Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-llmch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T17:46:20.414Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Ethiopia’ and the World, 330–1500 CE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2024

Yonatan Binyam
Affiliation:
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
Verena Krebs
Affiliation:
Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany

Summary

This Cambridge Element offers an interdisciplinary introduction to the histories of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands from late antiquity to the late medieval period, updating traditional Western academic perspectives. Early scholarship, often by philologists and religious scholars, upheld 'Ethiopia' as an isolated repository of ancient Jewish and Christian texts. This work reframes the region's history, highlighting the political, economic, and cultural interconnections of different kingdoms, polities, and peoples. Utilizing recent advancements in Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies as well as Medieval Studies, it reevaluates key instances of contact between 'Ethiopia' and the world of Afro-Eurasia, situating the histories of the Christian, Muslim, and local-religious or 'pagan' groups living in the Red Sea littoral and the Eritrean-Ethiopian highlands in the context of the Global Middle Ages.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009106115
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 30 May 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adankpo-Labadie, Olivia. 2023. Moines, Saints et Hérétiques dans l’Éthiopie Médiévale: Les Disciples d’Ēwosṭātēwos et l’invention d’un Mouvement Monastique Hétérodoxe (XIVe–Milieu du XVe Siècle). Rome: École française de Rome.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belay Birru, Alebachew. 2020a. “Megaliths, Landscapes, and Society in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia: An Archaeological Research.” PhD thesis, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès.Google Scholar
Belay Birru, Alebachew 2020b. “The ‘Shay Culture’ Revisited: Overview of Recent Archaeological Fiedlworks in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia.” Nyame Akuma 39: 1116.Google Scholar
Andersen, Knud Tage. 2000. “The Queen of the Habasha in Ethiopian History, Tradition and Chronology.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63.1: 3163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anfray, Francis. 1974. “Deux Villes Axoumites: Adoulis et Matara.” In IV Congresso Internazionale di Studi Etiopici. Roma 10–15 Aprile 1972, 745–65. Rome: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei.Google Scholar
Athanasius. 1987. Athanase d’Alexandrie: Deux Apologies. Edited by Jan, M. Szymusiak. Paris: Éditions du Cerf.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. 1976. “The Victories of Constantine.” Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 20: 149–55.Google Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro. 2021. “‘Paleografia quale Scienza dello Spirito’: Once More on the Gǝʿǝz Inscription of Ham (RIÉ No. 232).” In Exploring Written Artefacts: Objects, Methods, and Concepts, edited by Quenzer, Jörg B, 333. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bausi, Alessandro 2023. “‘Lingua Franca Notarile Bizantina’ in Etiopia? Su un Tratto Linguistico nel Più Antico Testo Documentario Etiopico (Le Costruzioni del Tipo ʾǝmfalaga Falagu, ‘lungo il Fiume’).” In Documenti Scartati, Documenti Reimpiegati. Forme, Linguaggi, Metodi per Nuove Prospettive di Ricerca, edited by Gregorio, Giuseppe De, Modesti, Maddalena, and Mangini, Marta Luigina, 309–35. Geneva: Società Ligure di Storia Patria.Google Scholar
Beckingham, Charles F., and Huntingford, George W. B., eds. 1961. The Prester John of the Indies: A True Relation of the Lands of the Prester John, Being the Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520, Written by Father Francisco Alvares. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bortolotto, Susanna, Cattaneo, Nelly, and Serena, Massa. 2021. “Seasonal Watercourses as the Source of Wealth and a Cause of Destruction: The Water Management in Adulis (Eritrea) in Antiquity and Today.” Larhyss Journal 47: 2538.Google Scholar
Bosc-Tiessé, Claire, Derat, Marie-Laure, Bruxelles, Laurent, Fauvelle, François-Xavier, Gleize, Yves, and Mensan, Romain. 2014. “The Lalibela Rock Hewn Site and Its Landscape (Ethiopia).Journal of African Archaeology 12.2: 141–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouanga, Ayda. 2014. “Le Royaume du Damot: Enquête sur une Puissance Politique et Économique de la Corne de l’Afrique (XIIIe Siècle).Annales d’Éthiopie 29: 2758.Google Scholar
