol No 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol No 11, opened for signature 22 November 1984, ETS No 117 (entered into force 11 November 1988).
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 31 January 1967, 606 UNTS 267 (entered into force 4 October 1967).
The Situation of Democracy and Human Rights in Haiti, GA Res 46/7, 51st Plen mtg, UN Doc A/RES/46/7 (11 October 1991).
Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, G.A. Res. 428 (V), annex, UN GAOR Supp. (No 20), 46 UN Doc A/1775 (1950).
Treaty Between the United States and Cuba. Defining Their Relations, May 29, 1934, US-. Cuba, T.S. No. 866.
Treaty of Paris, 30 Stat. 1754.
US-Cuba Joint Communiqué On Migration, US Department of State Dispatch, 9 December 1994, Vol. 5, Issue 37, 603.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 14 November 1994).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A(III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948).

Material Relating to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Program

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 2: Function of the Subcommittee and General Conclusion on International Protection, 27th sess, UN Doc 12A A/10012/Add.1 (14 October 1975).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 8: Note on the Extraterritorial Effect of the Determination of Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 29th sess, UN Doc EC/SCP/9 (24 August 1978).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 11: General Conclusion on International Protection, 29th sess, UN Doc 12A A/33/12/Add.1 (17 October 1978).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 14: General Conclusion on International Protection, 30th sess, UN Doc 12A A/34/12/Add.1 (16 October 1979).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 16: General Conclusion on International Protection, 31st sess, UN Doc 12A A/35/12/Add.1 (16 October 1980).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 20: Protection of Asylum-Seekers at Sea, 31st sess, UN Doc No 12A A/35/12/Add.1 (16 October 1980).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 21: General Conclusion on International Protection, 32nd sess, UN Doc 12A A/35/12/Add.1 (21 October 1981).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 25: General Conclusion on International Protection, 33rd sess, UN Doc 12A A/37/12/Add.1 (20 October 1982).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 28: Follow-up on Earlier Conclusions of the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection on the Determination of Refugee Status, Inter Alia, with Reference to the Role of UNHCR in National Refugee Status Determination Procedures, 33rd sess, UN Doc 12A A/36/12/Add. 12 (20 October 1982).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 29: General Conclusion on International Protection, 34th sess, UN Doc 12A A/38/12/Add.1 (20 October 1983).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 44: Detention of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers, 37th sess, UN Doc 12A A/41/12/Add.1 (13 October 1986).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 46: General Conclusion on International Protection, 38th sess, UN Doc12A A/42/12/Add.1 (12 October 1987).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 55: General Conclusion on International Protection, 40th sess, UN Doc 12A A/44/12/Add.1 (13 October 1989).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 71: General Conclusion on International Protection, 44th sess, UN Doc 12A A/48/12/Add.1 (8 October 1993).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 74: General Conclusion on International Protection, 45th sess, UN Doc 12A A/49/12/Add.1 (7 October 1994).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 81: General Conclusion on International Protection, 48th sess, UN Doc A/52/12/Add.1 (17 October 1997).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 82: Conclusion on Safeguarding Asylum, 48th sess, UN Doc A/52/12/Add.1 (17 October 1997).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 85: Conclusion on International Protection, 49th sess, UN Doc 12A A/53/12/Add.1 (9 October 1998).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 87: General Conclusion on International Protection, 50th sess, UN Doc 12A A/54/12/Add.1 (8 October 1999).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 93: Conclusion on Reception of Asylum Seekers in the Context of Individual Asylum Systems, 53rd sess, UN Doc 12A A/57/12/Add.1 (8 October 2002).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 97: Conclusion on Protection Safeguards in Interception Measures, 58th sess, UN Doc A/58/12/Add.1 (10 October 2003).
UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 99: Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees, 55th sess, UN Doc A/59/12/Add.1, (8 October 1997).
UNHCR ExCom, Note on International Protection, 52nd sess, UN Doc A/AC.96/951 (13 September 2001).
UNHCR ExCom, Note on the Extraterritorial Effect of the Determination of Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Conclusion No 8., 29th sess, UN Doc EC/SCP/9 (24 August 1978).
UNHCR, Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol (26 January 2007) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45f17a1a4.html>.
UNHCR, Background Note: The Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea: Conclusions and Recommendations From Recent Meetings and Expert Roundtables Convened by (28 November 2007) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4782500d2.html>.
UNHCR, Briefing Note: Human Rights and Refugee Protection (1 July 1997) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b32310.html>.
UNHCR, Fair and Efficient Asylum Procedures: A Non-Exhaustive Overview of Applicable International Standards (2 September 2005) 3 <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/432ae9204.pdf>.
UNHCR, Global Consultations on International Protection/Third Track: Asylum Processes (Fair and Efficient Asylum Procedures), UN Doc EC/GC/01/12 (31 May 2001).
UNHCR, Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards Relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/503489533b8.html>.
UNHCR, Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1992, reissued 2011).
UNHCR, Protection Policy Paper: Maritime Interception Operations and the Processing of International Protection Claims (November 2010) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cd12d3a2.html>.
UNHCR, Provisional Comments on the Proposal for a European Council Directive on Minimum Standards on Procedures in Member States for Granting and Withdrawing Refugee Status (10 February 2005) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/42492b302.html>.
UNHCR, ‘The Haitian Interdiction Case 1993 Brief amicus curiae’, (1994) 6 International Journal of Refugee Law 85.
United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems, Summary Record of the Twentieth Meeting 11–12, <www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae68c1c0.html>.
United States Mission to International Organizations, Statement of the United States Delegation to the Standing Committee of the Executive Committee of the Program of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (Geneva, 25 June 1996).
United States Mission to the United Nations and Other International Organisations in Geneva, Observations of the United States on the Advisory Opinion of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees on Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (Geneva, 28 December 2007).

