Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-sh8wx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T21:45:35.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Radio-Astronomy and Navigation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

C. M. Cade*
Affiliation:
(Research Department, Kelvin and Hughes Ltd.)

Extract

The difficulties of determining latitude and longitude under adverse weather conditions, when neither the Sun nor stars can be sighted, are well-known, and the advantages of a non-visual system of position finding which could operate through clouds or fog are too obvious to require emphasis.

A Radio Sextant, which detects and locks-on to 8 mm. radiation from the Sun, has already been made and tested in America with reputedly excellent results. An analysis of both the theoretical and the practical design factors is given in the present paper, together with the results of successful experiments made in Great Britain.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 1958

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Alfven, H. (1951). Cosmical Electrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 1951Google Scholar
2.Alfven, H. (1955). Tellus, 7, p. 50, 1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Allen, C. W. (1947). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 107, p. 426, 1947.Google Scholar
4.Allen, C. W. and Gum, C. S. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 224, 1950.Google Scholar
5.Allen, C. W. (1955). Astrophysical Quantities. Athlone Press, London, 1955.Google Scholar
6.Appleton, E. V., Naismith, R. and Ingram, L. J. (1937). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, 236, p. 191, 1937.Google Scholar
7.Appleton, E. V. (1945). Nature, 156, p. 534, 1945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Appleton, E. V. and Hey, J. S. (1946). Phil. Mag., 37, p. 73, 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Appleton, E. V. and Hey, J. S. (1946). Nature, 158, p. 339, 1946.Google Scholar
10.Aspinall, A. and Hawkins, G. S. (1950). Journal of the British Astronomical Society, 60, p. 130, 1950.Google Scholar
11.Baade, W. (1938). Astrophysics Journal, 88, p. 285, 1938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Baade, W. (1942). Astrophysics Journal, 96, p. 188, 1942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Baade, W. (1943). Astrophysics Journal, 97, p. 119, 1943.Google Scholar
14.Baade, W. and Minkowski, R. (1954). Astrophysics Journal, 119, pp. 206, 215, 1954.Google Scholar
15.Baldwin, J. E. (1954). Nature, 174, p. 320, 1954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Baldwin, J. E. and Dewhirst, D. W. (1954). Nature, 173, p. 164, 1954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Baldwin, J. E. (1955). The Observatory, 75, p. 229, 1955.Google Scholar
18.Bey, Z. (1946). Hungaria Acta Physica, 1, p. 1, 1946.Google Scholar
19.Becker, G. E. and Autler, S. H. (1946). Physical Review, 70, p. 300, 1946.Google Scholar
20.Bethe, H. A. (1939). Physical Review, 55, p. 434, 1939.Google Scholar
21.Bjerknes, V. (1926). Astrophysics Journal, 64, p. 93, 1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Bohm, D. and Gross, E. P. (1949). Physical Review,75, p. 1851, 1949.Google Scholar
23.Bolton, J. G. (1948). Nature, 162, p. 141, 1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Bolton, J. G. and Stanley, G. J. (1948). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A1, p. 58, 1948.Google Scholar
