Hostname: page-component-68945f75b7-72kh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-06T09:05:29.860Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

X-Ray Powder Diffraction Investigation of the Monumental Stone of the Gastel dell'Ovo, Naples Italy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

S. Z. Lewin  and
A. E. Charoia
S. Z. Lewin
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, New York University 4 Washington Place, New York, N.Y. 10003
A. E. Charoia
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, New York University 4 Washington Place, New York, N.Y. 10003
Get access

Extract

The Castel dell'Ovo on the Bay of Naples, Italy, is an important historic structure dating from the 12th century. It is composed of a soft, volcanic tuff that was employed because it was locally available and easy to quarry and work. The exposed stone of this monument shows extensive decay, principally in the form of the crumbling away of the surface, and this has progressed to the greatest extent in the lower parts of the structure. Restoration and preservative intervention are now being considered. The essential prerequisites to the formulation of a safe and effective strategy of treatment of the monument are the understanding of the nature and properties of the stone, and of the factors responsible for its decay. The present investigation was undertaken to provide that information. In the course of these studies certain novel and significant features of the crystal chemistry of one of the common zeolite minerals have been observed, and are reported here.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in X-Ray Analysis , Volume 22: Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis, August 1-4, 1978 , 1978 , pp. 169 - 180
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Rossi-mnaresi, R., “Causes of Decay and Conservation Treatments of the Tuff of Castel dell'Ovo in Naples,” in 2nd International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones, National Technical University 42 Patission St., Athens T.T.147, Greece, pp. 151-68 (1976).Google Scholar
2. Patel, A.K. and Sand, L.B., “Mechanisms of Synthesizing Pseudomor-phic Zeolite Particulates Using High Concentration Gradients,” in Molecular Sieves, II., ACS Symposium Series No. 40, Amer. Chem. See., Wash., D.C., pp. 207-17 (1977).Google Scholar
3. Coombs, D.S., et al., “The Zeolite Facies, with Comments on the Interpretation of Hydrothermal Syntheses,” Geochim. et Cosmi-chim. Acta, 17, 53–107 (1959).Google Scholar
4. Gude, A.J. and Sheppard, R.A., “Silica-Rich Chabazite from the Bar-stow Formation, San Bernardino County, Southern California,” Amer. Mineral., 51., 909-15 (1966).Google Scholar
5. Powder Diffraction File 3-0062, Joint Ccmnittee on Powder Diff¬raction Standards, Swarthmore, Pa.Google Scholar
6. Coombs, D.S., “X-Ray Investigation of Wairakite and Non-Cubic Analcime,” Mineral. Mag., .30, 699 (1955).Google Scholar
7. Powder Diffraction File 19-1227.Google Scholar
8. Breck, D.W., Zeolite Molecular Sieves, p. 202, Wiley (1974).Google Scholar
9. Hoss, H. and Roy, R., “Zeolite Studies III: On Natural Phillips-ite, Gismondite, Ifermotome, Chabazite, and Gmelinite,” Beitr. Mineral, u. Petrogr., 2, 404 (1960).Google Scholar
10. Creroers, A., “Ion Exchange in Zeolites,” in Molecular Sieves, ll, loc. cit., pp. 182-4.Google Scholar
11. Hey, M.H., “Studies on the Zeolites,” Mineral. Mag., 22, 422-37, (1930); 24, 225-53 (1936).Google Scholar
12. Steiner, A., “Wairakite, Ca-Analogue of Analcime, A New Zeolite Mineral,” Mineral Mag., 30, 691 (1955).Google Scholar
13. D.W.Breck, loc. cit., p. 503.Google Scholar
14. Barrer, R.M. and Samnon, D.C., “Exchange Equilibria in Crystals of Chabazite,” J. Cham. Soc., 2838-49 (1955).Google Scholar
15. Nightingale, E.R., “Phencmenological Theory of Ion Solvation. Eff¬ective Radii of Hydrated Ions,” J. Phys. Chem., 63, 1381-7 (1959).Google Scholar
16. H.Hoss and R.Roy, loc. cit., p. 399.Google Scholar
17. Kdkotailo, G.T., Lawton, S.L. and Sawruk, S., “Inter- and Intrapart-icle Diffusion of Ions in Zeolites,” in Molecular Sieves, II, loc. cit., pp. 439-50. “When the calcium ion loses its water of hydration, it wants to surround itself with oxygen ions and therefore buries itself into the anionic framework with a pre-ference for small cages, such as the double six-membered rings.” p. 448.Google Scholar
18. D.W.Breck, loc. cit., pp. 108-9.Google Scholar
19. Dent, L.S. and Smith, J.v., “Crystal Structures of Chabazite,” Nat¬ure, 181, 1794-6 (1958); Smith, J.V., Rinaldi, F. and Dent-Glasser, L.S., Acta Crystallogr., 16, 45 (1963).Google Scholar