Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-hbs24 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T11:09:30.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

In Love and at War

Marriage in Non-state Armed Groups

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2024

Hilary Matfess
Affiliation:
University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies

Summary

What does it mean to be in love while at war? This Element demonstrates that whether rebel groups commit themselves to marriage, bar it entirely, or reinterpret the ceremonies and practices associated with marriage, their decision has important implications for both the rebel organization and individual members. This Element contributes to the literature on gender and politics by demonstrating that rebel marriages are an under-appreciated driver of gendered conflict and post-conflict dynamics. This Element introduces frameworks for understanding how rebel groups approach the issue of marriage, suggesting that variation between and within rebel groups over time is related to not only the rebels' political project, but also the anticipated effect of marriage on cohesion and retention, and the rebels' logistical concerns. Furthermore, the Element unpacks how wartime rebel marriages can complicate or improve women's prospects for post-conflict reintegration by shaping whether rebel wives are depoliticized, distrusted, or reclaimed.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009358859
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 15 February 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ababe, S. (2006). Ethiopian Women Return to Fight a New War. ReliefWeb [online]. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopian-women-return-fight-new-war.Google Scholar
Ahram, A. I. (2018). Sexual Violence, Competitive State Building, and Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 13(2), pp. 180196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2018.1541577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aijazi, O. and Baines, E. (2017). Relationality, Culpability and Consent in Wartime: Men’s Experiences of Forced Marriage. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 11(3), pp. 463483. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijx023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annan, J., Blattman, C., Mazurana, D., and Carlson, K. (2009). Women and Girls at War: Wives, Mothers, and Fighters in the Lord’s Resistance Army. Households in Conflict Network (HICN) Working Paper No. 63. www.hicn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wp63.pdf.Google Scholar
Asal, V., Avdan, N., and Shuaibi, N. (2020). Women Too: Explaining Gender Ideologies of Ethnopolitical Organizations. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 46(4), pp.118. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2020.1759256.Google Scholar
Badurdeen, F. A. (2020). Women Who Volunteer: A Relative Autonomy Perspective in al-Shabaab Female Recruitment in Kenya. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 13(4), pp. 616637. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2020.1810993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baines, E. (2014). Forced Marriage As a Political Project. Journal of Peace Research, 51(3), pp. 405417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313519666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balasingham, A. (2001). The Will to Freedom: An Inside View of Tamil Resistance. London: Fairmax.Google Scholar
Basham, V. M. and Catignani, S. (2018). War Is Where the Hearth Is: Gendered Labor and the Everyday Reproduction of the Geopolitical in the Army Reserves. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 20(2), pp. 153171. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2018.1442736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benstead, L. J. and Van Lehman, D. (2021). Two Classes of “Marriage”: Race and Sexual Slavery in al-Shabaab-Controlled Somalia. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 12(4), pp. 385403. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1923998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, M. and Banulescu-Bogdan, N. (2019). Foreign Fighters: Will Revoking Citizenship Mitigate the Threat? Migration Policy Institute [online], April 3. www.migrationpolicy.org/article/foreign-fighters-will-revoking-citizenship-mitigate-threat.Google Scholar
Berhe, M. G. (2018). From Left-Wing Liberation Army into a Government: The Challenges of Transition and the Case of TPLF/EPRDF. PhD dissertation, University of Victoria. http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/handle/1828/9427.Google Scholar
Bhaumik, S. (2002). Indian Rebels Ban Women. BBC News [online], November 29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2528749.stm.Google Scholar