Material Relating to United Nations Treaty Bodies

A v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993 (30 April 1997).
Ackla v Togo, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/505/1992 (25 March 1996).
Agiza v Sweden, UN Doc CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (20 May 2005).
Ahani v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/80/D/1051/2002 (15 June 2004).
Alzery v Sweden, UN Doc CCPR/C/88/D/1416/2005 (10 November 2006).
Baban v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/1014/2001 (6 August 2003).
Bahamonde v Equatorial Guinea, UN Doc CCPR/C/49/D/468/1991 (10 November 1993).
Bakhtiyari v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002 (29 October 2003).
Burgos v Uruguay, UN Doc CCPR/C/13/D/52/1979 (29 July 1981).
Byahuranga v Denmark, UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/1222/2003 (9 December 2004).
C v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/76/D/ 900/1999 (28 October 2002).
Casafranca de Gomez v Peru, UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/981/2001 (22 July 2003).
Casariego v Uruguay, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979 (29 July 1981).
Celepli v Sweden, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/456/1991 (18 July 1994).
Chadzjian v The Netherlands, UN Doc CCPR/C/93/D/1494/2006 (5 August 2008).
Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations on the Third to Fifth Periodic Report of the United States of America, 53rd sess, UN DOC CAT/C/USA/CO/3–5 (20 November 2014).
Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations: United States of America: UN Doc CAT/C/USA/CO/2 (25 July 2006).
Committee Against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention: Initial Reports of State Parties Due in 1995, UN Doc CAT/C/28/Add.5 (9 February 2000).
Committee Against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention Conclusions and Recommendations of the CAT Committee: United States of America, 36th sess, UN DOC CAT/C/USA/CO/2 (25 July 2006).
Committee Against Torture, General Comment No 2: Implementation of Article 2 by State Parties, 39th sess, UN Doc CAT/C/GC/2 (24 January 2008).
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation No 26: Article 6 of the Convention, 56th sess, UN Doc A/55/18, annex V (24 March 2000).
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Reports Submitted by State Parties Under Article 9 of the Convention, Third Periodic Reports of State Parties due in 1999, Addendum, United States of America, UN Doc CERD/C/351/Add.1 (10 October 2000).
D & E v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/87/D/1050/2002 (11 July 2006).
El Ghar v Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/1107/2002 (15 November 2004).
Faure v Australia, UN doc CCPR/C/85/D/1036/01(31 October 2005).
Fernando v Sri Lanka, UN Doc CCPR/C/83/D/1189/2003 (10 May 2005).
Gonzalez v Guyana, UN Doc CCPR/C/98/D/1246/2004 (21 May 2010).
Hammel v Madagascar, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 (3 April 1987).
Hudoyberganova v Uzbekistan, UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/931/2000 (15 June 2004).
Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Denmark, 70th sess, UN Doc CCPR/CO/70/DNK (31 October 2000).
Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Israel, 99th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3 (3 September 2010).
Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UN Doc CCPR/C/GBR/CO/6 (30 July 2008).
Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: United States of America, 53rd sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/79/Add.50 (6 April 1995).
Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations on the Fourth Periodic Report of the United States of America, UN Doc CCPR/C/USA/CO/4, (23 April 2014).
Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant: Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: United States of America, 87th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/USA/CO/3 (15 September 2006).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 15: The Position of Aliens Under the Covenant, 27th sess, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 (4 November 1986).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 18: Non-Discrimination, 37th sess (10 November 1989).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 20: Replaces General Comment No 7 Concerning Prohibition Of Torture And Cruel Treatment Or Punishment, 44th sess, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev6 (10 March 1992).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 24: Issues Relating to Reservations Made Upon Ratification or Accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols Thereto, or In Relation to Declarations Under Article 41 of the Covenant, 52nd sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 (4 November 1994).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 27: Freedom of Movement (Art.12), 67th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9 (2 November 1999).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 31: Nature of the General Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, 80th sess, 12 UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev1/Add.13 (26 May 2004).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 32: Right to Equality Before Courts and Tribunals and to a Fair Trial, 90th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/32 (27 July 2007).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 33: The Obligations of State Parties under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 94th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/33 (5 November 2008).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 35 – Article 9: Liberty and Security of Person, 112th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/GC/35 (28 October 2014).
Human Rights Committee, Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant: Initial Reports of State Parties Due in 1993: United States of America, CCPR/C/81/Add.4 (24 August 1994).
Human Rights Committee, Reservations, Declarations, Notifications and Objections Relating to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Optional Protocols Thereto, UN Doc CCPR/C/2/Rev.4 (24 August 1994).
J.H.A v Spain, UN Doc CAT/C/41/D/323/2007 (21 November 2008).
K. A. L. and A. A. M. L v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/104/D/1816/2008 (26 March 2012).
Karker v France, UN Doc CCPR/C/70/D/833/1998 (26 October 2000).
Kaur v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/94/D/1455/2006 (18 November 2008).
Kazantsis v Cyprus, UN doc CCPR/C/78/D/972/2001(19 September 2003).
Kennedy v Trindad and Tobago, UN Doc CCPR/C/74/D/845/1998 (26 March 2002).
Kurbanov v Tajikistan, UN Doc CCPR/C/79/D/1096/2002 (12 November 2003).
Kwok v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/97/D/1442/2005 (23 October 2009).
Lee v Republic of Korea, UN Doc CCPR/C/84/D/1119/2002 (23 August 2005).
Madafferi v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/81/D/1011/2001 (26 August 2004).
Maroufidou v Sweden, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/1 (8 April 1981).
Marques de Morais v Angola, UN Doc CCPR/C/83/D/1128/2002 (18 April 2005).
Montero v Uruguay, UN Doc CCPR/C/18/D/106/1981 (31 March 1983).
P.K. v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/89/D/1234/2003 (3 April 2007).
Paul Perterer v Austria, UN Doc CCPR/C/81/D/1015/2001 (20 August 2004).
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Tillman v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/98/D/1635/2007 (10 May 2010).
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Decisions of the International Court of Justice