Bowersock, G. W. 1971. “A Report on Arabia Provincia.” Journal of Roman Studies 61: 219–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowersock, G. W. 2013. The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bramoullé, David. 2020. Les Fatimides et la Mer (909–1171). Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Breton, Jean-François, and Aytenew Ayele, Yohannes. 2019. “Kwiha (Tigray, Ethiopia): The Aksumite City.” Afrique: Archéologie & Arts 15: 5366.Google Scholar
Budge, E. A. Wallis. 1928. The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church: A Translation of the Ethiopic Synaxarium Made from the Manuscripts Oriental 660 and 661 in the British Museum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Budge, E. A. Wallis 2000. The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek (Kebrä Nägäst). Repr. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burstein, S. M. 1981. “Axum and the Fall of Meroe.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 18: 4750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casson, Lionel. 1989. The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cerulli, Enrico. 1941. “Il Sultanato dello Scioa nel Secolo XIII Secondo un Nuovo Documento Storico.” Rassegna Di Studi Etiopici 1.1: 542.Google Scholar
Chaniotis, Angelos. 2010. “Megatheism: The Search for the Almighty God and the Competition of Cults.” In One God: Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, edited by Van Nuffelen, Peter and Mitchell, Stephen, 112–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chekroun, Amélie. 2016. “Ottomans, Yemenis and the ‘Conquest of Abyssinia’ (1531–1543).” In Movements in Ethiopia/Ethiopia in Movement: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, edited by Ficquet, Éloi, Omer, Ahmed Hassen, and Osmond, Thomas, 163–74. Los Angeles, CA: Tsehai.Google Scholar
Chekroun, Amélie, Bernard, Régis, Ayenachew, Deresse, Zeleke, Hailu, Onezime, Olivier, Shewangizaw, Addisu, Fauvelle, François-Xavier, and Hirsch, Bertrand. 2011. “Les Harla: Archéologie et Mémoire des Géants d’Ethiopie: Proposition de Séquence Historique pour les Sites du Č̣ärč̣är.” In Espaces Musulmans de la Corne de l’Afrique au Moyen Âge, edited by Fauvelle, François-Xavier and Hirsch, Bertrand, 7598. Paris: De Boccard.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chekroun, Amélie, and Hirsch, Bertrand. 2020a. “The Muslim–Christian Wars and the Oromo Expansion: Transformations at the End of the Middle Ages (ca. 1500–ca. 1560).” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 454–76. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Chekroun, Amélie, and Hirsch, Bertrand 2020b. “The Sultanates of Medieval Ethiopia.” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 86112. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chowdhury, K. A., and Buth, G. M.. 1971. “Cotton Seeds from the Neolithic in Egyptian Nubia and the Origin of Old World Cotton.Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3.4: 303–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Leonardo. 2009. The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632). Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.Google Scholar
Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1937. “Necropoli Musulmana ed Antica Chiesa Cristiana Presso Uogrì Haribà nell’Enderta.” Rivista degli Studi Orientali 17: 399408.Google Scholar
Crawford, Osbert G. S. 1958. Ethiopian Itineraries circa 1400–1524: Including Those Collected by Alessandro Zorzi at Venice in the Years 1519–24. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.Google Scholar
Crummey, Donald. 2000. Land and Society in the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Cuvigny, H., and Julien Robin, Christian. 1996. “Des Kinaidokolpite Clans un Ostracon Grec du Desert Oriental (Egypte).Topoi 6.2: 6970720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dege-Müller, Sophia. 2018. “Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia.” Entangled Religions 6: 247308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure. 2003. Le Domaine des Rois Éthiopiens, 1270–1527: Espace, Pouvoir et Monarchisme – Histoire Ancienne et Médiévale. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure 2009. “Du Begwenā au Lāstā: Centre et Périphérie dans le Royaume d’Éthiopie du XIIIe au XVIe Siècle.” Annales d’Éthiopie 24: 6586.Google Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure 2010. “Les Donations du Roi Lālibalā: Éléments pour une Géographie du Royaume Chrétien d’Éthiopie au Tournant du XIIe et du XIIIe Siècle.” Annales d’Éthiopie 25: 1942.Google Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure 2018. L’énigme d’une Dynastie Sainte et Usurpatrice Ddans le Royaume Chrétien d’Éthiopie du XIe au XIIIe Siècle. Hagiologia 14. Turnhout: Brepols.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure 2020a. “Before the Solomonids: Crisis, Renaissance and the Emergence of the Zagwe Dynasty (Seventh–Thirteenth Centuries).” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 3156. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure 2020b. “L’affaire des Mosquées.” Médiévales 79: 1536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure, Bosc-Tiessé, Claire, Garric, Antoine, Mensan, Romain, Fauvelle, François-Xavier, Gleize, Yves, and Goujon, Anne-Lise. 2021. “The Rock-Cut Churches of Lalibela and the Cave Church of Washa Mika’el: Troglodytism and the Christianisation of the Ethiopian Highlands.” Antiquity 95. 380: 467–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derat, Marie-Laure, Fritsch, Emmanuel, Bosc-Tiessé, Claire, Garric, Antoine, Mensan, Romain, Fauvelle, François-Xavier, and Berhe, Hiluf. 2020. “Māryām Nāzrēt (Ethiopia): The Twelfth-Century Transformations of an Aksumite Site in Connection with an Egyptian Christian Community.” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 239: 473507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayenachew, Deresse. 2009. “Le Kätäma: La Cour et le Camp en Ethiopie (XIVe–XVIe Siècle) – Espace et Pouvoir.” PhD thesis, Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Ayenachew, Deresse 2011. “The Southern Interests of the Royal Court of Ethiopia in the Light of Bǝrbǝr Maryam’s Ge’ez and Amharic Manuscripts.” Special issue with the theme Production, Preservation, and Use of Ethiopian Archives (Fourteenth–Eighteenth Centuries), edited by Wion, Anaïs and Bertrand, Paul. Northeast African Studies 11/2: 4357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayenachew, Deresse 2014. “Evolution and Organisation of the Ç̌äwa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia.” Annales d’Éthiopie 29: 8395.Google Scholar
Ayenachew, Deresse 2020. “Territorial Expansion and Administrative Evolution under the ‘Solomonic’ Dynasty.” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 5785. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayenachew, Deresse 2021. “The Ideology of the Shebanization and the Birth of the Ethiopian Nation (13th–16th Century).” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 14.1/2: 79104.Google Scholar
el-Chennafi, Mohammed. 1976. “Mention Nouvelle d’une ‘Reine Éthiopienne’ au IVe s. de l’hégire / Xe s. Ap. J.-C.” Annales d’Éthiopie 10: 119–21.Google Scholar
Fattovich, Rodolfo. 2014. “La Civiltà Aksumita: Aspetti Archeologici.” In Storia e Leggenda dell’Etiopia Tardoantica: Le Iscrizioni Reali Aksumite, 273–92. Brescia: Paideia.Google Scholar
Fauvelle, François-Xavier. 2018. The Golden Rhinoceros: Histories of the African Middle Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauvelle, François-Xavier 2020. “Of Conversion and Conversation: Followers of Local Religions in Medieval Ethiopia.” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 113–41. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Fauvelle, François-Xavier, and Hirsch, Bertrand. 2011. “En Guise d’introduction: Sur les Traces de l’Islam Ancien en Éthiopie et dans la Corne de l’Afrique.” In Espaces Musulmans de la Corne de l’Afrique au Moyen Âge, edited by Fauvelle, François-Xavier and Hirsch, Bertrand, 1126. Paris: De Boccard.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauvelle, François-Xavier, Hirsch, Bertrand, Bernard, Régis, and Champagne, Frédéric. 2011. “Le Port de Zeyla et Son Arrière-Pays au Moyen Âge: Investigations Archéologiques et Retour aux Sources Écrites.” In Espaces Musulmans de la Corne de l’Afrique au Moyen Âge, edited by Fauvelle, François-Xavier and Hirsch, Bertrand, 2774. Paris: De Boccard.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauvelle, François-Xavier, Hirsch, Bertrand, and Chekroun, Amélie. 2017. “Le Sultanat de l’Awfāt, Sa Capitale et La Nécropole Des Walasmaʿ.” Annales Islamologiques 51: 239–95.Google Scholar
