Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-77pjf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T20:02:55.581Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Weak States at Global Climate Negotiations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2020

Federica Genovese
Affiliation:
University of Essex

Summary

This Element provides an explanation for the power of weak states in international politics, focusing on the case of international climate negotiations at the United Nations. The author points to the pitfalls of assuming that weak countries elicit power from their coordinated salience for climate issues. Contrastingly, it is argued that weak states' influence at global climate negotiations depends on the moral authority provided by strong states. The author maintains that weak states' authority is contingent on international vulnerability, which intersects broader domestic discussions of global justice, and pushes the leaders of strong countries to concede power to weak countries. New empirical evidence is shown in support of the theory.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108800051
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 30 July 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Kenneth W. & Snidal, Duncan. 1998. Why States Act through Formal International Organizations. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(1), 332.Google Scholar
Abbott, Kenneth W. & Snidal, Duncan. 2000. Hard and Soft Law in International Governance. International Organization, 54(3), 421456.Google Scholar
Adger, W. N. 2001. Scales of Governance and Environmental Justice for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change. Journal of International development, 13, 921931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, S. A., Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Hertel, T. 2009. Climate Volatility Deepens Poverty Vulnerability in Developing Countries. Environmental Research Letters, 4:18.Google Scholar
Allan, Jen Iris & Hadden, Jennifer. 2017. Exploring the Framing Power of NGOs in Global Climate Politics. Environmental Politics, 26(4), 600620.Google Scholar
Andonova, Liliana B., Betsill, Michele M., & Bulkeley, Harriet. 2009. Transnational Climate Governance. Global Environmental Politics, 9(2), 5273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andresen, S. & Agrawala, S. 2002. Leaders, Pushers and Laggards in the Making of the Climate Regime. Global Environmental Change, 12, 4151.Google Scholar
Arregui, J. & Thomson, R. 2009. States’ Bargaining Success in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 16(5), 655676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashe, J., Lierop, R. V., and Cherian, A. 1999. The Role of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) in the Negotiation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Natural Resource Forum, 23(3), 209220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. 1997. The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailer, S. 2004. Bargaining Success in the European Union. European Union Politics, 5(1), 99123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bankoff, Greg, Frerks, Georg, & Hilhorst, Dorothea. 2013. Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development, and People. Routledge.Google Scholar
Barrett, S. 2007. Why Cooperate? The Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods. Oxford University Press, USA.Google Scholar
Barrett, S. & Stavins, R. 2003. Increasing Participation and Compliance in International Climate Change Agreements. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 3(4), 349376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, S. 2006. Does Bureaucracy Really Matter? The Authority of Inter-governmental Treaty Secretariats in Global Environmental Politics. Global Environmental Politics, 6(1), 2349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, P. & Urpelainen, J. 2013. Funding Global Public Goods: The Dark Side of Multilateralism. Review of Policy Research, 30(2), 160189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtel, Michael M. & Hainmueller, Jens. 2011. How Lasting Is Voter Gratitude? An Analysis of the Short-and Long-Term Electoral Returns to Beneficial Policy. American Journal of Political Science, 55(4), 851867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtel, Michael M. & Mannino, Massimo. 2019. How Do Voters Judge Policy Responses to Natural Disasters? https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2943046. Working Paper.Google Scholar