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Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) (Judgment, Merits) [2005] ICJ Rep 168.
Avena case (Mexico v United States) [2004] ICJ Rep 12.
Case Concerning the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v Russian Federation) (Provisional Measure)[2008] ICJ Rep 353.
Case Concerning the Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States Of America) (Judgement) [1986] ICJ Rep 14.
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Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) [1994] ICJ Rep 112.
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Al-Skeini v United Kingdom (2011) 53 EHRR 18.
American Convention on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC10/89, July 14, 1989, Inter Am. C.H.R. (Ser. A), Rep. No 10 (1989).
Amuur v France (1996) 22 Eur Court HR 533.
Banković v Belgium (2001) XII Eur Court HR 333.
Decree Law No.2 of 24 February 1977. Entered into force 26 September 1977.
Decree No. 38, entered into Force 8 April 1977 Le Moniteur No. 38.
Dominican Republic: Law No. 573, entered into force 1 April 1977.
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Haitian Centre for Human rights et al. v United States, Case No 10.675, Report No 51/96, Inter AmCHR Doc. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc. 7.
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In Re Guzman & Latamble, Annual Digest, 1933–34, Case No. 43 p 112.
Instrument of Designation of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea as a Regional Processing Country under Subsection 198ab(1) of the Migration Act 1958.
Instrument of Designation of the Republic of Nauru as a Regional Processing Country under Subsection 198ab(1) of the Migration Act 1958.
Migration Act 1958 (Australia).
Migration Legislation Amendment (Regional Processing and Other Measures) Act 2012.
Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Ibrahim (2000) 204 CLR 1.
Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Savvin (2000) FCA 478.
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Mayer (1985) 157 CLR 290.
Minister for Immigration v Khawar (2002) 210 CLR 1.
Molvan v A.G For Palestine (1948) Ac 351, 369–370 (UK).
Pamuk e Altri Tribunale de Crotone, 27 September 2001 (Italy).
Plaintiff M70/2011 and Plaintiff M106/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 280 ALR 18.
Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (UK).
R (European Roma Rights Centre and Others) v Immigration Officer at Prague Airport (2004) QB 811.
R (on the application of Abbasi et al) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (2002) EWCA Civ 1598 (UK).
Refugee Convention Act, Act No 12 of 2012 (Nauru).
Regina v Immigration Officer at Prague Airport and Anor (Respondents) ex parte European Roma Rights Centre & Ors (Appellants) (2004) UKHL 55 (UK).
Ruddock v Vardarlis (2001) 110 FCR 491 (Australia).
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Books and Journal Articles

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Barsky, Robert, ‘The Interpreter and the Canadian Convention Refugee Hearing: Crossing the Potentially Life-Threatening Boundaries between “coccode-e-eh,” “cluck-cluck,” and “cot-cot-cot”’ (1993) 6 Traduction, Terminologie, Racdaction 13.

Barsky, Robert, ‘The Interpreter as Intercultural Agent in Convention Refugee Hearings’ (1996) 2 The Translator 45.

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Brown, Donald, ‘Crooked Straits: Maritime Smuggling of Humans from Cuba to the United States’ (2002) 33 University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 273.

Butler, Clark, Guantanamo Bay and the Judicial-Moral Treatment of the Other (Purdue University Press, 2007).

Card, David, ‘The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market’ (1990) 43 Industrial and Labor Relations Review 245.

Carlson, Scott and Gisvold, Gregory, Practical Guide to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Translation Publishers, 2003).

Chesney, Robert, ‘Leaving Guantánamo: The Law of International Detainee Transfers’ (2006) 40 University of Richmond Law Review 657.

Chinkin, Christine, ‘A Mirage in the Sand? Distinguishing Binding and Non-Binding Relations between States’ (1997) 10 Leiden International Journal of International Law 223.

Churchill, Robin and Lowe, Vaughan, Law of the Sea (Manchester University Press, 3rd ed, 1999).

Clark, Tom and Crépeau, François, ‘Human Rights in Asylum Sharing and Other Human Transfer Agreements’ (2004) 22 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 217.

Clark, Tom and Crépeau, François, ‘Mainstreaming Refugee Rights: The 1951 Refugee Convention and International Human Rights Law’ (1999) 17 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 389.

Clawson, Victoria, Detweiler, Elizabeth and Ho, Laura, ‘Litigating as Law Students: An Inside Look at Haitian Center Council’ (1994) 103 The Yale Law Journal 2337.

Collyer, Michael and de Haas, Hein, ‘Developing Dynamic Categorisation of Transit Migration’ (2012) 18 Population, Space and Place 468.

Colson, David, Smith, Robert and the American Society of International Law, International Maritime Boundaries (The American Society of International Law, 1995).

Coltman, Leycester, The Real Fidel Castro (Yale University Press, 2003).

Conte, Alex, Davidson, Scott and Burchill, Richard, Defining Civil and Political Rights (Ashgate, 2004).

Coomans, Fons and Kamminga, Menno (eds), Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Treaties (Hart Publishing, 2004).

Cooper, Phillip, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action (University Press of Kansas, 2002).

Coppens, Jasmine and Somers, Eduard, ‘Towards New Rules on Disembarkation of Persons at Sea’ (2010) 25 The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 377.

Cox, Adam, ‘Immigration Law’s Organizing Principles’ (2008) 157 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 341.

Cox, Adam, ‘The President and Immigration Law’ (2009) 119 Yale Law Journal 458.

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Crépeau, François and Nakache, Delphine, ‘Critical Space in the Canadian Refugee Determination System: 1989–2002’ (2008) 20 International Journal of Refugee Law 50.