Bleie, T. (2012). Post-War Moral Communities in Somalia and Nepal: Gendered Practices of Exclusion and Inclusion. Tromsø: Center for Peace Studies at the University of Tromsø. https://uit.no/Content/307291/Post_War_Processes_Report_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Boutron, C. and Cuervo Gómez, D. (2017). From Rifles to Aprons? The Challenges of Reincorporating Colombia’s Female Ex-combatants into Civilian and Political Life. LSE Latin American and Caribbean Center (online blog), March 8. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/03/08/from-rifles-to-aprons-the-challenges-of-reincorporating-colombias-female-ex-combatants-into-civilian-and-political-life/.Google Scholar
Branstetter, R. W. (1983). Military Constraints upon Marriages of Services Members Overseas, or, If the Army Had Wanted You to Have a Wife. Military Law Review, 102, pp. 522.Google Scholar
Brathwaite, K. J. H. (2017). Boys Will Be Boys? The Normative Sources of Prostitution Policy in the German and American Militaries during World War II. Journal of Global Security Studies, 2(1), pp. 3954. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogw023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brun, C. (2008). Birds of Freedom: Young People, the LTTE, and Representations of Gender, Nationalism, and Governance in Northern Sri Lanka. Critical Asian Studies, 40(3), pp. 399422. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710802274128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunting, A., Tasker, H., and Lockhart, E. (2021). Women’s Law‐Making and Contestations of “Marriage” in African Conflict Situations. Law and Society Review, 55(4), pp. 614633. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busari, S. and Jones, B. (2016). Escaped Chibok Girl: I Miss My Boko Haram Husband. CNN [online], August 16. https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/16/africa/chibok-girl-amina-ali-nkeki-boko-haram-husband/index.html#:~:text=Amina%20Ali%20Nkeki%2C%20her%20husband.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. (2018). Notorious Algerian Terrorist Mokhtar Belmokhtar Could Still Be Alive. Council on Foreign Relations [online blog]. www.cfr.org/blog/notorious-algerian-terrorist-mokhtar-belmokhtar-could-still-be-alive#:~:text=Notorious%20Algerian%20Terrorist%20Mokhtar%20Belmokhtar%20Could%20Still%20Be%20Alive.Google Scholar
Carlson, K. and Mazurana, D. (2008). Forced Marriage within the Lord’s Resistance Army, Uganda. Boston, MA: Feinstein International Center. https://fic.tufts.edu/publication-item/forced-marriage-with-the-lords-resistance-army-uganda/.Google Scholar
Celello, K. and Kholoussy, H. (2016). Introduction: Global Perspectives on Marriage, Crisis, and Nation. In Celello, K. and Kholoussy, H. (eds.), Domestic Tensions, National Anxieties: Global Perspectives on Marriage, Crisis, and Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornelius, C. and Monk-Turner, E. (2019). I’ll Trade You Skittles for a Blowjob: Assessing the Role of Anti-female Memes in Military Sexual Harassment and Assault. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 46(1), pp. 221260. www.jstor.org/stable/48599462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulter, C. (2009). Bush Wives and Girl Soldiers: Women’s Lives through War and Peace in Sierra Leone. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Coulter, C., Persson, M., and Utas, M. (2008). Young Female Fighters in African Wars: Conflict and Its Consequences. The Nordic Africa Institute Policy Dialogue No. 3. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute. www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:850362/FULLTEXT01.pdf.Google Scholar
Crisis Group (2019). Women and al-Shabaab’s Insurgency. International Crisis Group Briefing No. 145, June 27. www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/b145-women-and-al-shabaabs-insurgency.Google Scholar
Denov, M. S. and Drumbl, M. A. (2020). The Many Harms of Forced Marriage. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 18(2), pp. 349372. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz, J. (2021). No Country Will Take Them: Alleged ISIS Widow with Kids the Latest of Many in Limbo. NPR [online], March 26. www.npr.org/2021/03/26/975149256/no-country-will-take-them-alleged-isis-widow-with-kids-the-latest-of-many-in-lim.Google Scholar
Donnelly, P. (2018). The Interactive Relationship between Gender and Strategy. Global Society, 32(4), pp. 457476. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2018.1490252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, P. (2019). Wedded to Warfare: Forced Marriage in Rebel Groups. PhD thesis, Tufts University.Google Scholar
Donnelly, P. and Myers, E. (2023). Forced Marriage by Non-state Armed Groups: Frequency, Forms, and Impact. International Peace Institute [online], April 17. www.ipinst.org/2023/04/forced-marriage-by-non-state-armed-groups-frequency-forms-and-impact.Google Scholar
Dubal, S. (2016). Rebel Kinship and Love within the Lord’s Resistance Army. Journal of Peace and Security Studies, 2(1), pp. 2032.Google Scholar