Bechtel, Michael M., Hainmueller, Jens, & Margalit, Yotam. 2014. Preferences for International Redistribution: The Divide over the Eurozone Bailouts. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 835856.Google Scholar
Bergquist, Parrish & Warshaw, Christopher. 2019. Does Global Warming Increase Public Concern about Climate Change? The Journal of Politics, 81(2), 686691.Google Scholar
Bernhagen, Patrick. 2008. Business and International Environmental Agreements: Business Influence over Participation and Compliance. Global Environmental Politics, 8(1), 78110.Google Scholar
Bernstein, S. & Hoffmann, M. 2018. The Politics of Decarbonization and the Catalytic Impact of Subnational Climate Experiments. Policy Sciences, 51(2), 189211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betsill, Michele & Corell, Elisabeth. 2008. NGO Diplomacy: The Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Negotiations. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Betzold, C. 2010. ‘Borrowing’ Power to Influence International Negotiations: AOSIS in the Climate Change Regime, 1990–1997. Politics, 20(3), 131148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betzold, C. & Weiler, F. 2017. Allocation of Aid for Adaptation to Climate Change: Do Vulnerable Countries Receive More Support? International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 1, 1736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betzold, C. & Weiler, F. 2018. Development Aid and Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries. Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Betzold, C., Castro, P., & Weiler, F. 2012. AOSIS in the UNFCCC Negotiations: From Unity to Fragmentation? Climate Policy, 12(5), 519613.Google Scholar
Binmore, K., Rubinstein, A., & Wolinsky, A. 1986. The Nash Bargaining Solution in Economic Modelling. Rand Journal of Economics, 17(2), 176188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjoerkdahl, A. 2008. Norm Advocacy: A Small State Strategy to Influence the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, 15(1), 135154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blei, David M., Ng, Andrew Y., & Jordan, Michael I. 2003. Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 9931022.Google Scholar
Bodansky, D. 2010. The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference: A Postmortem. American Journal of International Law, 104(2), 230240.Google Scholar
Bodansky, Daniel. 2012. The Durban Platform Negotiations: Goals and Options. Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Viewpoint. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/durban-platform-negotiations-goals-and-options.Google Scholar
Boehringer, Christoph. 2014. Two Decades of European Climate Policy: A Critical Appraisal. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 8(1), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boerzel, Tanja A. & Risse, Thomas. 2010. Governance without a State: Can it Work? Regulation and Governance, 4(2), 113134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böhmelt, Tobias. 2013. Civil Society Lobbying and Countries’ Climate Change Policies: A Matching Approach. Climate Policy, 13(6), 698717.Google Scholar
Briguglio, L. 1995. Small Island Developing States and their Economic Vulnerabilities. World Development, 23(9), 16151632.Google Scholar
Brown, Katrina & Corbera, Esteve. 2003. Exploring Equity and Sustainable Development in the New Carbon Economy. Climate Policy, 3(1): S41S56.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Allen & Keohane, Robert O. 2006. The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions. Ethics & International Affairs, 20(4), 405437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian, Klingemann, H.-D., Volkens, A., Bara, J., & Tanenbaum, E. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bueno De Mesquita, B. 2011. A New Model for Predicting Policy Choices. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 28(1), 6587.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, Harriet, Andonova, L., Betsill, Michele M., et al. 2014. Transnational Climate Change Governance. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Busby, J. W. 2010. Moral Movements and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Busby, J. W. 2016. Sustainable Security: Rethinking American National Security Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chap. “Climate Change and US National Security: Sustaining Security Admidst Unsustainability.”Google Scholar
Carley, Sanya, Evans, Tom P., Graff, Michelle, & Konisky., David M. 2018. A Framework for Evaluating Geographic Disparities in Energy Transition Vulnerability. Nature Energy, 3, 621627.Google Scholar