Crock, Mary, Saul, Ben and Dastyari, Azadeh, FutureSeekersII (Federation Press, 2006).

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Dastyari, Azadeh, ‘Refugees on Guantánamo Bay. A Blue Print for Australia’s “Pacific Solution”?’ (2007) 78 Australian Quarterly 1.

Dastyari, Azadeh, ‘Swapping Refugees: The Implications of the “Atlantic Solution”’ (2008) 9 UTS Law Review 93.

Dastyari, Azadeh and Effeny, Libbey, ‘Immigration Detention in Guantánamo Bay: (Not Going Anywhere Anytime Soon)’ (2002) 6 Shima 49.

De Genova, Nicholas and Peutz, Nathalie (eds), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (Duke University Press, 2010).

De Schutter, Olivier, International Human Rights Law: Cases, Materials, Commentary (Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Deere, Carmen, ‘Here Come the Yankees! The Rise and Decline of United States Colonies in Cuba 1898–1930’ (1998) 78 The Hispanic American Historical Review 729.

Denbeaux, Mark and Hafetz, Jonathan (eds), The Guantánamo Lawyers: Inside a Prison Outside the Law (NYU Press, 2009).

Dench, Janet and Crépeau, François, ‘Introduction: Interdiction at the Expense of Human Rights: A Long-Term Containment Strategy’ (2003) 21 Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 1.

Dennis, Michael, ‘Application of Human Rights Treaties Extraterritorially In Times of Armed Conflict and Military Occupation (2005) 99 American Journal of International Law 119.

Dollar, Jordan and Kent, Allison, ‘In Times of Famine, Sweet Potatoes Have No Skin: A Historical Overview and Discussion of Post-Earthquake US Immigration Policy towards the Haitian People’ (2011) 6 Intercultural Human Rights Law Review 87.

Dupuy, Alex, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, Haiti (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006).

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Edwards, Alice, ‘Articles-Human Rights, Refugees, and the Right “to Enjoy” Asylum’ (2005) 17 International Journal of Refugee Law 293.

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Estevez, Roland, ‘Modern Application of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 and Helms-Burton: Adding Insult to Injury’ (2002) 30 Hofstra Law Review 1273.

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Falkoff, Marc and Knowles, Robert, ‘Bagram, Boumediene, and Limited Government’ (2010) 59 DePaul Law Review 851.

Farbenblum, Bassina, ‘Executive Deference in US Refugee Law: Internationalist Paths Through and Beyond Chevron’ (2011) 60 Duke Law Journal 1059.

Farber, Sonia, ‘Forgotten at Guantánamo: The Boumediene Decision and Its Implications for Refugees at the Base under the Obama Administration’ (2010) 98 California Law Review 989.

Feller, Erika, ‘Refugees Are Not Migrants’ (2005) 24 Refugee Survey Quarterly 27.

Feller, Erika, Türk, Volker, Nicholson, Frances and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge University Press, 2003).

Field, Jeannie Rose, ‘Bridging the Gap between Refugee Rights and Reality: A Proposal for Developing International Duties in the Refugee Context’ (2010) 22 International Journal of Refugee Law 512.

Fischer-Lescano, Andreas and Löhr, Tillmann, Border Control at Sea: Requirements under International Human Rights an Refugee Law (European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights, 2007).

Fischer-Lescano, Andreas, Löhr, Tillmann and Tohidipur, Timo, ‘Border Controls at Sea: Requirements under International Human Rights and Refugee Law’ (2009) 21 International Journal of Refugee Law 256.

Fisher, Louis, American Constitutional Law (Carolina Academic Press, 2005).

Fitzpatrick, Joan, ‘Revitalizing the 1951 Refugee Convention’ (1996) 9 Harvard Human Rights Journal 229.

Fitzpatrick, Joan, ‘The International Dimension of US Refugee Law’ (1997) 15 Berkeley Journal of International Law 1.

Fletcher, George, ‘Black Hole in Guantánamo Bay’ (2004) 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice 121.

Foster, Michelle, International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation (Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Foster, Michelle and Pobjoy, Jason, ‘A Failed Case of Legal Exceptionalism? Refugee Status Determination in Australia’s “Excised” Territory’ (2011) 23 International Journal of Refugee Law 583.

Francis, Angus, ‘Bringing Protection Home: Healing the Schism between International Obligations and National Safeguards Created by Extraterritorial Processing’ (2008) 20 International Journal of Refugee Law 273.

Franks, Mary Anne, ‘Guantanamo Forever: United States Sovereignty and the Unending State of Exception’ (2007) 1 Harvard Law and Policy Review 259.

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Frelick, Bill, ‘US Refugee Policy in the Caribbean: No Bridge over Troubled Waters’ (1996) 20 Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 67.

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Gerangelos, Peter, The Separation of Powers and Legislative Interference in Judicial Process: Constitutional Principles and Limitations (Hart Publishing, 2009).

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Gilbert, Geoff, ‘Editorial’ (2006) 18 International Journal of Refugee Law 487.

Ginsburg, Tom, ‘Symposium: Eastphalia as the Perfection of Westphalia’ (2010) 17 Journal of Global Legal Studies 27.

Gluck, Suzanne, ‘Intercepting Refugees at Sea: An Analysis of the United States’ Legal and Moral Obligations’ (1993) 61 Fordham Law Review 865.

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Goldstein, Brandt, Storming the Court: How a Band of Yale Law Students Sued the President – And Won (Simon and Schuster, 2005).

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Goodwin-Gill, Guy, ‘The Right to Seek Asylum: Interception at Sea and the Principle of Non-Refoulement’ (2011) 23 International Journal of Refugee Law 443.

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Greenhill, Kelly, Weapons of Mass Migration: Forced Displacement, Coercion, and Foreign Policy (Cornell University Press, 2010).

