Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T13:55:51.797Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Distinguishing hypochondriasis and schizophrenia using regional homogeneity: a resting-state fMRI study and support vector machine analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2021

Kangyu Jin Open the ORCID record for Kangyu Jin [Opens in a new window] ,
Dongrong Xu ,
Zhe Shen ,
Guoxun Feng ,
Zhiyong Zhao ,
Jing Lu ,
Hailong Lyu ,
Fen Pan ,
Desheng Shang  and
Jingkai Chen
...Show all authors
Kangyu Jin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Dongrong Xu
Affiliation:
Columbia University & New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Zhe Shen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Guoxun Feng
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Mental Health Center, Ningbo, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Zhiyong Zhao
Affiliation:
Columbia University & New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Jing Lu
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Hailong Lyu
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Fen Pan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Desheng Shang
Affiliation:
Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Jingkai Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Shaohua Hu
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
Manli Huang*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, ZJ, People’s Republic of China
*
Author for correspondence: Manli Huang, Email: huangmanli@zju.edu.cn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

A few former studies suggested that there are partial overlaps in abnormal brain structure and cognitive function between hypochondriasis (HS) and schizophrenia (SZ). But their differences in brain activity and cognitive function were unclear.

Methods:

Twenty-one HS patients, 23 SZ patients, and 24 healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) with the regional homogeneity analysis (ReHo), subsequently exploring the relationship between ReHo value and cognitive functions. The support vector machines (SVM) were used on effectiveness evaluation of ReHo for differentiating HS from SZ.

Results:

Compared with HC, HS showed significantly increased ReHo values in right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and right fusiform gyrus (FG), while SZ showed increased ReHo in left insula, decreased ReHo values in right paracentral lobule. Additionally, HS showed significantly higher ReHo values in FG, MTG, and left paracentral lobule, but lower in insula than SZ. The higher ReHo values in insula were associated with worse performance in MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) in HS group. SVM analysis showed a combination of the ReHo values in insula and FG was able to satisfactorily distinguish the HS and SZ patients.

Conclusion:

Our results suggested that the altered default mode network (DMN), of which abnormal spontaneous neural activity occurs in multiple brain regions, might play a key role in the pathogenesis of HS, and the resting-state alterations of insula are closely related to cognitive dysfunction in HS. Furthermore, the combination of the ReHo in FG and insula was a relatively ideal indicator to distinguish HS from SZ.

Keywords

hypochondriasisschizophreniaregional homogeneitysupport vector machinedefault mode network
Type
Original Article
Information
Acta Neuropsychiatrica , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , August 2021 , pp. 182 - 190
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Dongrong Xu is co-first author.