25.Bolton, J. G., Stanley, G. J. and Slee, O. B. (1949). Nature, 164, p. 101, 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Bolton, J. G. and Westfold, K. C. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 19, 1950.Google Scholar
27.Bolton, J. G., Slee, O. B. and Stanley, G. J. (1953). Australian Journal of Physics, 6, p. 434, 1953.Google Scholar
28.Bolton, J. G., Stanley, G. J. and Slee, O. B. (1954). Australian Journal of Physics, 7, p. 110, 1954.Google Scholar
29.Bondi, H., Hoyle, F. and Lyttleton, R. A. (1947). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 107, p. 184, 1947.Google Scholar
30.Bondi, H. and Gold, T. (1948). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 108, p. 252, 1948.Google Scholar
31.Bondi, H. (1952). Cosmology. Oxford University Press, 1952.Google Scholar
32.Braceweix, R. N. and Straker, T. W. (1949). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 109, p. 28, 1949.Google Scholar
33.Braceweix, R. N. (1952). The Observatory, 72, p. 27, 1952.Google Scholar
34.Brandt, L. (1956). Interavia, 11, p. 793, 1956.Google Scholar
35.Bullough, K. and Kaiser, T. R. (1954). Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 5, p. 189, 1954.Google Scholar
36.Bullough, K. and Kaiser, T. R. (1955). Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 6, p. 198, 1955.Google Scholar
37.Burgess, R. E. (1941). Proceedings of the Physical Society, 55, p. 293, 1941.Google Scholar
38.Burke, B. F. and Franklin, K. L. (1955). Journal of Geophysical Research, 60, p. 213, 1955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Burkhardt, G., Elwert, G. and Unsold, A. (1948). Zeit. fur Astrophys., 25, p. 310, 1948.Google Scholar
40.Buscombe, W., Gascoigne, S. C. B. and De Vaucouleurs, G. (1954). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, 17, Supplement 1, 1954.Google Scholar
41.Chapman, S. and Bartels, J. (1940). Geomagnetism. Oxford University Press, 1940.Google Scholar
42.Chapman, S. (1943). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 103, p. 117, 1943.Google Scholar
43.Chapman, S. (1950). Journal of Geophysical Research, 55, p. 361, 1950.Google Scholar
44.Christiansen, W. N. and Hindman, J. V. (1951). Nature, 167, p. 635, 1951.Google Scholar
45.Christiansen, W. N. and Hindman, J. V. (1952). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A5, p. 437, 1952.Google Scholar
46.Christiansen, W. N. and Warburton, J. A. (1953). Australian Journal of Physics, 6, p. 262, 1953.Google Scholar
47.Christiansen, W. N. and Warburton, J. A. (1955). Australian Journal of Physics, 8, p. 474, 1955.Google Scholar
48.Cottony, H. V. and Johler, J. R. (1952). Proc. I.R.E., 40, p. 1953, 1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Covington, A. E. and Broten, N. W. (1954). Astrophysics Journal, 119, p. 569, 1954.Google Scholar
50.Critchfield, C. L., Ney, E. P. and Oleska, S. (1952). Physical Review, 85, p. 461, 1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.Davis, L. (1954). Physical Review, 96, p. 743, 1954.Google Scholar
52.De Vaucouleurs, G. (1952-53). A Revision of the Har vard Survey of Bright Galaxies. Australian National University Monograph, 1952-53.Google Scholar
53.De Vaucouleurs, G. (1954). The Observatory, 74, p. 158, 1954.Google Scholar
54.De Witt, J. H. and Stodola, E. K. (1949). Proc. I.R.E., 37, p. 229, 1949.Google Scholar
55.Dicke, R. H. (1946). Review of Scientific Instruments, 17, p. 268, 1946.Google Scholar
56.Dicke, R. H. and Beringer, R. (1946). Astrophysics Journal, 103, p. 375, 1946.Google Scholar
57.Dicke, R. H., Beringer, R., et al. (1946). Physical Review, 70, p. 340, 1946.Google Scholar
58.Dombrovsky, (1954). Doklady Akad. Nauk U.S.S.R., 94, p. 1021, 1954.Google Scholar