Gryll, Sarah, ‘Immigration Detention Reform: No Band-Aid Desired’ (2011) 60 Emory Law Journal 1211.

Guilfoyle, Douglas, ‘Maritime Interdiction of Weapons of Mass Destruction’ (2007) 12 Journal of Conflict & Security Law 1.

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Hamilton, Kimberly, ‘Immigrant Detention Centers in the United States and International Human Rights Law’ (2011) 21 Berkeley La Raza Law Journal 93.

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Harris, Hadar, ‘Race Across Borders: The U.S. and ICERD’ (2008) 24 Harvard Blackletter Law Journal 61.

Hathaway, James, ‘Forced Migration Studies: Could We Agree Just to “Date”?’ (2007) 20 Journal of Refugee Studies 349.

Hathaway, James, ‘Leveraging Asylum’ (2010) 45 Texas International Law Journal 503.

Hathaway, James, The Rights of Refugees Under International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2005).

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Hathaway, James and Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas, ‘Non-Refoulement in a World of Cooperative Deterrence’. Law and Economic Working Papers, Paper 106, University of Michigan Law School, 1 August 2014.

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Heckman, Gerald, ‘Securing Procedural Safeguards for Asylum Seekers in Canadian Law: An Expanding Role For International Human Rights Law?’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law 212.

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[1] Abdullahi v Pfizer, Inc., 562 F.3d 163 (2nd Cir, 2009).

[2] Akhtar v Reno, 123 F.2d Supp. 191 (SDNY, 2000).

[3] American Bar Association v Christopher, 43 F.3d 1412 (11th Cir, 1995).

[4] Barapind v Reno, 225 F.3d 1100 (9th Cir, 2000).

[5] Beazley v Johnson, 242 F.3d 248 (5th Cir, 2001).

[6] Benitez v Wallis, 337 F.3d 1289 (11th Cir, 2003).

[7] Bertrand v Sava, 684 F.2d 204 (2nd Cir, 1982).

[8] Bird v United States, 923 F Supp. 338 (D Conn, 1996).

[9] Boumediene v Bush, 553 US 723 (2008).

[10] British Caledonian Airways v Bond, 665 F.2d 1153 (DC Cir, 1981).

[11] Calderon v Reno, 39 F.2d Supp 943 (ND Ill, 1998).

[12] Calero-Toledo v Person Yacht Leasing Co., 416 US 663 (1974).

[13] Cardenas v Smith, 733 F.2d 909 (DC Cir, 1984).

[14] Clancy v Office of Foreign Assets Control of US Dept. of Treasury, 559 F.3d 595 (7th Cir, 2009).

[15] Clark v Martinez, 543 US 371 (2005).

[16] Cook v United States, 288 US 102 (1932).

[17] Cuban American Bar Association v Christopher, 43 F.3d 1412 (11th Cir, 1995).

[18] Cuban American Bar Association v Christopher, No 94–2183 (Class Action Complaints) (SD Fla, 1994).

[19] Diggs v Richardson, 555 F.2d 848 (DC Cir, 1976).

[20] Edwards v Carter, 580 F.2d 1055 (DC Cir, 1978).

[21] EEOC v Arabian American Oil Co, 499 US 244 (1991).

[22] Floy Bros v Filardo, 336 US 281 (1949).

[23] Foster v Neilson, 27 US 253 (1829).

[24] Frolova v Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 761 F.2d 370 (7th Cir, 1985).

[25] Goldstar (Panama) S.A. v United States, 967 F.2d 965 (4th Cir, 1992).

[26] Haitian Refugee Center Inc. v Christopher, 43 F.3d 1431 (11th Cir, 1995).

[27] Haitian Centers Council Inc. v McNary, 969 F.2d 1326 (2nd Cir, 1992).

[28] Haitian Centers Council Inc. v McNary, 969 F.2d 1350 (2nd Cir, 1992).

[29] Haitian Centers Council Inc. v McNary, No. 92-CV-1258 (EDNY, June 5, 1992).

[30] Haitian Centers Council Inc. v Sale, 823 F Supp. 1028 (EDNY, 1993).

[31] Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 112 S Ct 1245 (1992).

[32] Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 789 F. Supp. 1552 (SD Fla, 1991).

[33] Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 949 F.2d 1109 (11th Cir, 1991).

[34] Haitian Refugee Center v Baker, 953 F.2d 1498 (11th Cir, 1992).

[35] Haitian Refugee Center v Gracey, 600 F Supp. 1396 (DDC, 1985).

[36] Haitian Refugee Center v Gracey, 809 F.2d 794 (DC Cir, 1987).

[37] Haitian Refugee Center Inc. v Christopher (District Court for the Southern District of Florida / No. 95–0022–CIV–MOORE, 5 January 1995).

[38] Hamdan v Rumsfeld, 548 US 557 (2006).

[39] Huerta v United States, 548 F.2d 343 (Fed Cir, 1977).

[40] Igartua De La Rosa v United States, 32 F.3d 8 (1st Cir, 1994).

[41] In re Extradition of Cheung, 968 F Supp. 791(D Conn, 1997).

[42] In re Stoffregen, 6 F.2d 943 (DC Cir, 1925).

[43] INS v Aguirre-Aguirre, 119 S.Ct. 1439 (1999).

[44] INS v Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 US 440 (1987).

[45] INS v Stevic, 480 US 421 (1987).

[46] Islamic Republic of Iran v Boeing Co., 771 F.2d 1279 (9th Cir, 1985).

[47] Jama v INS, 22 F.2d Supp. 353 (DNJ, 1 October 1998).

[48] Johnson v Eisentrager, 339 US 763 (1950).

[49] Johnson v Quander, 370 F.2d Supp. 79 (D DC 2005).

[50] Kiyemba v Obama, 130 S.Ct. 1235 (2010).

[51] Kiyemba v Obama, 555 F.3d 1022 (DC Cir, 2009).