Fauvelle, François-Xavier, and Poissonnier, Bertrand. 2012. La Culture Shay d’Éthiopie: Recherches Archéologiques et Historiques sur une Élite Païenne. Paris: De Boccard.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, and Hirsch, Bertrand. 2004. “Muslim Historical Spaces in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa: A Reassessment.” Northeast African Studies 11.1: 2553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier, Hirsch, Bertrand, Bruxelles, Laurent, Mesfin, Chalachew, and Chekroun, Amélie. 2006. “Reconnaissance de Trois Villes Musulmanes de l’époque Médiévale dans l’Ifat.” Annales d’Éthiopie 22: 133–75.Google Scholar
Finneran, Niall. 2009. “Built by Angels? Towards a Buildings Archaeology Context for the Rock-Hewn Medieval Churches of Ethiopia.” World Archaeology 41.3: 415–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaventa, Beverly Roberts. 1986. From Darkness to Light: Aspects of Conversion in the New Testament. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Gnisci, Jacopo. 2020. “Constructing Kingship in Early Solomonic Ethiopia: The David and Solomon Portraits in the Juel-Jensen Psalter.” Art Bulletin 102.4: 736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gori, Alessandro. 2020. “Islamic Cultural Traditions of Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea.” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 142–61. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Grasso, Valentina. 2023. Pre-Islamic Arabia: Societies, Politics, Cults and Identities during Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haaland, G., and Haaland, R.. 2007. “God of War, Worldly Ruler, and Craft Specialists in the Meroitic Kingdom of Sudan: Inferring Social Identity from Material Remains.” Journal of Social Archaeology 7.3: 372–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, Wolfgang. 2000. “Askumite Numismatics: A Critical Survey of Recent Research.” Revue Numismatique 6.155: 281311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hahn, Wolfgang 2016. “The Numismatic Heritage of Aksum: Coinage as a Multilateral Source in Studying Cultural History.” Ityopis: Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2: 4858.Google Scholar
Hatke, George. 2011. “Africans in Arabia Felix: Aksumite Relations with Himyar in the Sixth Century C.E.” PhD thesis, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Hatke, George 2013. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. 2021. The Global Middle Ages: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Robin. 1971. “African Conversion.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 41.2: 85108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntingford, G. W. B., ed. 1965. The Glorious Victories of Amda Seyon, King of Ethiopia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ḥawqal, Ibn. 1964. Ibn Hauqal – Configuration de La Terre (Kitab Surat al-Ard). Edited by Kramers, Johannes and Wiet, Goeje. Beirut: Commission Internationale pour la Traduction des Chefs-d’OEuvre.Google Scholar
Insoll, Timothy. 2001. “Dahlak Kebir, Eritrea: From Aksumite to Ottoman.” Adumatu 3: 3950.Google Scholar
Insoll, Timothy 2021. “Marine Shell Working at Harlaa, Ethiopia, and the Implications for Red Sea Trade.” Journal of African Archaeology 19.1: 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, Timothy 2023. “Archaeological Perspectives on Contacts between Cairo and Eastern Ethiopia in the 12th to 15th Centuries.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 66.1–2: 154205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, Timothy, Khalaf, Nadia, MacLean, Rachel, Parsons-Morgan, Hannah, Tait, Nicholas, Gaastra, Jane, Beldados, Alemseged, Pryor, Alexander J. E., Evis, Laura, and Laure, Dussubieux. 2021. “Material Cosmopolitanism: The Entrepot of Harlaa as an Islamic Gateway to Eastern Ethiopia.” Antiquity 95.380: 487507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffery, Arthur. 2007. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’an. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Steven. 1982. “Ezana’s Conversion Reconsidered.” Journal of Religion in Africa 13.2: 101–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Steven 1984. The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Krebs, Verena. 2019. “Crusading Threats? Ethiopian–Egyptian Relations in the 1440s.” In Les Croisades en Afrique. XIII–XVIe Siècles, edited by Weber, Benjamin, 245–74. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi.Google Scholar
Krebs, Verena 2021. Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe. Chur: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kropp, Manfred. 1988. “The Śǝrʿatä Gǝbr: A Mirror View of Daily Life at the Ethiopian Royal Court in the Middle Ages.” Northeast African Studies 10.2–3: 5187.Google Scholar