59.Du Martheray, M. and Antonini, E. (1952). Docum. Observateurs, 5, 1952.Google Scholar
60.Eddington, A. S. (1926). The Internal Constitution of the Stars. Cambridge University Press, 1926.Google Scholar
61.Ellison, M. A. (1946). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 106, p. 500, 1946.Google Scholar
62.Ellison, M. A. (1949). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 109, p. 3, 1949.Google Scholar
63.Ellison, M. A. (1949). Nature, 163, p. 749, 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Ellyett, C. D. and Davies, J. G. (1948). Nature, 161, p. 596, 1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Ellyett, C. D. and Davies, J. G. (1949). Phil. Mag., 40, p. 614, 1949.Google Scholar
66.Epstein, I. (1950). Astrophysics Journal, 112, p. 207, 1950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67.Evans, D. S. (1949). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 109, p. 94, 1949.Google Scholar
68.Ewen, H. I. and Purcell, E. M. (1951). Nature, 168, p. 356, 1951.Google Scholar
69.Farren, L. I. (1946). Wireless Engineer, 23, p. 330, 1946.Google Scholar
70.Feenberg, E. and Primakoff, H. (1948). Physical Review, 73, p. 449, 1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Fermi, E. (1949). Physical Review, 75, p. 1169, 1949.Google Scholar
72.Forsyth, P. A., Petrie, W. and Currie, B. W. (1949). Nature, 164, p. 453, 1949.Google Scholar
73.Forsyth, P. A., Petrie, W., Vawter, F. and Currie, B. W. (1950). Nature, 165, p. 561, 1950.Google Scholar
74.Fox, W. E. (1952). Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 62, p. 280, 1952.Google Scholar
75.Fry, D. W. and Goward, F. K. (1950). Aerials for Centimeter Wavelengths. Cambridge University Press, 1950.Google Scholar
76.Gamow, G. (1949). Scientific American, p. 19, December 1949.Google Scholar
77.Gartelein, C. W. (1950). Transaction of the American Geophysical Union, 31, p. 18, 1950.Google Scholar
78.Ginsburg, V. L. (1951). Doklady Akad. Nauk V.S.S.R., 76, p. 377, 1951.Google Scholar
79.Giovanelli, R. G. (1948). Nature, 161, p. 133, 1948.Google Scholar
80.Gold, T. (1952). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 112, p. 215, 1952.Google Scholar
81.Goldberg, L. (1954). Astrophysics Journal, 120, p. 185, 1954.Google Scholar
82.Greenstein, J. L. and Minkowski, R. (1953). Astrophysics Journal, 118, p. 1, 1953.Google Scholar
83.Grieg, D. D., Metzger, S. and Waer, R. (1948) Proc. I.R.E., 36, p. 652, 1948.Google Scholar
84.Haddock, F. T., Mayer, C. H. and Sloanaker, M. (1954). Nature, 174, p. 176, 1954.Google Scholar
85.Haeff, A. V. (1949). Physical Review, 75, p. 1546, 1949.Google Scholar
86.Hagen, J. P. (1951). Astrophysics Journal, 113, p. 547, 1951.Google Scholar
87.Hagen, J. P., McClain, E. F. and Hepburn, N. (1954). Proc. I.R.E., 42, p. 1811, 1954.Google Scholar
88.Hagen, J. P., Lilley, A. E. and McClain, E. F. (1955). Astrophysics Journal, 122, p. 361, 1955.Google Scholar
89.Hanbury Brown, R. and Hazard, C. (1950). Nature, 166, p. 901, 1950.Google Scholar
90.Hanbury Brown, R. and Hazard, C. (1951). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 111, p. 357, 1951.Google Scholar
91.Hanbury Brown, R. and Hazard, C. (1952). Phil. Mag., 43, p. 137, 1952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
92.Hanbury Brown, R. and Hazard, C. (1952). Nature, 170, p. 364, 1952.Google Scholar
93.Hanbury Brown, R., Jennison, R. C. and Das Gupta, M. K. (1952). Nature, 170, p. 1061, 1952.Google Scholar
94.Hanbury Brown, R. and Hazard, C. (1953). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 113, p. 123, 1953.Google Scholar