Carnegie, Allison. 2014. States Held Hostage: Political Hold-Up Problems and the Effects of International Institutio. American Political Science Review, 108(1), 5470.Google Scholar
Chasek, P. S. 2005. Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 2, 125137.Google Scholar
Chasek, Pamela S. 2001. NGOs and State Capacity in International Environmental Negotiations: The Experience of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 10(2), 168176.Google Scholar
Checkel, Jeffrey T. 1997. International Norms and Domestic Politics: Bridging the Rationalist – Constructivist Divide. European Journal of International Relations, 3(4), 473495.Google Scholar
Chong, Dennis & Druckman, James N. 2007. Framing Theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103126.Google Scholar
Ciplet, David, Roberts, J. Timmons, & Khan, Mizan R. 2015. Power in a Warming World: The New Global Politics of Climate Change and the Remaking of Environmental Inequality. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dai, X. 2006. The Conditional Nature of Democratic Compliance. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(5), 690713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Christina. 2009. Linkage Diplomacy: Economic and Security Bargaining in the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–23. International Security, 33(3): 143179.Google Scholar
de Agueda Corneloup, Ines, & Mol, Arthur P. J. 2014. Small Island Developing States and International Climate Change Negotiations: The Power of Moral “Leadership”. International Environmental Agreements, 14, 281–197.Google Scholar
Demski, C., Capstick, S., Pidgeon, N., Sposato, R. G., & Spence, A. 2017. Experience of Extreme Weather Affects Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Responses. Climatic Change, 140, 149164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depledge, J. 2008. Striving for No: Saudi Arabia in the Climate Change Regime. Global Environmental Politics, 8(4), 935.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, R. 2010. Inside the UN Climate Change Negotiations: The Copenhagen Conference. Review of Policy Research, 27(6), 759821.Google Scholar
Dimitrov, Radoslav S. 2005. Hostage to Norms: States, Institutions and Global Forest Politics. Global Environmental Politics, 5(4), 124.Google Scholar
Downs, George W. & Jones, M. A. 2002. Reputation, Compliance, and International Law. Journal of Legal Studies, 31(Sq), S95S114.Google Scholar
Drahos, P. 2003. When the Weak Bargain with the Strong: Negotiations in the World Trade Organization. International Organization, 8(1), 79109.Google Scholar
Dutschke, Michael & Michaelowa, Axel. 2006. Development Assistance and the CDM – How to Interpret “Financial Additionality”. Environment and Development Economics, 11(2), 235246.Google Scholar
Easterly, William & Kraay, Aart. 2000. Small States, Small Problems? Income, Growth, and Volatility in Small States. World Development, 28(11), 20132027.Google Scholar
Egan, P. J. & Mullin, M. 2012. Turning Personal Experience into Political Attitudes: The Effect of Local Weather on Americans’ Perceptions about Global Warming. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 796809.Google Scholar
Falkner, Robert, Stephan, Hannes, & Vogler, John. 2010. International Climate Policy after Copenhagen: Towards a “Building Blocks” Approach. Global Policy, 1(3), 252262.Google Scholar
Favero, Alice & De Cian, Enrica. 2010 (July). Fairness, Credibility and Effectiveness in the Copenhagen Accord: An Economic Assessment. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper No. 21.2010.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. 1994. Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes. American Political Science Review, 88(3), 577592.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha & Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 52(4), 887917.Google Scholar
Forsyth, Tim. 2007. Promoting the “Development Dividend” of Climate Technology Transfer: Can Cross-sector Partnerships Help? World Development, 35(10), 16841698.Google Scholar
Franchino, F. 2000. Control of the Commission’s Executive Functions: Uncertainty, Conflict and Decision Rules. European Union Politics, 1(1), 5988.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Garrett, G. 1992. International Cooperation and Institutional Choice: The European Community’s Internal Market. International Organization, 46(2), 533560.Google Scholar
Gasper, John T. & Reeves, Andrew. 2011. Make It Rain? Retrospection and the Attentive Electorate in the Context of Natural Disasters. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genovese, Federica. 2014. States’ Interests and Bargaining Positions at the UN Climate Change Negotiations: Exploring a New Dataset. Environmental Politics, 23(4), 610631.Google Scholar