Kropp, Manfred 1999. “‘Glücklich, wer vom Weib geboren, dessen Tage doch kurzbemessen!’ Die altäthiopische Grabinschrift, datiert auf den 23. Dezember 873 n. Chr.” Oriens Christianus 83: 162–76.Google Scholar
Lepage, Claude. 2006. “Entre Aksum et Lalibela: Les Églises du Sud-Est du Tigray (IXe–XIIe s.) en Éthiopie.” Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 150. 1: 939.Google Scholar
Lepage, Claude, and Mercier, Jacques. 2005. Art Éthiopien: Les Églises Historiques du Tigray. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Google Scholar
Levine, Donald N. 2000. Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loiseau, Julien. 2019a. “Abyssinia at Al-Azhar: Muslim Students from the Horn of Africa in Late Medieval Cairo.” Northeast African Studies 19.1: 6184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loiseau, Julien 2019b. “The Ḥaṭī and the Sultan: Letters and Embassies from Abyssinia to the Mamluk Court.” In Mamlūk Cairo, a Crossroads for Embassies: Studies on Diplomacy and Diplomatics, edited by Bauden, Frédéric and Dekkiche, Malika, 638–57. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Loiseau, Julien 2020a. “Chrétiens d’Égypte, Musulmans d’Éthiopie: Protection des Communautés et Relations Diplomatiques entre le Sultanat Mamelouk et le Royaume Salomonien (ca 1270–1516).” Médiévales 79: 3768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loiseau, Julien 2020b. “Retour à Bilet: Un Cimetière Musulman Médiéval du Tigray Oriental.” Bulletin d’Études Orientales 67.1: 5996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loiseau, Julien, Dorso, Simon, Gleize, Yves, Ollivier, David, Ayenachew, Deresse, Berhe, Hiluf, Chekroun, Amélie, and Hirsch, Bertrand. 2021. “Bilet and the Wider World: New Insights into the Archaeology of Islam in Tigray.” Antiquity 95. 380: 508–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusini, Gianfrancesco. 2002. “Christians and Moslems in Eastern Tigray up to the XIV C.” Studi Magrebini 25: 245–52.Google Scholar
Marrassini, Paolo. 2007. “Kǝbrä Nägäśt.” In Encyclopedia Aethiopica, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, 3, He-N: 364–68.Google Scholar
Marshall, Michael H., Lamb, Henry F., Davies, Sarah J., Leng, Melanie J., Kubsa, Zelalem, Umer, Mohammed, and Bryant, Charlotte. 2009. “Climatic Change in Northern Ethiopia during the Past 17,000 Years: A Diatom and Stable Isotope Record from Lake Ashenge.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 279.1: 114–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez d’Alos-Moner, Andreu. 2015. Envoys of a Human God: The Jesuit Mission to Christian Ethiopia, 1557–1632. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massa, Serena, and Cattaneo, Nelly. 2020. “Adulis (Eritrea): Criticità e Peculiarità di un Sito Complesso nel Corno d’Africa.” Archeologia e Calcolatori 31.2: 4557.Google Scholar
Matthews, Derek, and Mordini, Antonio. 1959. “The Monastery of Debra Damo, Ethiopia.” Archaeologia 97 Second Series, 47: 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mekouria, T. T. 1981. “Christian Aksum.” In General History of Africa II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa, edited by Mokhtar, G., 401–22. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mercier, Jacques, and Lepage, Claude. 2012. Lalibela: Christian Art of Ethiopia, the Monolithic Churches and Their Treasures. London: Paul Holberton Publishing.Google Scholar
Migne, Jacques-Paul. 1849. Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina. Vol. 21. Paris: Garnier Freres.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Stephen, and van Nuffelen, Peter, eds. 2010. Monotheism between Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity. Walpole, MA: Peeters.Google Scholar
Mordini, Antonio. 1957. “Un Tissu Musulman du Moyen Âge Provenant du Couvent de Dabra Dāmmò.” Annales d’Éthiopie 2: 7579.Google Scholar
Mordini, Antonio. 1960. “Gli Aurei di Kushāna del Convento di Dabra Dāmmò: Un’indizio [sic] sui Rapporti Commerciali fra l’India e l’Etiopia nei Primi Secoli dell’era Volgare.” In Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi Etiopici (Roma 2–4 Aprile 1959), 249–54. Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.Google Scholar