References

Abdel-Nasser, M, Rashwan, HA, Puig, D and Moreno, A (2015) Analysis of tissue abnormality and breast density in mammographic images using a uniform local directional pattern. Expert Systems with Applications 42, 9499–9511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramowitz, JS, Olatunji, BO and Deacon, BJ (2007) Health anxiety, hypochondriasis, and the anxiety disorders. Behavioral Therapy 38, 86–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atmaca, M (2014) Pituitary gland in psychiatric disorders: a review of neuroimaging findings. Pituitary 17, 392–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atmaca, M, Yildirim, H, Sec, S and Kayali, A (2010) Pituitary volumes in hypochondriac patients. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34, 344–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailer, J, Kerstner, T, Witthoft, M, Diener, C, Mier, D and Rist, F (2016) Health anxiety and hypochondriasis in the light of DSM-5. Anxiety Stress Coping 29, 219–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barsky, AJ, Orav, EJ and Bates, DW (2005) Somatization increases medical utilization and costs independent of psychiatric and medical comorbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 903–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT and Rector, NA (2005) Cognitive approaches to schizophrenia: theory and therapy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 1, 577–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonilha, L, Hillis, AE, Hickok, G, Den Ouden, DB, Rorden, C and Fridriksson, J (2017) Temporal lobe networks supporting the comprehension of spoken words. Brain 140, 2370–2380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspers, S, Eickhoff, SB, Geyer, S, Scheperjans, F, Mohlberg, H, Zilles, K and Amunts, K (2008) The human inferior parietal lobule in stereotaxic space. Brain Structure and Function 212, 481–495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X, Liang, S, Pu, W, Song, Y, Mwansisya, TE, Yang, Q, Liu, H, Liu, Z, Shan, B and Xue, Z (2015) Reduced cortical thickness in right Heschl’s Gyrus associated with auditory verbal hallucinations severity in first-episode schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 15, 152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Critchley, HD, Rotshtein, P, Nagai, Y, O’doherty, J, Mathias, CJ and Dolan, RJ (2005) Activity in the human brain predicting differential heart rate responses to emotional facial expressions. Neuroimage 24, 751–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cui, Y, Liu, B, Song, M, Lipnicki, DM, Li, J, Xie, S, Chen, Y, Li, P, Lu, L, Lv, L, Wang, H, Yan, H, Yan, J, Zhang, H, Zhang, D and Jiang, T (2018) Auditory verbal hallucinations are related to cortical thinning in the left middle temporal gyrus of patients with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 48, 115–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eilenberg, T, Frostholm, L, Schroder, A, Jensen, JS and Fink, P (2015) Long-term consequences of severe health anxiety on sick leave in treated and untreated patients: analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 32, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Exner, C, Weniger, G, Schmidt-Samoa, C and Irle, E (2006) Reduced size of the pre-supplementary motor cortex and impaired motor sequence learning in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 84, 386–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, J, Zhong, M, Gan, J, Liu, W, Niu, C, Liao, H, Zhang, H, Tan, C, Yi, J and Zhu, X (2017) Spontaneous neural activity in the right superior temporal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus is associated with insight level in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 207, 203–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, S, Lu, S, Shi, X, Ming, Y, Xiao, C, Sun, J, Yao, H and Xu, X (2018) Distinguishing between treatment-resistant and non-treatment-resistant schizophrenia using regional homogeneity. Frontiers in Psychiatry 9, 282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia-Campayo, J, Fayed, N, Serrano-Blanco, A and Roca, M (2009) Brain dysfunction behind functional symptoms: neuroimaging and somatoform, conversive, and dissociative disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 22, 224–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gasquoine, PG (2014) Contributions of the insula to cognition and emotion. Neuropsychology Reviews 24, 77–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gogolla, N (2017) The insular cortex. Current Biology 27, R580–R586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gorgen, SM, Hiller, W and Witthoft, M (2014) Health anxiety, cognitive coping, and emotion regulation: a latent variable approach. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21, 364–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grassi, G, Poli, L, Cantisani, A, Righi, L, Ferrari, G and Pallanti, S (2014) Hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics. CNS Spectrums 19, 340–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, D, Tadic, SD, Schaefer, W and Resnick, NM (2007) Cerebral control of the bladder in normal and urge-incontinent women. Neuroimage 37, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grill-Spector, K, Kourtzi, Z and Kanwisher, N (2001) The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition. Vision Research 41, 1409–1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henson, R, Shallice, T and Dolan, R (2000) Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming. Science 287, 1269–1272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirjak, D, Wolf, RC, Stieltjes, B, Hauser, T, Seidl, U, Schroder, J and Thomann, PA (2014) Cortical signature of neurological soft signs in recent onset schizophrenia. Brain Topography 27, 296–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, AJ and Grace, GM (2000) Misidentification syndromes related to face specific area in the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 69, 645–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Igelstrom, KM and Graziano, MSA (2017) The inferior parietal lobule and temporoparietal junction: a network perspective. Neuropsychologia 105, 70–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, L and Zuo, XN (2016) Regional homogeneity: a multimodal, multiscale neuroimaging marker of the human connectome. Neuroscientist 22, 486–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanwisher, N, Mcdermott, J and Chun, MM (1997) The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 4302–4311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobayashi, T and Kato, S (2004) Psychopathology and outcome of first-admission schizophrenic patients: hypochondriac-cenestopathic symptoms as predictors of an unfavorable outcome. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 58, 567–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lagioia, A, Van De Ville, D, Debbane, M, Lazeyras, F and Eliez, S (2010) Adolescent resting state networks and their associations with schizotypal trait expression. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 4, 35.Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y, Wang, G, Jin, H, Lyu, H, Liu, Y, Guo, W, Shi, C, Meyers, J, Wang, J, Zhao, J, Wu, R, Smith, RC and Davis, JM (2019) Cognitive deficits in subjects at risk for psychosis, first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Research 274, 235–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Y, Zhang, Y, Lv, L, Wu, R, Zhao, J and Guo, W (2018) Abnormal neural activity as a potential biomarker for drug-naive first-episode adolescent-onset schizophrenia with coherence regional homogeneity and support vector machine analyses. Schizophrenia Research 192, 408–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mason, MF, Norton, MI, Van Horn, JD, Wegner, DM, Grafton, ST and Macrae, CN (2007) Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315, 393–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menon, V and Uddin, LQ (2010) Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function 214, 655–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowak, I, Sabariego, C, Switaj, P and Anczewska, M (2016) Disability and recovery in schizophrenia: a systematic review of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions. BMC Psychiatry 16, 228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onitsuka, T, Nestor, PG, Gurrera, RJ, Shenton, ME, Kasai, K, Frumin, M, Niznikiewicz, MA and Mccarley, RW (2005) Association between reduced extraversion and right posterior fusiform gyrus gray matter reduction in chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 599–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onitsuka, T, Shenton, ME, Kasai, K, Nestor, PG, Toner, SK, Kikinis, R, Jolesz, FA and Mccarley, RW (2003) Fusiform gyrus volume reduction and facial recognition in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 349–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ou, Y, Liu, F, Chen, J, Pan, P, Wu, R, Su, Q, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J and Guo, W (2018) Increased coherence-based regional homogeneity in resting-state patients with first-episode, drug-naive somatization disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 235, 150–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavlidis, P, Wapinski, I and Noble, WS (2004) Support vector machine classification on the web. Bioinformatics 20, 586–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachman, S (2012) Health anxiety disorders: a cognitive construal. Behavioral Research Therapy 50, 502–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raichle, ME and Snyder, AZ (2007) A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage 37, 1083–1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rugg, MD and Vilberg, KL (2013) Brain networks underlying episodic memory retrieval. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23, 255–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwenzer, M and Mathiak, K (2012) Hypochondriacal attitudes comprise heterogeneous non-illness-related cognitions. BMC Psychiatry 12, 173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sestieri, C, Corbetta, M, Romani, GL and Shulman, GL (2011) Episodic memory retrieval, parietal cortex, and the default mode network: functional and topographic analyses. Journal of Neuroscience 31, 4407–4420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shi, C, Kang, L, Yao, S, Ma, Y, Li, T, Liang, Y, Cheng, Z, Xu, Y, Shi, J, Xu, X, Zhang, C, Franklin, DR, Heaton, RK, Jin, H, Yu, X. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB): Co-Norming and standardization in China. Schizophr Res. 2015; 169(1-3):109-115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommer, IE, Diederen, KM, Blom, JD, Willems, A, Kushan, L, Slotema, K, Boks, MP, Daalman, K, Hoek, HW, Neggers, SF and Kahn, RS (2008) Auditory verbal hallucinations predominantly activate the right inferior frontal area. Brain 131, 3169–3177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, Y, Su, Q, Jiang, M, Liu, F, Yao, D, Dai, Y, Long, L, Yu, M, Liu, J, Zhang, Z, Zhang, J, Xiao, C and Guo, W (2015) Abnormal regional homogeneity and its correlations with personality in first-episode, treatment-naive somatization disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology 97, 108–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spasojević, G, Malobabic, S, Pilipović-Spasojević, O, Djukić-Macut, N and Maliković, A (2013) Morphology and digitally aided morphometry of the human paracentral lobule. Folia Morphologica 72, 10–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stankewitz, A, Sorg, C, Von Kalckreuth, A, Schulz, E, Valet, M, Neufang, S, Zimmer, C, Henningsen, P, Gundel, H, Wohlschlager, AM and Tolle, TR (2018) Fronto-insular connectivity during pain distraction is impaired in patients with somatoform pain. Journal of Neuroimaging 28, 621–628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starcevic, V (2015) Hypochondriasis: treatment options for a diagnostic quagmire. Australas Psychiatry 23, 369–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, DJ, Kogan, CS, Atmaca, M, Fineberg, NA, Fontenelle, LF, Grant, JE, Matsunaga, H, Reddy, YCJ, Simpson, HB, Thomsen, PH, Van Den Heuvel, OA, Veale, D, Woods, DW and Reed, GM (2016) The classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11. Journal of Affective Disorders 190, 663–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, T, Suzuki, M, Zhou, SY, Tanino, R, Hagino, H, Niu, L, Kawasaki, Y, Seto, H and Kurachi, M (2006) Temporal lobe gray matter in schizophrenia spectrum: a volumetric MRI study of the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and middle and inferior temporal gyri. Schizophrenia Research 87, 116–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, T, Zhou, SY, Nakamura, K, Tanino, R, Furuichi, A, Kido, M, Kawasaki, Y, Noguchi, K, Seto, H, Kurachi, M and Suzuki, M (2011) A follow-up MRI study of the fusiform gyrus and middle and inferior temporal gyri in schizophrenia spectrum. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 35, 1957–1964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P (2018) Recent advances in the understanding and treatment of health anxiety. Current Psychiatry Reports 20, 49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Upadhyaya, AR, El-Sheikh, R, Macmaster, FP, Diwadkar, VA and Keshavan, MS (2007) Pituitary volume in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia: a structural MRI study. Schizophrenia Research 90, 266–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Den Heuvel, OA, Veale, D and Stein, DJ (2014) Hypochondriasis: considerations For Icd-11. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria 36, 21–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Swam, C, Federspiel, A, Hubl, D, Wiest, R, Boesch, C, Vermathen, P, Kreis, R, Strik, W and Dierks, T (2012) Possible dysregulation of cortical plasticity in auditory verbal hallucinations-a cortical thickness study in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry Research 46, 1015–1023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varoquaux, G, Raamana, PR, Engemann, DA, Hoyos-Idrobo, A, Schwartz, Y and Thirion, B (2017) Assessing and tuning brain decoders: cross-validation, caveats, and guidelines. Neuroimage 145, 166–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walter, U, Kolbaske, S, Patejdl, R, Steinhagen, V, Abu-Mugheisib, M, Grossmann, A, Zingler, C and Benecke, R (2013) Insular stroke is associated with acute sympathetic hyperactivation and immunodepression. European Journal of Neurology 20, 153–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, M, Li, C, Zhang, W, Wang, Y, Feng, Y, Liang, Y, Wei, J, Zhang, X, Li, X and Chen, R (2019) Support vector machine for analyzing contributions of brain regions during task-state FMRI. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 13, 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, S, Zhang, Y, Lv, L, Wu, R, Fan, X, Zhao, J and Guo, W (2018) Abnormal regional homogeneity as a potential imaging biomarker for adolescent-onset schizophrenia: a resting-state fmri study and support vector machine analysis. Schizophrenia Research 192, 179–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weck, F, Gropalis, M, Hiller, W and Bleichhardt, G (2015) Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy for patients with hypochondriasis (health anxiety). Journal of Anxiety Disorders 30, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield-Gabrieli, S, Thermenos, HW, Milanovic, S, Tsuang, MT, Faraone, SV, Mccarley, RW, Shenton, ME, Green, AI, Nieto-Castanon, A, Laviolette, P, Wojcik, J, Gabrieli, JD and Seidman, LJ (2009) Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 1279–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wylie, KP and Tregellas, JR (2010) The role of the insula in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 123, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiao, B, Wang, S, Liu, J, Meng, T, He, Y and Luo, X (2017) Abnormalities of localized connectivity in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected relatives: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neuropsychiatry Disease Treatment 13, 467–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xu, J, Wang, J, Fan, L, Li, H, Zhang, W, Hu, Q and Jiang, T (2015) Tractography-based parcellation of the human middle temporal gyrus. Science Reports 5, 18883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, R, Hsieh, MH, Wang, HL, Liu, CM, Liu, CC, Hwang, TJ, Chien, YL, Hwu, HG and Tseng, WY (2013) Frequency dependent alterations in regional homogeneity of baseline brain activity in schizophrenia. Plos One 8, E57516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zang, Y, Jiang, T, Lu, Y, He, Y and Tian, L (2004) Regional homogeneity approach to FMRI data analysis. Neuroimage 22, 394–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, X, Yao, J, Lv, Y, Zhang, X, Han, C, Chen, L, Ren, F, Jin, Z, Li, Y and Sui, Y (2018) Abnormalities of regional homogeneity and its correlation with clinical symptoms in naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Brain Imaging and Behavior 13, 503–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Z, Huang, T, Tang, C, Ni, K, Pan, X, Yan, C, Fan, X, Xu, D and Luo, Y (2017) Altered resting-state intra- and inter- network functional connectivity in patients with persistent somatoform pain disorder. Plos One 12, E0176494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: PDF

Jin et al. supplementary material

Jin et al. supplementary material

Download Jin et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 4.2 MB