[52] Kiyemba v Obama, 561 F.3d 509 (DC Cir, 2009).

[53] Kiyemba v Obama, 605 F.3d 1046 (DC Cir, 2010).

[54] Kyler v Montezuma County, 203 F.3d 614 (9th Cir, 2000).

[55] Lauritzen v Larsen, 345 US 571 (1953).

[56] Leng May Ma v Barber, 357 US 185(1958).

[57] Linder v Calero Portocarrero, 747 F Supp. 1452 (SD Fla, 1990).

[58] United States v Marino-Garcia, 679 F.2d 1373 (11th Cir, 1982).

[59] Martinez-Lopez v Gonzales, 454 F.3d 500 (5th Cir, 2006).

[60] Matter of Median, 151 & N Dec. 611 (BIA, 1976).

[61] McNary v Haitian Centers Council, Inc., 503 US 1000 (1992).

[62] Medellin v Texas, 552 US 491 (2008).

[63] Munaf v Geren, 128553 US 674 (2008).

[64] Murray v Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 US 64 (1804).

[65] Parhat v Gates, 532 F.3d 834 (DC Cir, 2008).

[66] Pierre v Gonzales, 502 F.3d 109 (2nd Cir, 2007).

[67] Rasul v Bush, 542 US 466 (2004).

[68] Recinos De Leon v Gonzales, 400 F.3d 1185 (9th Cir, 2005).

[69] Rousseau v Brown, 21 App. DC 73 (DC Cir, 1903).

[70] Sale v Haitian Centers Council Inc., 509 US 155 (1993).

[71] Sandhu v Burke (United States District Court, S.D. New York, No 97 Civ 4608, 2000 WL 191707, 10 February 2000).

[72] Septic Tank Co. v Knoxville, 227 US 39 (1913).

[73] Singh v Ashcroft, F.3d 396 (6th Cir, 2005).

[74] Sosa v Alvarez-Machain, 542 US 692, 735 (2004).

[75] Tel-Oren v Libyan Arab Republic, 726 F.2d 774 (DC Cir, 1984).

[76] US ex rel. Knauff v Shaughnessy, 338 US 543 (1950).

[77] United States v $228,536, 895, F.2d 908 (2nd Cir, 1990).

[78] United States v Aguilar, 883 F.2d 662 (9th Cir, 1989).

[79] United States v Davis, 905 F.2d 245 (9th Cir, 1990).

[80] United States v Degado-Garcia, 374 F.3d 1137 (DC Cir, 2004).

[81] United States v Duarte-Acero, 208 F.3d 1282 (11th Cir, 2000).

[82] United States v Layton, 509 F Supp. 212 (ND Cal, 1981).

[83] United States v Lee, 906 F.2d 117 (4th Cir, 1990).

[84] United States v Merkt, 794, F.2d 950 (5th Cir, 1986).

[85] United States v Munsingwear, 340 US 36 (1950).

[86] United States v Percheman, 32 US 51 (1833).

[87] United States v Postal, 589 F.2d 862 (5th Cir, 1979).

[88] United States v Rendon, 354 F.3d 1320 (11th Cir, 2003).

[89] United States v Rogers, 388 F Supp. 298 (ED Va, 1975).

[90] United States v Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 US 259 (1990).

[91] White v Paulsen, 997 F Supp. 1380 (ED Wash, 1998).

[92] Zadvydas v Davis, 533 US 678 (2001).

[93] Zhen Li Iao v Gonzales, 400 F.3d 530 (7th Cir, 2005).

[94] An Act Declaring that War Exists Between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, 30 Stat. 364.

[95] Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 Pub L No 89–414, 732, 80 Stat. 1161 (1966).

[96] Detainees Treatment Act of 2005 Pub L No 109–148, 119 Stat. 2680, 2742–4.

[97] Executive Order 12324, 46 Federal Register 48 (1981).

[98] Executive Order 12807, 57 Federal Register 23 (1992).

[99] Executive Order 12807, 57 Federal Register 23, 133 (1992).

[100] Executive Order 13276, 67 Federal Register 69 (2002).

[101] Executive Order 13286, 68 Federal Register 10619 (2003).

[102] Executive Order 13492, 74 Federal Register 4897 (2009).

[103] Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, Pub L No 105–277 (1998).

[104] Homeland Security Act, Pub L No 107–296, 116 Stat. 745 (2002).

[105] Immigration and Nationality Act, Pub L No 82–414, 66 Stat. 163 (1952).

[106] INS Memorandum, Shipboard Processing of Cubans (9 August 1995).

[107] Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, Pub L No 104–114, 110. Stat. 785 (1996).

[108] Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, Pub L No 510, 87th Cong, 1st sess, (1962).

[109] Presidential Proclamation 2523, 3 CFR 270 (1941).

[110] Presidential Proclamation 3447, 27 Federal Register 1085 (1962).

[111] Presidential Proclamation 4865, 46 Federal Register 48 (1981).

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[114] Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Bahamas Concerning Cooperation in Maritime Law Enforcement, signed at Nassau 29 June 2004 (entered into force 29 June 2004).

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[118] Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, Registration 16 November 1994, 1836 UNTS 3 (entered into force provisionally on 16 November 1994 and definitively on 28 July 1996).

[119] Charter of the United Nations, opened for signature 26 June 1945, 1 UNTS XVI (entered into force on 24 October 1945).

[120] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, opened for signature 4 February 1985, 1465 UNTS 85 (entered into force 26 June 1987).

[121] Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 4 November 1950, 213 UNTS 222 (entered into force 3 September 1953).

[122] Convention on Rights and Duties of States, opened for signature 26 December 1933, 165 LNTS 19 (entered into force 26 December 1934).

[123] Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, opened for signature 18 December 1979, 1249 UNTS 13 (entered into force 3 September 1981).