Muehlbauer, Mikael. 2021. “From Stone to Dust: The Life of the Kufic-Inscribed Frieze of Wuqro Cherqos in Tigray, Ethiopia.” Muqarnas Online 38.1: 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muehlbauer, Mikael 2023a. “An African ‘Constantine’ in the Twelfth Century: The Architecture of the Early Zagwe Dynasty and Egyptian Episcopal Authority.” Gesta 62.2: 127152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muehlbauer, Mikael 2023b. Bastions of the Cross: Medieval Rock-Cut Cruciform Churches of Tigray, Ethiopia. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart C. 1982. “The Foreign Trade of Aksumite Port of Adulis.” Azania 17: 107–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart C. 1991. Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart C. 1997. Ethiopia and Alexandria: The Metropolitan Episcopacy of Ethiopia. Warszawa–Wiesbaden: ZAŚ PAN.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart C. 2001. “A Sixth Century Kebra Nagast?Annales d’Éthiopie 17.1: 4358.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart, and Fattovich, Rodolfo. 2003. “Aksum.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, I: 173b–83. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Munro-Hay, Stuart, and Nosnitsin, Denis. 2005. “Danǝʾel, Ḥaṣ́ani.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, II: 84a–85a. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Parsons-Morgan, Hannah. 2023. “Chinese Ceramic Consumption in Medieval Ethiopia: An Archaeological Perspective.” Orientations 54.3: 3442.Google Scholar
Phillipson, David. 2003. “Aksum: An Archaeological Introduction and Guide.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 38.1: 168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillipson, David 2014. Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum & the Northern Horn, 1000 BC–AD 1300. Woodbridge: James Currey.Google Scholar
Philostorgius, . 2007. Church History. Translated by Philip R. Amidon. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature.Google Scholar
Playne, Beatrice. 1954. St. George for Ethiopia. London: Constable.Google Scholar
Pogossian, Zaroui. 2021. “Armeno-Aethiopica in the Middle Ages: Geography, Tales of Christianization, Calendars, and Anti-Dyophysite Polemics in the First Millennium.” Aethiopica 24: 104–40.Google Scholar
Portella, Mario Alexis, and Woldegaber, Abraham Buruk. 2012. Abyssinian Christianity: The First Christian Nation. Edited by Pringle, Brendan. BP Editing.Google Scholar
Power, Timothy. 2009. “The Expansion of Muslim Commerce in the Red Sea Basin, c. AD 833–969.” In Connected Hinterlands. Proceedings of Red Sea Project IV, edited by Blue, Lucy, Cooper, John, Thomas, Ross, and Whitewright, Julian, 111–18. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Pryor, A. J. E., Insoll, T., and Evis, L.. 2020. “Laser Ablation Strontium Isotope Analysis of Human Remains from Harlaa and Sofi, Eastern Ethiopia, and the Implications for Islamisation and Mobility.” STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research 6.1: 113–36.Google Scholar
Raven, Wim. 1988. “Some Early Islamic Texts on the Negus of Abyssinia.” Journal of Semitic Studies 33.2: 197218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien. 1989. “La Premiere Intervention Abyssine en Arabie Meridionale (de 200 a 270 de l’Ere Chretienne Environ).” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, edited by Beyene, Taddese, 2: 147–62. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies.Google Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien 2010. “L’Antiquité.” In Routes d’Arabie: Archéologie et Histoire du Royaume d’Arabie Séoudite, edited by Ali Al-Ghabban, Ibrahim, André-Salvini, Béatrice, and Demange, Françoise, 8099. Paris: Musée du Louvre.Google Scholar
Robin, Christian Julien 2015. “Ḥimyar, Aksūm, and Arabia Deserta in Late Antiquity: The Epigraphic Evidence.” In Arabs and Empires Before Islam, edited by Fisher, Greg, 127–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rufinus. 1997. The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia: Books 10 and 11. Translated by Philip R. Amidon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rukuni, Rugare. 2020. “Religious Statecraft: Constantinianism in the Figure of Nagashi Kaleb.” Hervormde Teologiese Studies 76.4: 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rukuni, Rugare. 2021. “Negus Ezana: Revisiting the Christianisation of Aksum.” Verbum et Ecclesia 42.1: 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, Sāwīris. 1948. History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church: Known as the History of the Holy Church, Volume 2, Part 2: Khaël III–Senouti II (A.D. 880–1066) by Sawīrus Ibn al-Mukaffa’, Bishop of Al-Asmunin. Edited by ‘Abd al-Masih Yassā. Translated by Aziz Suryal Atiya and Oswald Hugh Edward Burmester. Cairo: Société d’archéologie copte.Google Scholar
ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, Sāwīris 1970. History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church: Known as the History of the Holy Church, Volume 3, Part 2: Mark III–John VI (A.D. 1167–1216). Edited by ‘Abd al-Masih Yassā. Translated by Aziz Suryal Atiya and Oswald Hugh Edward Burmester. Cairo: Société d’archéologie copte.Google Scholar
Schneider, Madeleine. 1967. “Stèles Funéraires Arabes de Quiha.” Annales d’Éthiopie 7: 107–22.Google Scholar
Schneider, Madeleine 1983. Stèles Funéraires Musulmanes des Îles Dahlak (Mer Rouge). 2 Vols. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.Google Scholar
Seignobos, Robin. 2020. “Pouvoirs Chrétiens et Musulmans, de la Corne de l’Afrique à la Vallée du Nil (Xie–Xve Siècle).Médiévales 79: 514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selassie, Sergew Hable. 1972. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270. Addis Ababa: United Printers.Google Scholar
Simmons, Adam. 2022. Nubia, Ethiopia, and the Crusading World, 1095–1402. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smidt, Wolbert G. C. 2004. “Eine arabische Inschrift in Kwiḥa, Tigray.” In Studia Aethiopica in Honour of Siegbert Uhlig on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, edited by Böll, Verena, Nosnitsin, Denis, Rave, Thomas, Smidt, Wolbert, and Sokolinskaia, Evgenia, 259–68. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Smidt, Wolbert G. C. 2009. “Eine weitere arabische Inschrift von der osttigrayischen Handelsroute: Hinweis auf eine muslimische Kultstätte in der ‘Dunklen Periode’?Aethiopica 12: 126–35.Google Scholar
Smidt, Wolbert G. C. 2010. “Another Unknown Arabic Inscription from the Eastern Tigrayan Trade Route.” Orbis Aethiopicus 13: 179–91.Google Scholar
Smidt, Wolbert, and Gori, Alessandro. 2010. “Ottoman Empire, Relations with The.” In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert and Bausi, Alessandro, IV: 74b–81a. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Stenhouse, Paul Lester, and Pankhurst, Richard, eds. 2005. Futūḥ Al-Ḥabaša: The Conquest of Abyssinia. Hollywood, LA: Tsehai Publishers.Google Scholar
Stephenson, Paul. 2009. Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor. New York: Overlook Press.Google Scholar
Stroumsa, Guy G. 2015. The Making of the Abrahamic Religions in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symes, Carol. 2011. “When We Talk About Modernity.” American Historical Review 116.3: 715–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamrat, Taddesse. 1970. “The Abbots of Däbrä-Hayq, 1248–1535.” Journal of Ethiopian Studies 8.1: 87117.Google Scholar
Tamrat, Taddesse 1972. Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270–1527. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Tsegay Berhe, Gebre Libanos. 2005. “Däbrä Damo.” In Encyclopedia Aethiopica, edited by Uhlig, Siegbert, vol. 2, D-Ha: 17–20. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.Google Scholar
Wion, Anaïs. 2020. “Medieval Ethiopian Economies: Subsistence, Global Trade and the Administration of Wealth.” In A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea, edited by Kelly, Samantha, 395425. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woldekiros, Helina S. 2019. “The Route Most Traveled: The Afar Salt Trail, North Ethiopia.” Chungará (Arica) 51: 95110.Google Scholar
Wolska-Conus, Wanda, ed. 1962. La Topographie Chrétienne de Cosmas Indicopleustès. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Gebre Selassie, Yohannes. 2011. “Plague as a Possible Factor for the Decline and Collapse of the Aksumite Empire: A New Interpretation.” ITYOP̣IS – Northeast African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1: 3661.Google Scholar
Zazzaro, Chiara, Flaux, Clément, Carannante, Alfredo, and Morhange, Christophe. 2015. “Adulis in Its Regional Maritime Context: A Preliminary Report of the 2015 Field Season.” Newsletter Di Archeologia CISA 6: 279–94.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

‘Ethiopia’ and the World, 330–1500 CE
  • Yonatan Binyam, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, Verena Krebs, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
  • Online ISBN: 9781009106115
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

‘Ethiopia’ and the World, 330–1500 CE
  • Yonatan Binyam, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, Verena Krebs, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
  • Online ISBN: 9781009106115
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

‘Ethiopia’ and the World, 330–1500 CE
  • Yonatan Binyam, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, Verena Krebs, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
  • Online ISBN: 9781009106115
Available formats
×