Enloe, C. (1980). Women: The Reserve Army of Army Labor. Review of Radical Political Economics, 12(2), pp. 4252. https://doi.org/10.1177/048661348001200206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enloe, C. (2000). Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enloe, C. (2016). Flick of the Skirt: A Feminist Challenge to IR’s Coherent Narrative. International Political Sociology, 10(4), pp. 320331. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olw017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estrada-Fuentes, M. (2016). Affective Labors: Love, Care, Solidarity in the Social Reintegration of Female Ex-combatants in Colombia. Lateral, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.25158/l5.2.10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fineman, M. A. (2001). Why Marriage? Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law, 9(1), pp. 239272. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/vajsplw9&i=249.Google Scholar
Florea, A. (2020). Rebel Governance in De Facto States. European Journal of International Relations, 26(4), pp. 10041031. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066120919481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forney, J. F. (2015). Who Can We Trust with a Gun? Information Networks and Adverse Selection in Militia Recruitment. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(5), pp. 824849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715576752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gassmann, J. N. N. (2010). Patrolling the Homefront: The Emotional Labor of Army Wives Volunteering in Family Readiness Groups. PhD dissertation, University of Kansas. http://hdl.handle.net/1808/7420.Google Scholar
Gayer, L. (2012). Have Gun, Will Travel: Interpreting the Trajectories of Female Irregular Combatants. In Guichaoua, Y. (ed.), Understanding Collective Political Violence: Conflict, Inequality and Ethnicity. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.105123. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230348318_6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gayer, L. (2013). “Love–Marriage–Sex” in the People’s Liberation Army. In Lecomte-Tilouine, M. (ed.), Revolution in Nepal: An Anthropological and Historical Approach to the People’s War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 333366. https://hal.science/hal-03393098/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, L. (1997). Creating Citizens, Making Men: The Military and Masculinity in Bolivia. Cultural Anthropology, 12(4), pp. 527550. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1997.12.4.527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giri, K. and Haer, R. (2021). Female Combatants and Durability of Civil War. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2021.1980982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, J. (1997). The Libidinal Constitution of a High-Risk Social Movement: Affectual Ties and Solidarity in the Huk Rebellion, 1946 to 1954. American Sociological Review, 62(1), pp. 5369. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gowrinathan, N. (2021). Radicalizing Her: Why Women Choose Violence. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez D, J. A. (2021). Eating, Shitting and Shooting: A Scatological and Culinary Approximation to the Daily Lives of Rebels. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 46(10), pp. 138. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2021.1886432.Google Scholar
Gutiérrez-Sanín, F. (2018). The FARC’s Militaristic Blueprint. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 29(4), pp. 629653. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1497288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, J. (1989). Sweeter Than Honey: Ethiopian Women and Revolution. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, J. (1990). “My Revolution Is Like Honey”: Women in Revolutionary Tigray. Women: A Cultural Review, 1(1), pp. 5659. https://doi.org/10.1080/09574049008578021.Google Scholar
Hauge, W. I. (2019). Gender Dimensions of DDR – beyond Victimization and Dehumanization: Tracking the Thematic. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(2), pp. 206226. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2019.1673669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauge, W. I. (2020). Guerrilla Babies: Gender and Pregnancy Policies of Armed Groups. Peace Research Institute Oslo Policy Brief No. 3 [online]. www.prio.org/publications/12647.Google Scholar
Heuveline, P. and Poch, B. (2006). Do Marriages Forget Their Past? Marital Stability in Post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. Demography, 43(1), pp. 99125. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2006.0005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hills, C. and MacKenzie, M. (2017). Women in Non-state Armed Groups after War: The (Non) Evolution of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. In Woodward, R. and Duncanson, C. (eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Gender and the Military. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 455–471.Google Scholar
Hindustan Times. (2010). Sri Lanka Holds Mass Wedding for Ex-rebels. Hindustan Times [online], June 13. www.hindustantimes.com/world/sri-lanka-holds-mass-wedding-for-ex-rebels/story-URftQiMEgCWA4RTBro2uvN.html.Google Scholar