95.Hanbury Brown, R., Palmer, H. P. and Thomson, A. R. (1954). Nature, 173, p. 945, 1954.Google Scholar
96.Hazard, C. (1954). Occasional Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 3, p. 74, 1954.Google Scholar
97.Heinze, K. G. and Miller, F. D. (1951). Publications of the University of Michigan Observatory, 10, p. 75, 1951.Google Scholar
98.Herlofson, N. (1948). Phys. Soc. Rep. Prog. Phys., 11, p. 444, 1948.Google Scholar
99.Hewish, A. (1955). Proceedings of the Royal Society, A228, p. 238, 1955.Google Scholar
100.Hey, J. S. (1946). Nature, 157, p. 47, 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
101.Hey, J. S., Parsons, S. J. and Phillips, J. W. (1946). Nature, 158, p. 234, 1946.Google Scholar
102.Hey, J. S., Parsons, S. J. and Phillips, J. W. (1947). Nature, 160, p. 371, 1947.Google Scholar
103.Hey, J. S., Phillips, J. W. and Parsons, S. J. (1948). Proceedings of the Royal Society, 192, p. 425, 1948.Google Scholar
104.Hey, J. S., Parsons, S. J. and Phillips, J. W. (1948). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 108, p. 354, 1948.Google Scholar
105.Hey, J. S. (1949). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 109, p. 179, 1949.Google Scholar
106.Higgins, C. S. and Shain, C. A. (1954). Australian Journal of Physics, 7, p. 460, 1954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
107.Higgs, A. J. (1951). Science News, 21, p. 39, 1951.Google Scholar
108.Hoyle, F. (1948). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 108, p. 372, 1948.Google Scholar
109.Hoyle, F. (1954). Nature, 173, p. 483, 1954.Google Scholar
110.Hoyle, F. (1954). Journal of Geophysical Research, 59, p. 180, 1954.Google Scholar
111.Hughes, A. J., O.B.E., (1946). History of Air Navigation. Allen and Unwin, 1946.Google Scholar
112.Iaeger, J. C. and Harper, A. F. A. (1950). Nature, 166, p. 408, 1950.Google Scholar
113.Jaeger, J. C. and Westford, K. C. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 376, 1950.Google Scholar
114.Jansky, K. G. (1932). Proc. I.R.E., 20, p. 1920, 1932.Google Scholar
115.Jansky, K. G. (1933). Proc. I.R.E., 21, p. 1387, 1933.Google Scholar
116.Jansky, K. G. (1935). Proc. I.R.E., 23, p. 1158, 1935.Google Scholar
117.Jennison, R. C. and Das Gupta, M. K. (1953). Nature, 172, p. 996, 1953.Google Scholar
118.Johnson, H. and De Remer, K. R. (1951). Proc. I.R.E., 39, p. 908, 1951.Google Scholar
119.Kahn, F. D. (1950). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 110, p. 483, 1950.Google Scholar
120.Kerr, F. J., Shain, C. A. and Higgins, C. S. (1949). Nature, 163, p. 310, 1949.Google Scholar
121.Kerr, F. J. and Shain, C. A. (1951). Proc. I.R.E., 39, p. 230, 1951.Google Scholar
122.Kerr, F. J., Hindmann, J. V. and Robinson, B. J. (1954). Australian Journal of Physics, 7, p. 297, 1954.Google Scholar
123.Kerr, F. J. and De Vaucouleurs, G. (1955). Australian Journal of Physics, 8, p. 196, 1955.Google Scholar
124.King, Hainer and Cross, (1947). Physical Review, 71, p. 433, 1947.Google Scholar
125.Kopal, Z.Vistas in Astronomy, Vol. II, pp. 14911505.Google Scholar
126.Kraus, J. D., Ko, H. C. and Matt, S. (1954). Astro-physics Journal, 59, p. 439, 1954.Google Scholar
127.Kraus, J. D. (1956). Nature, 178, pp. 33, 103, 159, 1956.Google Scholar
128.Kraus, J. D. (1956). Sky and Telescope, 15, p. 358, 1956.Google Scholar
129.Kruse, Marshall and Platt, (1956). Astrophysics Journal, 124, p. 601, 1956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
130.Langer, R. M. (1936). Physical Review, 49, p. 209, 1936.Google Scholar