Genovese, Federica. 2019. Sectors, Pollution, and Trade: How Industrial Interests Shape Domestic Positions on Global Climate Agreements. International Studies Quarterly, 63(4), 819836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Germanwatch. 2019. Climate Risk Index. Tech. rept. Germanwatch. Grant, Ruth W. & Keohane, Robert O. 2005. Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 2943.Google Scholar
Grasso, Marco. 2010. An Ethical Approach to Climate Adaptation Finance. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 7481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A., Milgrom, P., & Weingast, B. R. 1994. Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild. The Journal of Political Economy, 102(4), 745.Google Scholar
Gupta, J. 2012. Negotiating Challenges and Climate Change. Climate Policy, 12(5), 630644.Google Scholar
Gupta, Joyeeta. 2010. A History of International Climate Change Policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(5), 636653.Google Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie Marie, & Montgomery, Alexander H. 2006. Power Positions: International Organizations, Social Networks, and Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(1), 327.Google Scholar
Handel, M. 1981. Weak States in the International System. Totowa, NJ Frank Cass and Company Limited.Google Scholar
Harris, Paul G. 2009. World Ethics and Climate Change: From International to Global Justice: From International to Global Justice. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, K. 2007. The Road not Taken: Climate Change Policy in Canada and the United States. Global Environmental Politics, 7(4), 92117.Google Scholar
Harrison, K. & Sundstrom, L. McIntosh. 2007. The Comparative Politics of Climate Change. Global Environmental Politics, 7(4), 118.Google Scholar
Hochstetler, Kathryn & Viola, Eduardo. 2012. Brazil and the Politics of Climate Change: Beyond the Global Commons. Environmental Politics, 21(5), 753771.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Matthew. 2011. Climate Governance at the Crossroads: Experimenting with a Global Response after Kyoto. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsiang, S., Kopp, R., Jina, A., Rising, J., Delgado, M., Mohan, S., Rasmussen, D. J., Muir-Wood, R., Wilson, P., Oppenheimer, M., Larsen, K., & Houser, T. 2017. Estimating Economic Damage from Climate Change in the United States. Science, 356(6345), 13621369.Google Scholar
Hultman, Nathan. 2011. The Political Economy of Nuclear Energy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(3), 397411.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. J., Mastanduno, M., & Wohlforth, W. C. 2009. Unipolarity, State Behavior, and Systemic Consequences. World Politics, 61(1): 127.Google Scholar
Ingebritsen, Christine, Neumann, Iver, & Gsthl, Sieglinde. 2012. Small States in International Relations. University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Jakobsen, P. V. 2009. Small States, Big Influence: The Overlooked Nordic Influence on the Civilian ESDP. JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 47(1), 81102.Google Scholar
Javeline, Debra. 2014. The Most Important Topic Political Scientists Are Not Studying: Adapting to Climate Change. Perspectives on Politics, 12(2), 420434.Google Scholar
Jinnah, Sikina. 2017. Maker, Takers, Shapers, Shakers: Emerging Economies and Normative Engagement in Climate Governance. Global Governance, 23(2), 285306.Google Scholar
Johnson, T. & Urpelainen, J. 2012. A Strategic Theory of Regime Integration and Separation. International Organization, 66(4), 645677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahler, Miles. 2013. Rising Powers and Global Governance: Negotiating Change in a Resilient Status Quo. International Affairs, 89(3), 711729.Google Scholar
Kasa, S., Gullberg, A. T., & Heggelund, G. 2008. The Group of 77 in the International Climate Negotiations: Recent Developments and Future Directions. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 8(2), 113127.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter J. 1985. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. O. 1969. Lilliputians Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics. International Organization, 23, 291310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, R. O. 2005. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 1971. The Big Influence of Small Allies. Foreign Policy, 2, 161182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kertzer, Joshua D. & Rathbun, Brian C. 2015. Fair is Fair: Social Preferences and Reciprocity in International Politics. World Politics, 67(4), 613655.Google Scholar