Huang, R. (2017). The Wartime Origins of Democratization: Civil war, Rebel Governance, and Political Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huang, R. and Sullivan, P. L. (2020). Arms for Education? External Support and Rebel Social Services. Journal of Peace Research, 58(4), pp. 794808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343320940749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, V. M. and Matfess, H. (2017). In Plain Sight: The Neglected Linkage between Brideprice and Violent Conflict. International Security, 42(1), pp. 740. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurl-Eamon, J. (2014). Marriage and the British Army in the Long Eighteenth Century: ‘The Girl I Left Behind Me’. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hynd, S. (2016). “To Be Taken As a Wife Is a Form of Death”: The Social, Military, and Humanitarian Dynamics of Forced Marriage and Girl Soldiers in African Conflicts, c.1990–2010. In Bunting, A., Lawrance, B. N., and Roberts, R. L. (eds.), Marriage by Force? Contestation over Consent and Coercion in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 290310 [online]. ore.exeter.ac.uk. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32051.Google Scholar
Institute for War and Peace Reporting (2007). Uganda: Returning Rebel Women Face Rejection. ReliefWeb [online]. https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/uganda-returning-rebel-women-face-rejection.Google Scholar
Jordan, K. and Denov, M. (2013). Birds of Freedom? Perspectives on Female Emancipation and Sri Lanka’s Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 9(1). https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol9/iss1/3/.Google Scholar
K. C., L. and Van Der Haar, G. (2018). Living Maoist Gender Ideology: Experiences of Women Ex-combatants in Nepal. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 21(3), pp. 434453. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2018.1521296.Google Scholar
Khadija, and Harley, S. (2019). Women in Al Shabaab. In Keating, M. and Waldman, M. (eds.), War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al-Shabaab. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 251256 [online]. https://academic.oup.com/book/35091/chapter/299148942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khadka, S. (2012). Female Combatants and Ex-combatants in Maoist Revolution and Their Struggle for Reintegration in Post-War, Nepal. Master’s thesis, The Arctic University of Norway. https://hdl.handle.net/10037/3980.Google Scholar
Kiconco, A. and Nthakomwa, M. (2018). Marriage for the “New Woman” from the Lord’s Resistance Army: Experiences of Female Ex-abductees in Acholi Region of Uganda. Women’s Studies International Forum, 68, pp. 6574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2018.02.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kime, P. (2020). Demand for Military Couples Counseling on the Rise, Officials Say. Military.com [online], October 30. www.military.com/daily-news/2020/10/30/demand-military-couples-counseling-rise-officials-say.html.Google Scholar
King, G., Keohane, R. O. and Verba, S. (2021). Designing Social inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kramer, S. A. (2012). Forced Marriage and the Absence of Gang Rape: Explaining Sexual Violence by the Lord’s Resistance Army in Northern Uganda. The Journal of Politics and Society, 23(1), pp. 1149. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8qc01g1.Google Scholar
Kroska, A. (2007). Gender Ideology and Gender Role Ideology. In Ritzer, G. (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology [online]. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosg019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krystalli, R. and Schulz, P. (2022). Taking Love and Care Seriously: An Emergent Research Agenda for Remaking Worlds in the Wake of Violence. International Studies Review, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viac003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunz, R. and Sjoberg, A.-K. (2009). Empowered or Oppressed? Female Combatants in the Colombian Guerrilla: The Case of the Revolutionary Armed Forced of Colombia – FARC. The Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, pp.134.Google Scholar
Lanzona, V. A. (2009). Amazons of the Huk Rebellion: Gender, Sex, and Revolution in the Philippines. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Lazarev, E. (2019). Laws in Conflict: Legacies of War, Gender, and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya. World Politics, 71(4), pp. 667709. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043887119000133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeVine, P. (2010). Love and Dread in Cambodia. Singapore: NUS Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie, J. (1997). The State As Pimp: Prostitution and the Patriarchal State in Japan in the 1940s. The Sociological Quarterly, 38(2), pp. 251263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00476.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loken, M. (2022). Noncombat Participation in Rebellion: A Gendered Typology. International Security, 47(1), pp. 139170. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loken, M. (in press). Women, Gender, and Rebel Governance in Civil Wars. Elements in Gender and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Loken, M. and Hagen, J. J. (2022). Queering Gender-Based Violence Scholarship: An Integrated Research Agenda. International Studies Review, 24(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loken, M. and Matfess, H. (2023). Introducing the Women’s Activities in Armed Rebellion (WAAR) Project, 1946–2015. Journal of Peace Research, p.002234332211283. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221128340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loken, M. and Zelenz, A. (2016). Explaining Extremism: Western Women in Daesh. European Journal of International Security, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/eis.2017.13.Google Scholar