[124] Convention on the High Seas, opened for signature 29 April 1958, 13 UST 2312 (entered into force 30 September 1962).

[125] Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, opened for signature 30 March 2007, 189 UNTS 137 (entered into force 3 May 2008).

[126] Convention on the Rights of the Child, opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS, 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990).

[127] Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 150 (entered into force 22 April 1954).

[128] International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, opened for signature 27 April 1979, 1405 UNTS 97 (entered into force 22 June 1985).

[129] International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, opened for signature 1 November 1974, 164 UNTS 113 (entered into force 25 May 1980).

[130] International Convention on Salvage, opened for signature 1 July 1989, 1953 UNTS 33479 (entered into force 14 July 1996).

[131] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, opened for signature 21 December 1965, 660 UNTS 195 (entered into force 4 January 1969).

[132] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976).

[133] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976).

[134] International Maritime Organization, Resolution MSC.167(78), Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea, 20 May 2004.

[135] Joint Statement on Migration, US Department of State Dispatch, 8 May 1995, Vol. 6, Issue 19, 397.

[136] Lease to the United States by the Government of Cuba of Certain Areas of Land and Water for naval or Coaling Stations in Guantánamo and Bahia Honda, 2 July 1903, US-Cuba, art. III, T.S. No. 426.

[137] Maritime Boundary Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba (1977) Senate Treaty Document EX. H, 96–1.

[138] Memorandum of understanding between the Government of the United Kingdom, the Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Government of the United States to establish in the Turks and Caicos Islands a processing facility to determine the refugee status of boat people from Haiti KAV 3906, Temp. State Dept. No. 94–158 (entered into force 18 June 1994).

[139] Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the United States and the Government of Jamaica for the Establishment Within the Jamaican Territorial Sea and Internal Waters of a Facility to Process Nationals of Haiti Seeking Refuge Within or Entry to the United States of America, KAV 3901, Temp. State Dept. No. 94–153 (entered into force 2 June 1994).

[140] North Atlantic Treaty, opened for signature 4 April 1949, 34 UNTS 243 (entered into force 24 August 1949).

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[142] Organization of American States, Resolution MRE/RES,. 1/91 OEA/SER. F/V.1 (3 October, 1991).

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[145] Protocol No 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol No 11, opened for signature 22 November 1984, ETS No 117 (entered into force 11 November 1988).

[146] Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 31 January 1967, 606 UNTS 267 (entered into force 4 October 1967).

[147] The Situation of Democracy and Human Rights in Haiti, GA Res 46/7, 51st Plen mtg, UN Doc A/RES/46/7 (11 October 1991).

[148] Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, G.A. Res. 428 (V), annex, UN GAOR Supp. (No 20), 46 UN Doc A/1775 (1950).

[149] Treaty Between the United States and Cuba. Defining Their Relations, May 29, 1934, US-. Cuba, T.S. No. 866.

[150] Treaty of Paris, 30 Stat. 1754.

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[152] United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 14 November 1994).

[153] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A(III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/810 (10 December 1948).

[154] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 2: Function of the Subcommittee and General Conclusion on International Protection, 27th sess, UN Doc 12A A/10012/Add.1 (14 October 1975).

[155] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 8: Note on the Extraterritorial Effect of the Determination of Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 29th sess, UN Doc EC/SCP/9 (24 August 1978).

[156] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 11: General Conclusion on International Protection, 29th sess, UN Doc 12A A/33/12/Add.1 (17 October 1978).

[157] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 14: General Conclusion on International Protection, 30th sess, UN Doc 12A A/34/12/Add.1 (16 October 1979).

[158] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 16: General Conclusion on International Protection, 31st sess, UN Doc 12A A/35/12/Add.1 (16 October 1980).

[159] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 20: Protection of Asylum-Seekers at Sea, 31st sess, UN Doc No 12A A/35/12/Add.1 (16 October 1980).

[160] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 21: General Conclusion on International Protection, 32nd sess, UN Doc 12A A/35/12/Add.1 (21 October 1981).

[161] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 25: General Conclusion on International Protection, 33rd sess, UN Doc 12A A/37/12/Add.1 (20 October 1982).

[162] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 28: Follow-up on Earlier Conclusions of the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection on the Determination of Refugee Status, Inter Alia, with Reference to the Role of UNHCR in National Refugee Status Determination Procedures, 33rd sess, UN Doc 12A A/36/12/Add. 12 (20 October 1982).

[163] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 29: General Conclusion on International Protection, 34th sess, UN Doc 12A A/38/12/Add.1 (20 October 1983).

[164] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 44: Detention of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers, 37th sess, UN Doc 12A A/41/12/Add.1 (13 October 1986).

[165] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 46: General Conclusion on International Protection, 38th sess, UN Doc12A A/42/12/Add.1 (12 October 1987).

[166] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 55: General Conclusion on International Protection, 40th sess, UN Doc 12A A/44/12/Add.1 (13 October 1989).

[167] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 71: General Conclusion on International Protection, 44th sess, UN Doc 12A A/48/12/Add.1 (8 October 1993).

[168] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 74: General Conclusion on International Protection, 45th sess, UN Doc 12A A/49/12/Add.1 (7 October 1994).

[169] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 81: General Conclusion on International Protection, 48th sess, UN Doc A/52/12/Add.1 (17 October 1997).

[170] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 82: Conclusion on Safeguarding Asylum, 48th sess, UN Doc A/52/12/Add.1 (17 October 1997).

[171] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 85: Conclusion on International Protection, 49th sess, UN Doc 12A A/53/12/Add.1 (9 October 1998).

[172] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 87: General Conclusion on International Protection, 50th sess, UN Doc 12A A/54/12/Add.1 (8 October 1999).

[173] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 93: Conclusion on Reception of Asylum Seekers in the Context of Individual Asylum Systems, 53rd sess, UN Doc 12A A/57/12/Add.1 (8 October 2002).