Konisky, David M., Hughes, Llewelyn, & Kaylor, Charles H. 2016. Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change Concern. Climatic Change, 134(4), 533547.Google Scholar
Koremenos, Barbara, Lipson, Charles, & Snidal, Duncan. 2001. The Rational Design of International Institutions. International Organization, 55(4), 761799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1991. Global Communications and National Power: Life on the Pareto Frontier. Wold Politics, 43(3), 336366.Google Scholar
Lachapelle, Erick & Paterson, Matthew. 2013. Drivers of National Climate Policy. Climate Policy, 13(5), 547571.Google Scholar
Lee, Donna. 2009. The Diplomacy of Small States: Between Vulnerability and Resilience. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Chap. “Bringing an Elephant into the Room: Small African State Diplomacy in the WTO,” pages 195206.Google Scholar
Leebron, David W. 2002. Linkages. American Journal of International Law, 96(1), 527.Google Scholar
Leeds, Brett Ashley & Savun, Burcu. 2007. Terminating Alliances: Why do States Abrogate Agreements? Journal of Politics, 69(4), 11181132.Google Scholar
Lowe, W., Benoit, K., Mikhaylov, S., & Laver, M. 2011. Scaling Policy Preferences from Coded Political Texts. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 36(1), 123155.Google Scholar
Lyne, Mona M., Nielson, Daniel L., & Tierney, Michael J. 2006. Who Delegates? Alternative Models of Principals in Development Aid. Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, 4176.Google Scholar
Majeski, Stephen J. & Fricks, Shane. 1995. Conflict and Cooperation in International Relations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 39, 622645.Google Scholar
Mansfield, E. D., Milner, H. V., & Rosendorff, B. P. 2000. Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade. American Political Science Review, 94(2), 305321.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. A. 1989. Veto Threats: Rhetoric in a Bargaining Game. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(2), 347369.Google Scholar
Mayer, F. W. 1992. Managing Domestic Differences in International Negotiations: The Strategic Use of Internal Side-Payments. International Organization, 46(4), 793818.Google Scholar
McKibben, Heather Elko. 2013. The Effects of Power and Structure on State Bargaining Strategies. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 411427.Google Scholar
Michaelowa, Axel & Michaelowa, Katharina. 2015. Do Rapidly Developing Countries Take Up New Responsibilities for Climate Change Mitigation? Climatic Change, 133(3), 499510.Google Scholar
Michaelowa, K. & Michaelowa, A. 2012. India as an Emerging Power in International Climate Negotiations. Climate Policy, 12(5), 575590.Google Scholar
Mills, Evan. 2005. Insurance in a Climate of Change. Science, 309(5737), 10401044.Google Scholar
Milner, Helen V. & Kubota, Keiko. 2005. Why The Move to Free Trade? Democracy and Trade Policy in the Developing Countries. International Organization, 59(1), 107143.Google Scholar
Milner, Helen V. & Rosendorff, B. Peter. 1996. Trade Negotiations, Information and Domestic Politics: The Role of Domestic Groups. Economics and Politics, 8(2), 145189.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1998. The Choice for Europe: Social Purposes and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Murdie, A. & Urpelainen, J. 2014. Why Pick on Us? Environmental INGOs and State Shaming as a Strategic Substitute. Political Studies, 63(2), 353372.Google Scholar
Najam, A., Huq, S., & Sokona, Y. 2003. Climate Negotiations Beyond Kyoto: Developing Countries Concerns and Interests. Climate Policy, 3, 221231.Google Scholar
Nash, J. 1950. The Bargaining Problem. Econometrica, 18(2), 155162.Google Scholar
Nordhaus, William D. 2006. Samuelsonian Economics and the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chap. “Paul Samuelson and Global Public Goods.”Google Scholar
Nye, J. J. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. 1st edition. Public Affairs.Google Scholar
O’ Fordham, Benjamin. 2011. Who Wants to be a Major Power? Explaining the Expansion of Foreign Policy Ambition. Journal of Peace Research, 48(5), 587603.Google Scholar
Obradovich, Nick, Tingley, Dustin & Rahwana, Iyad. 2018. Effects of Environmental Stressors on Daily Governance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(35), 87108715.Google Scholar