Loyle, C. E., Cunningham, K. G., Huang, R., and Jung, D. F. (2021). New Directions in Rebel Governance Research. Perspectives on Politics, 21(1), pp. 113. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592721001985.Google Scholar
Mampilly, Z. C. (2017). Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Manivannan, Q., Anumol, D., Raja, S., et al. (2023). Care Conversations. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 25(2), pp. 336352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2023.2190341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, Z. (2013). Sexual Violence inside Rebellion: Policies and Perspectives of the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone. Civil Wars, 15(3), pp. 359379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2013.842749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matarazzo, A. and Baines, E. (2019). Becoming Family: Futurity and the Soldier-Father. Critical Military Studies, 7(3), pp.118. https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2019.1631728.Google Scholar
Matfess, H. (in press). New Frontiers in Rebel Socialization: Considering Care and Marriage. Civil Wars.Google Scholar
McFeeters, A. (2021). Media Representations of Women Ex-combatants in Sri Lanka. In Brewer, J. D. and Wahidin, A. (eds.), Ex-combatants’ Voices: Transitioning from War to Peace in Northern Ireland, South Africa and Sri Lanka. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mehreteab, A. (2002). Veteran Combatants Do Not Fade Away: A Comparative Study on Two Demobilization and Reintegration Exercises in Eritrea. Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies Working Paper No. 23.Google Scholar
Mendez, A. (2012). Militarized Gender Performativity: Women and Demobilization in Colombia’s FARC and AUC. PhD thesis, Queen’s University.Google Scholar
Millen, R. and Seligsohn, N. (2021). Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Programs for Military Practitioners. Carlisle, PA: US Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute. https://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/index.php/disarmament-demobilization-and-reintegration-programs-for-ilitary-practitioners/.Google Scholar
Ministere des Armées (n.d.). Life in a Regiment / Permissions and Family Life. Légion étrangère [online]. www.legion-recrute.com/en/life-regiment-permissions-and-family-life.Google Scholar
Moaveni, A. (2019). Guest House for Young Widows: Among the Women of ISIS. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Moghadam, V. M. (1995). Gender and Revolutionary Transformation: Iran 1979 and East Central Europe 1989. Gender and Society, 9(3), pp. 328358. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124395009003005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muggah, R. (2005). No Magic Bullet: A Critical Perspective on Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Weapons Reduction in Post-conflict Contexts. The Round Table, 94(379), pp. 239252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358530500082684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nebehay, S. (2021). U.N. Urges 57 Countries to Reclaim Women, Children from Syrian Camps. Reuters [online], February 8. www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-security-un-rights-idUSKBN2A81V4.Google Scholar
Negewo–Oda, B. and White, A. M. (2011). Identity Transformation and Reintegration among Ethiopian Women War Veterans: A Feminist Analysis. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 23(3–4), pp. 163187. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2011.604536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, A. B. (2016). What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American G.I. in World War II France [review]. Journal of American History, 103(1), pp. 152154.Google Scholar
Oliveira, C. and Baines, E. (2021). “It’s Like Giving Birth to This Girl Again”: Social Repair and Motherhood after Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. Social Politics, 29(2), pp. 750770. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxab033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson, S. E. (2020). Practical Ideology in Militant Organizations. World Politics, 73(1), pp. 5281. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043887120000180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parmelee, J. (1993). Eritrean Women Who Fought in Trenches Now Battle Tradition. Washington Post [online], June 25. www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/25/eritrean-women-who-fought-in-the-trenches-now-battle-tradition/2e4cbbaf-15d7-4fc7-b95a-c66d6b82aad1/.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. R. (2017). All Askaris Are Family Men: Sex, Domesticity and Discipline in the King’s African Rifles, 1902–1964. In Killingray, D. and Omissi, D. (eds.), Guardians of Empire: The Armed Forces of the Colonial Powers c. 1700–1964. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 157178. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526121462.00014.Google Scholar