131.Lehany, F. J. and Yabsley, D. E. (1949). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A2, p. 48, 1949.Google Scholar
132.Lilley, A. E. and McClain, E. F. (1955). Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, Report No. 4689, 1955.Google Scholar
133.Link, F. (1952). Bulletin of the Central Astronomical Institution, Czechoslovakia, 3, p. 6, 1952.Google Scholar
134.Little, C. G. and Lovell, A. C. B. (1950). Nature, 165, p. 422, 1950.Google Scholar
135.Little, C. G. (1951). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 111, 1951.Google Scholar
136.Little, A. G. and Payne-Scott, R. (1951). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A4, p. 489, 1951.Google Scholar
137.Little, C. G. and Maxwell, A. (1951). Phil. Mag., 42, p. 267, 1951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
138.Lovell, A. C. B., Clegg, J. A. and Ellyett, C. D. (1947). Nature, 160, p. 372, 1947.Google Scholar
139.Lovell, A. C. B. and Clegg, J. A. (1948). Proceedings of the Physical Society, 60, p. 491, 1948.Google Scholar
140.Lovell, A. C. B. and Clegg, J. A. (1952). Radio Astronomy, London, 1952.Google Scholar
141.Lovell, A. C. B. (1954). Occasional Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 3, p. 33, 1954.Google Scholar
142.Lovell, A. C. B. (1956). I.E.E. Fourth Kelvin Lecture, April 1956.Google Scholar
143.Lundmark, K. (1921). Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 33, p. 225, 1921.Google Scholar
144.Machin, K. E. and Smith, F. G. (1952). Nature, 170, p. 319, 1952.Google Scholar
145.Marner, G. R. (1955). Collins Radio Co., Report CRT-136, 1955.Google Scholar
146.Martyn, D. F. (1946). Nature, 158, p. 308, 1946.Google Scholar
147.Martyn, D. F. (1946). Nature, 158, p. 632, 1946.Google Scholar
148.Martyn, D. F. (1947). Nature, 159, p. 26, 1947.Google Scholar
149.Martyn, D. F. (1948). Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 193, p. 44, 1948.Google Scholar
150.Martyn, D. F. (1951). Nature, 167, p. 92, 1951.Google Scholar
151.Mills, B. Y. and Thomas, A. B. (1951). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A4, p. 158, 1951.Google Scholar
152.Mills, B. Y. (1952). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A5, p. 266, 952.Google Scholar
153.Mills, B. Y. (1952). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A5, p. 456, 1952.Google Scholar
154.Mills, B. Y. (1952). Nature, 170, p. 1063, 1952.Google Scholar
155.Mills, B. Y. and Little, A. G. (1953). Australian Journal of Physics, 6, p. 272, 1953.Google Scholar
156.Mills, B. Y. (1953). Australian Journal of Physics, 6, p. 452, 1953.Google Scholar
157.Mills, B. Y. (1955). Australian Journal of Physics, 8, p. 368, 1955.Google Scholar
158.Mills, B. Y., Little, A. G. and Sheridan, K. V. (1956). Australian Journal of Physics, 9, p. 2, 1956.Google Scholar
159.Minkowski, R. (1942). Astrophysics Journal, 96, p. 199, 1942.Google Scholar
160.Minkowski, R. and Aller, L. H. (1954). Astrophysics Journal, 119, p. 232, 1954.Google Scholar
161.Minkowski, R. (1954). Journal of Geophysical Research, 59, p. 177, 1954.Google Scholar
162.Minnett, H. C. and Labrum, R. N. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, 3, p. 60, 1950.Google Scholar
163.Mitra, A. P. and Shain, C. A. (1953). Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 4, p. 204, 1953.Google Scholar
164.Mofenson, J. (1946). Electronics, 19, p. 92, 1946.Google Scholar
165.Moxon, L. A. (1949). Recent Advances in Radio Receivers. Cambridge University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
166.Muller, C. A. and Oort, J. H. (1951). Nature, 168, p. 356, 1951.Google Scholar