Okereke, Chukwumerije, Bulkeley, Harriet & Schroeder, Heike. 2009. Conceptualizing Climate Governance Beyond the International Regime. Global Environmental Politics, 9(1), 5878.Google Scholar
Ourbak, T. & Magnan, A. K. 2018. The Paris Agreement and Climate Change Negotiations: Small Islands, Big Players. Regional Environmental Change, 18(8), 22012207.Google Scholar
Panke, Diana. 2010. Small States in the European Union: Structural Disadvantages in EU PolicyMaking and Counter-Strategies. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(6), 799817.Google Scholar
Panke, Diana. 2013. Unequal Actors in Equalising Institutions: Negotiations in the United Nations General Assembly. Houndmills: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Parker, C. F., Karlsson, C., Hjerpe, M. & Linnér, B.-O. 2012. Fragmented Climate Change Leadership: Making Sense of the Ambiguous Outcome of COP-15. Environmental Politics, 21(2), 268286.Google Scholar
Payne, R. 2001. Persuasion, Frames, and Norm Construction. European Journal of International Relations, 7(1), 3761.Google Scholar
Prakash, Aseem & Gugerty, Mary Kay. 2010. Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Remling, Elisa & Persson, Asa. 2014. Who is Adaptation for? Vulnerability and Adaptation Benefits in Proposals Approved by the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund. Climate and Development, 7(5), 1634.Google Scholar
Ringius, L., Torvanger, A., & Underdal, A. 2002. Burden Sharing and Fairness Principles in International Climate Policy. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 2, 122.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas. 1995. Bringing Transnational Relations Back in: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Steve C., & Sikkink, Kathryn (eds). 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chap. “The Socializaton of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices.”Google Scholar
Rootes, Christopher. 2008. The First Climate Change Election? The Australian General Election of 24 November 2007. Environmental Politics, 17(3), 473480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, Robert L. 1968. Alliances and Small Powers. New York and London: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rübbelke, Dirk. 2011. International Support of Climate Change Policies in Developing Countries: Strategic, Moral and Fairness Aspects. Ecological Economics, 70(8), 14701480.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Christina. 2009. Conflict, Negotiations, and EU Enlargement. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Christina J. 2011. Weak States and Institutionalized Bargaining Power in International Organizations. International Studies Quarterly, 55(2): 331355.Google Scholar
Schneider, G., Finke, D., & Bailer, S. 2010. Bargaining Power in the European Union: An Evaluation of Competing Game-Theoretic Models. Political Studies, 58(1), 85103.Google Scholar
Schreurs, Miranda A. & Tiberghien, Yves. 2007. Multi-Level Reinforcement: Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation. Global Environmental Politics, 7(4), 1946.Google Scholar
Schroeder, Heike. 2010. Agency in International Climate Negotiations: The Case of Indigenous Peoples and Avoided Deforestation. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 10(4), 317332.Google Scholar
Schulze, Kai & Tosun, Jale. 2013. External Dimensions of European Environmental Policy: An Analysis of Environmental Treaty Ratification by Third States. European Journal of Political Research, 52(5), 581607.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. A. & Guzman, A. 2005. Power Plays and Capacity Constraints: The Selection of Defendants in WTO Disputes. Journal of Legal Studies, 34(2), 557598.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth. 2000. International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs. American Political Science Review, 94(4), 819835.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A., Dobbin, Frank, & Garrett, Geoffrey. 2008. The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Skovgaard, J. 2013. EU Climate Policy After the Crisis. Environmental Politics, 23(1), 117.Google Scholar
Slapin, Jonathan B. 2008. Bargaining Power at Europe’s Intergovernmental Conferences: Testing Institutional and Intergovernmental Theories. International Organization, 62(1), 131162.Google Scholar
Sprinz, D. & Vaahtoranta, T. 1994. The Interest-Based Explanation of International Environmental Policy. International Organization, 48(1), 77105.Google Scholar
Sprinz, D. F., de Mesquita, Bueno, B. & Kallbekken, S. et al. 2016. Predicting Paris: Multi-Method Approaches to Forecast the Outcomes of Global Climate Negotiations. Politics and Governance, 4(3), 172187.Google Scholar