Parvati, C. (2003). The Question of Women’s Leadership in People’s War in Nepal. Problems and Prospects of Revolution in Nepal [online], www.bannedthought.net/Nepal/Problems-Prospects/w_leadership.html.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, J. and Shneiderman, S. (2004). Women and the Maobaadi: Ideology and Agency in Nepal’s Maoist Movement. Himal Southasian [online], January 1. www.himalmag.com/ideology-and-agency-in-nepals-maoist-movement/.Google Scholar
Pinaud, C. (2015). “We Are Trained to Be married!”: Elite Formation and Ideology in the “Girls’ Battalion” of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(3), pp. 375393. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2015.1091638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pomeroy, W. (2011). The Forest: A Personal Record of the Huk Guerilla Struggle in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.Google Scholar
Reimers, D. M. (1992). Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revkin, M. R. and Kao, K. (2020). How Does Punishment Affect Reintegration of Former Offenders? Evidence from Iraq. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3659468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roblin, S. (2018). The Forgotten Angels of Dien Bien Phu. War Is Boring [online]. https://warisboring.com/the-forgotten-angels-of-dien-bien-phu/.Google Scholar
Roy, S. (2006). Revolutionary Marriage: On the Politics of Sexual Stories in Naxalbari. Feminist Review, 83(1), pp. 99118. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salifu, U., Ndung’u, I., and Sigsworth, R. (2017). Violent Extremism in Kenya: Why Women Are a Priority. Institute for Security Studies Monographs, 2017(197) [online]. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC-b07c07a3e.Google Scholar
Sanín, F. G. and Carranza Franco, F. (2017). Organizing Women for Combat: The Experience of the FARC in the Colombian War. Journal of Agrarian Change, 17(4), pp. 770778. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulhofer-Wohl, J. and Sambanis, N. (2020). Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Programs: An Assessment. Stockholm: Folke Bernadotte Academy Publication [online]. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/80556.Google Scholar
Segal, M. W. (1986). The Military and the Family As Greedy Institutions. Armed Forces and Society, 13(1), pp. 938. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x8601300101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, C. C. (2002). An Absent Presence: Japanese Americans in Postwar American Culture, 1945–1960. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soh, C. S. (2008). The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speckhard, A. and Ellenberg, M. (2020). ISIS in Their Own Words: Recruitment History, Motivations for Joining, Travel, Experiences in ISIS, and Disillusionment over Time – Analysis of 220 In-depth Interviews of ISIS Returnees, Defectors and Prisoners. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(1), pp. 82127. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.1.1791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, A. (2016). The Hidden Face of Terrorism: An Analysis of the Women in Islamic State. Journal of Strategic Security, 9(3), pp. 7498. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.3.1549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack-O’Connor, A. (2007). Lions, Tigers, and Freedom Birds: How and Why the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Employs Women. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19(1), pp. 4363. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550601054642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, O. and Peterson, C. (2022). Assisting Women Formerly Associated with al-Shabaab: A Proposed Approach to Programming. London: Adam Smith International. https://orlystern.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Assisting-women-formerly-assocaited-with-al-Shabaaab.pdf.Google Scholar
Stern, O. M. (2019). The Invisible Women of Al-Shabaab. London: Adam Smith International. https://orlystern.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/The-Invisible-Women-of-al-Shabaab-.pdf.Google Scholar
Stern, O. M. (2020). Married in the Shadows: The Wives of al-Shabaab. London: Adam Smith International. https://orlystern.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Wives-of-al-Shabaab-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Stern, O. M. (2021). Al-Shabaab’s Gendered Economy. London: Adam Smith International. https://orlystern.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Al-Shabaabs-Gendered-Economy.pdf.Google Scholar