[174] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 97: Conclusion on Protection Safeguards in Interception Measures, 58th sess, UN Doc A/58/12/Add.1 (10 October 2003).

[175] UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion No 99: Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees, 55th sess, UN Doc A/59/12/Add.1, (8 October 1997).

[176] UNHCR ExCom, Note on International Protection, 52nd sess, UN Doc A/AC.96/951 (13 September 2001).

[177] UNHCR ExCom, Note on the Extraterritorial Effect of the Determination of Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, Conclusion No 8., 29th sess, UN Doc EC/SCP/9 (24 August 1978).

[178] UNHCR, Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol (26 January 2007) <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45f17a1a4.html>.

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[187] UNHCR, ‘The Haitian Interdiction Case 1993 Brief amicus curiae’, (1994) 6 International Journal of Refugee Law 85.

[188] United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems, Summary Record of the Twentieth Meeting 11–12, <www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae68c1c0.html>.

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[198] Bakhtiyari v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002 (29 October 2003).

[199] Burgos v Uruguay, UN Doc CCPR/C/13/D/52/1979 (29 July 1981).

[200] Byahuranga v Denmark, UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/1222/2003 (9 December 2004).

[201] C v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/76/D/ 900/1999 (28 October 2002).

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[203] Casariego v Uruguay, UN Doc. CCPR/C/13/D/56/1979 (29 July 1981).

[204] Celepli v Sweden, UN Doc CCPR/C/51/D/456/1991 (18 July 1994).

[205] Chadzjian v The Netherlands, UN Doc CCPR/C/93/D/1494/2006 (5 August 2008).

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[213] D & E v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/87/D/1050/2002 (11 July 2006).

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[218] Hammel v Madagascar, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 (3 April 1987).

[219] Hudoyberganova v Uzbekistan, UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/931/2000 (15 June 2004).

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[226] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 15: The Position of Aliens Under the Covenant, 27th sess, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 (4 November 1986).

[227] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 18: Non-Discrimination, 37th sess (10 November 1989).

[228] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 20: Replaces General Comment No 7 Concerning Prohibition Of Torture And Cruel Treatment Or Punishment, 44th sess, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev6 (10 March 1992).

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[230] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 27: Freedom of Movement (Art.12), 67th sess, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9 (2 November 1999).

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[237] J.H.A v Spain, UN Doc CAT/C/41/D/323/2007 (21 November 2008).

[238] K. A. L. and A. A. M. L v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/104/D/1816/2008 (26 March 2012).

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[240] Kaur v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/94/D/1455/2006 (18 November 2008).

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[243] Kurbanov v Tajikistan, UN Doc CCPR/C/79/D/1096/2002 (12 November 2003).

[244] Kwok v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/97/D/1442/2005 (23 October 2009).

[245] Lee v Republic of Korea, UN Doc CCPR/C/84/D/1119/2002 (23 August 2005).

[246] Madafferi v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/81/D/1011/2001 (26 August 2004).

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[248] Marques de Morais v Angola, UN Doc CCPR/C/83/D/1128/2002 (18 April 2005).

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[253] Sarma v Sri Lanka, UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/950/2000 (31 July 2003).

[254] Semey v Spain, UN Doc CCPR/C/78/D/986/2001 (19 September 2003).

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[256] Shams v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/90/D/1255, 1256, 1259, 1260, 1266, 1268, 1270, 1288/2004 (11 September 2007).

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[258] Tillman v Australia, UN Doc CCPR/C/98/D/1635/2007 (10 May 2010).

[259] Torres v Finland, UN Doc CCPR/C/38/D/291/1988 (5 April 1990).

[260] Van Alphen v The Netherlands, UN Doc CCPR/C/39/D/305/1988 (15 August 1990).

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[263] Zundel v Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/89/D/1341/2005 (4 April 2007).

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[265] Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) (Judgment, Merits) [2005] ICJ Rep 168.

[266] Avena case (Mexico v United States) [2004] ICJ Rep 12.

[267] Case Concerning the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v Russian Federation) (Provisional Measure)[2008] ICJ Rep 353.

[268] Case Concerning the Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States Of America) (Judgement) [1986] ICJ Rep 14.

[269] Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136.

[270] Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) [1994] ICJ Rep 112.

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United States Migrant Interdiction and the Detention of Refugees in Guantánamo Bay

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Contents

United States Migrant Interdiction and the Detention of Refugees in Guantánamo Bay
pp i-ii

United States Migrant Interdiction and the Detention of Refugees in Guantánamo Bay - Title page
pp iii-iii

Copyright page
pp iv-iv

Contents
pp v-viii

Acknowledgements
pp ix-x

Glossary
pp xi-xiv

Glossary
pp xv-xvi

1 - Introduction
pp 1-12

2 - Political and Historical Background
pp 13-58

3 - Authority for the Exercise of Jurisdiction under the Municipal Law of the United States and the International Law of the Sea
pp 59-94

4 - The United States’ Obligations under International Human Rights and Refugee Law
pp 95-136

5 - Status Determinations in International Waters and in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba
pp 137-171

6 - Detention and Related Issues in Guantánamo Bay
pp 172-214

7 - Conclusion
pp 215-220

Bibliography
pp 221-260

Index
pp 261-270

Bibliography

U.S. Case Law and Related Documents

U.S. Statutes, Notices, Regulations, Executive Orders, Proclamations and Other Related Material

Treaties and Other International Agreements

Material Relating to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Program

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United States Migrant Interdiction and the Detention of Refugees in Guantánamo Bay

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Contents

Bibliography

U.S. Case Law and Related Documents

U.S. Statutes, Notices, Regulations, Executive Orders, Proclamations and Other Related Material

Treaties and Other International Agreements

Material Relating to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Program

Material Relating to United Nations Treaty Bodies

Decisions of the International Court of Justice

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