167.Muller, C. A. (1956). Phillips Technical Review, 17, p. 305, 1956.Google Scholar
168.Muller, C. A. (1956). Phillips Technical Review, 17, p. 351, 1956.Google Scholar
169.Murray, W. A. S. and Hargreaves, J. K. (1954). Nature, 173, p. 944, 1954.Google Scholar
170.McCready, L. L., Pawsey, J. L. and Payne-Scott, R. (1947). Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 190, p. 357, 1947.Google Scholar
171.McCubbin, T. K. and Sinton, W. M. (1950). Journal of the Optical Society of America, 40, p. 537, 1950.Google Scholar
172.Mcgee, R. X. and Bolton, J. G. (1954). Nature, 173, p. 985, 1954.Google Scholar
173.McKinley, D. W. R. and Millman, P. M. (1949). Canadian Journal of Research, 27, p. 53, 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
174.McKinley, D. W. R. (1951). Astrophysics Journal, 110, p. 225, 1951.Google Scholar
175.McLaughlin, D. B.Vistas in Astronomy, Vol. II, pp. 14771485.Google Scholar
176.Norton, A. P. and Inglis, J. G. (1943). A Star Atlas and Reference Handbook, London, 1943.Google Scholar
177.O'Brien, P. A. (1953). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 113, p. 597, 1953.Google Scholar
178.Oort, J. H. (1946). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 106, p. 159, 1946.Google Scholar
179.Oort, J. H. and Walraven, T. (1956). Bulletin of the Astronomical Institution of the Netherlands, 12, p. 285, 1956.Google Scholar
180.Oort, J. H. (1957). Scientific American, pp. 52-60, March 1957.Google Scholar
181.Pawsey, J. L. (1946). Nature, 158, p. 633, 1946.Google Scholar
182.Pawsey, J. L., Mccready, L. L. and Payne-Scott, R. (1947). Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 190, p. 357, 1947.Google Scholar
183.Pawsey, J. L. (1950). Proc. I.E.E., Part III, 97, p. 290, 1950.Google Scholar
184.Pawsey, J. L. and SMERD, S. F. (1953). The Sun. Chicago University Press, 1953.Google Scholar
185.Pawsey, J. L. and Bracewell, R. N. (1955). Radio Astronomy. Oxford University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
186.Pawsey, J. L. (1955). Astrophysics Journal, 121, p. 1, 1955.Google Scholar
187.Payne-Scott, R., Yabsley, D. E. and Bolton, J. G. (1947). Nature, 160, p. 256, 1947.Google Scholar
188.Payne-Scott, R. and Mccready, L. L. (1948). Terrestrial Magazine, 53, p. 429, 1948.Google Scholar
189.Payne-Scott, R. (1949). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A2, p. 214, 1949.Google Scholar
190.Pettit, and Nicholson, (1925). Astrophysics Journal, 62, p. 202, 1925. 176.Google Scholar
191.Pettit, and Nicholson, (1930). Astrophysics Journal, 71, p. 102, 1930.Google Scholar
192.Pettit, E. (1940). Astrophysics Journal, 91, p. 408, 1940.Google Scholar
193.Peeiffer, J. (1956). The Changing Universe. London, 1956.Google Scholar
194.Pfund, (1933). Journal of the Optical Society of America, 23, p. 375, 1933.Google Scholar
195.Piddington, J. H. and Minnett, H. C. (1949). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A2, p. 63, 1949.Google Scholar
196.Piddington, J. H. and Minnett, H. C. (1951). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, AA, p. 459, 1951.Google Scholar
197.Piddington, J. H. (1951). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 111, p. 45, 1951.Google Scholar
198.Pierce, J. A. (1947). Physical Review, 71, p. 88, 1947.Google Scholar
199.Pikelner, S. B. (1953). Doklady Akad. Nauk. U.S.S.R., 88, p. 229, 1953.Google Scholar
200.Pollard, and Sturtevant, . Microwaves and Radar Electronics. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
201.Prentice, J. P. M. (1948). Phys. Soc. Rep. Prog. Phys., 11, p. 389, 1948.Google Scholar