Sthapit, L. and Doneys, P. (2017). Female Maoist Combatants during and after the People’s War. In Kolås, Å (ed.), Women, Peace and Security in Nepal. New York: Routledge, pp. 3349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suarez, C. and Baines, E. (2021). “Together at the Heart”: Familial Relations and the Social Reintegration of Ex-combatants. International Peacekeeping, 29(1), pp. 123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2021.1952408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swamy, M. R. N. (2003). Inside an Elusive Mind, Prabhakaran: The First Profile of the World’s Most Ruthless Guerrilla Leader. New Delhi: Konark Publishers.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Y. (2005). Turncoat Bodies: Sexuality and Sex Work under Militarization in Sri Lanka. Gender and Society, 19(2), pp. 243261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243204273076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teklu, Z. M. (2015). The Women’s Movement in Tigray (1976 – Present): Emergence, Development and Relationships with TPLF. MA thesis, University of Bergen.Google Scholar
Thamizhini (2020). In the Shadow of a Sword: The Memoir of a Woman Leader in the LTTE. Translated by Rodrigo, N.. New Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Themnér, A. and Karlén, N. (2020). Building a Safety Net: Explaining the Strength of Ex-military Networks. Security Studies, 29(2), pp. 133. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2020.1722851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trisko Darden, J. and Hassan, D. (2023). Citizenship, Family Law, and the Repatriation of Islamic State Affiliates in MENA. Terrorism and Political Violence, pp. 115. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2188961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trustram, M. (1984). Women of the Regiment: Marriage and the Victorian Army. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Upreti, B. R. and Shivakoti, S. (2018). The Struggle of Female Ex-combatants in Nepal. Peace Review, 30(1), pp. 7886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1419937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, G. (2019). Women in Islamic State: From Caliphate to Camps. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism Policy Brief Report [online]. www.jstor.com/stable/resrep19621.Google Scholar
Van Hook, S. (2012). How Militarism Manipulates the Lives of Women: An Interview with Feminist Scholar Cynthia Enloe. Waging Nonviolence [online], September 13. https://wagingnonviolence.org/2012/09/taking-womens-lives-seriously-an-interview-with-cynthia-enloe/.Google Scholar
Veale, A. (2003). From Child Soldier to Ex-fighter, Female Fighters, Demobilisation and Reintegration in Ethiopia. Institute for Security Studies Monographs, 85(2003), pp. 169. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC48739.Google Scholar
Veale, A. (2005). Collective and Individual Identities: Experiences of Recruitment and Reintegration of Female Excombatants of the Tigrean People’s Liberation Army, Ethiopia. In A. McIntyre (ed.), Invisible Stakeholders: Children and War in Africa. Pretoria: Institute of Security Studies (ISS), pp. 105–126 [online]. https://cora.ucc.ie/items/b7b1ec65-3bfc-4ef1-8240-1f920db4e43f.Google Scholar
Voss, B. L. (2008). Domesticating Imperialism: Sexual Politics and the Archaeology of Empire. American Anthropologist, 110(2), pp. 191203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00025.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, A. (2011). Women without Arms: Gendered Fighter Constructions in Eritrea and Southern Sudan. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 5(2), pp. 357370. https://doi.org/10.4119/unibi/ijcv.114.Google Scholar
Weinstein, J. M. (2006). Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, C. (2015). Women of the Islamic State: A Manifesto on Women by the Al-Khanssaa Brigade. London: Quilliam Foundation.Google Scholar
Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [online]. www.cambridge.org/us/features/wood.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, E. J. (2018). Rape as a Practice of War: Toward a Typology of Political Violence. Politics and Society, 46(4), pp. 513537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329218773710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yami, H. (2021). Hisila: From Revolutionary to First Lady. New York: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar
Zaks, S. (2017). Resilience beyond Rebellion. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, S. J. (2020). Militarizing Marriage: West African Soldiers’ Conjugal Traditions in Modern French Empire. Athens: Ohio University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

In Love and at War
  • Hilary Matfess, University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies
  • Online ISBN: 9781009358859
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

In Love and at War
  • Hilary Matfess, University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies
  • Online ISBN: 9781009358859
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

In Love and at War
  • Hilary Matfess, University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies
  • Online ISBN: 9781009358859
Available formats
×