Sprinz, Detlef F. & Weiss, Martin. 2001. International Relations and Global Climate Change (Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation). The MIT Press. Chap. 4. “Domestic Politics and Global Climate Policy.”Google Scholar
Steinberg, Richard H. 2002. In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-Based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO. International Organization, 56(2), 339374.Google Scholar
Stone, Randall W. 2011. Controlling Institutions: International Organizations and the Global Economy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tallberg, Jonas. 2010. The Power of the Chair: Formal Leadership in International Cooperation. International Studies Quarterly, 54, 241265.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert & Stockman, F. N. 2006. The European Union Decides. Cambridge University Press. Chap. “Research Design: Measuring Actors’ Positions, Saliences and Capabilities.” Editors: R. Thomson, F. N. Stockman, C. H. Achen, T. König.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert, Stockman, Frans N., Achen, Christopher H. & König, Thomas. 2006. The European Union Decides. Cambridge University Press. Tomz, Michael. 2007. Domestic Audience Costs in International Relations: An Experimental Approach. International Organization, 61(4), 821840.Google Scholar
Tomz, Michael & Weeks, Jessica. 2013. Public Opinion and the Democratic Peace. American Political Science Review, 107(4), 849865.Google Scholar
Underdal, A. 1980. The Politics of International Fisheries Managements: The Case of the Northeast Atlantic. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Underdal, A. 2017. Climate Change and International Relations (After Kyoto). Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 169188.Google Scholar
Urpelainen, Johannes. 2011a. The Enforcement-Exploitation Trade-Off in International Cooperation between Weak and Powerful States. European Journal of International Relations, 17(4), 631653.Google Scholar
Urpelainen, Johannes. 2011b. Technology Investment, Bargaining, and International Environmental Agreements. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 12(2), 145163.Google Scholar
Urpelainen, Johannes & Van de Graaf, Thijs. 2018. United States Non-Cooperation and the Paris Agreement. Climate Policy, 18(7), 839851.Google Scholar
Vanhala, L. & Hestbaek, C. 2016. Framing Climate Change Loss and Damage in UNFCCC Negotiations. Global Environmental Politics, 16(4), 111129.Google Scholar
Victor, D. G. 2001. The collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Victor, D. G. 2006. Towards Effective International Cooperation on Climate Change: Numbers, Interests and Institutions. Global Environmental Politics, 6(3), 90103.Google Scholar
Vihma, Antto, Yacob, Mulugetta, & Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, Sylvia. 2011. Negotiating Solidarity? The G77 through the Prism of Climate Change Negotiations. Global Change, Peace and Security, 23(3), 315334.Google Scholar
Vital, David. 1967. The Inequality of States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
von Stein, J. 2008. The International Law and Politics of Climate Change: Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(2), 243268.Google Scholar
Ward, H. 1996. Game Theory and the Politics of Global Warming: the State of Play and Beyond. Political Studies, 44(5), 850871.Google Scholar
Ward, H., Grundig, F., & Zorick, E. R. 2001. Marching at the Pace of the Slowest: A Model of International Climate-Change Negotiations. Political Studies, 49(3), 438461.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jessica. 2008. Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve. International Organization, 62(1), 3564.Google Scholar
Weiler, F. 2012. Determinants of Bargaining Success in the Climate Change Negotiations. Climate Policy, 12(5), 552574.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1994. Collective Identity Formation and the International State. American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384396.Google Scholar
Winkler, H. & Depledge, J. 2018. Fiji-in-Bonn: Will the “Talanoa Spirit” prevail? Climate Policy, 18(2), 141145.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2012. World Bank Indicators. Tech. rept. World Bank.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Weak States at Global Climate Negotiations
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Weak States at Global Climate Negotiations
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Weak States at Global Climate Negotiations
Available formats
×