202.Priester, W. (1954). Zeit. Astrophys, 34, p. 295, 1954.Google Scholar
203.Priester, W. (1955). Zeit. Astrophys., 38, p. 73, 1955.Google Scholar
204.Reber, G. (1940). Astrophysics Journal, 91, p. 621, 1940.Google Scholar
205.Reber, G. (1940). Proc. I.R.E., 28, p. 68, 1940.Google Scholar
206.Reber, G. (1942). Proc. I.R.E., 30, p. 367, 1942.Google Scholar
207.Reber, G. (1944). Astrophysics Journal, 100, p. 279, 1944.Google Scholar
208.Reber, G. (1948). Proc. I.R.E., 36, p. 1215, 1948.Google Scholar
209.Ridenour, L. N. (1947). Radar System Engineering, Radiation Series Vol. I. P. 60 et seq. McGraw-Hill, 1947.Google Scholar
210.Rishbeth, H. (1956). Australian Journal of Physics, 9, p. 494, 1956.Google Scholar
211.Rowson, B. (1957). Proceedings of the Physical Society, B, 70, Part III, p. 328, 1957.Google Scholar
212.Ryle, M. and Smith, F. G. (1948). Nature, 162, p. 462, 1948.Google Scholar
213.Ryle, M. and Vonberg, D. D. (1948). Proceedings of the Royal Society, 193, p. 98, 1948.Google Scholar
214.Ryle, M. (1950). Phys. Soc. Rep. Prog. Phys., 13, p. 184, 1950.Google Scholar
215.Ryle, M. (1950). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 109, p. 179, 1950.Google Scholar
216.Ryle, M., Smith, F. G. and Elsmore, B. (1950). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 110, p. 508, 1950.Google Scholar
217.Ryle, M. and Scheuer, P. G. (1955). Proceedings of the Royal Society, 230, p. 448, 1955. ?Google Scholar
218.Ryle, M. and Hewish, A. (1955). Memorandum of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1955.Google Scholar
219.Ryle, M. (1956). Scientific American, p. 205, September 1956.Google Scholar
220.Scheuer, P. A. G. and Ryle, M. (1953). Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 113, p. 3, 1953.Google Scholar
221.Schwinger, J. (1949). Physical Review, 75, p. 1912, 1949.Google Scholar
222.Shain, C. A. (1951). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, AA, p. 258, 1951.Google Scholar
223.Shain, C. A. and Higgins, C. S. (1953). Australian Journal of Physics, 7, p. 130, 1953.Google Scholar
224.Shain, C. A. (1954). Australian Journal of Physics, 7, p. 140, 1954.Google Scholar
225.Shain, C. A. (1956). Australian Journal of Physics, 9, p. 61, 1956.Google Scholar
226.Shakeshaft, J. R. (1954). Phil Mag., 45, p. 1136, 1954.Google Scholar
227.Shakeshaft, J. R., Ryle, M., et al. (1955). Memorandum of the Royal Astronomical Society, 67, p. 97, 1955.Google Scholar
228.Shklovskii, I. S. (1952). Astronomical Journal Moscow, 29, p. 418, 1952.Google Scholar
229.Shklovskii, I. S. (1953). Astronomical Journal Moscow, 30, p. 15, 1953.Google Scholar
230.Shklovskii, I. S. (1953). Doklady Akad. Nauk U.S.S.R., 90, p. 983, 1953.Google Scholar
231.Shklovskii, I. S. (1954). Doklady Akad. Nauk U.S.S.R., 94, p. 417, 1954.Google Scholar
232.Sinton, W. M. (1952). Physical Review, 86, p. 424, 1952.Google Scholar
233.Sinton, W. M. (1955). Journal of the Optical Society of America, 45, p. 975, 1955.Google Scholar
234.Smerd, S. F. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 34, 1950.Google Scholar
235.SMERD, S. F. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 265, 1950.Google Scholar
236.Smith, F. G. (1950). Nature, 165, p. 422, 1950.Google Scholar
237.Smith, F. G. (1951). Nature, 168, p. 555, 1951.Google Scholar
238.Smith, F. G. (1951). Nature, 168, p. 962, 1951.Google Scholar
239.Smith, F. G. (1951). Nature, 170, p. 1065, 1951.Google Scholar
240.Smith, F. G. (1952). Proceedings of the Physical Society, B, 65, p. 971, 1952.Google Scholar
241.Smith, R. A. (1950). Aerials for Metre and Decimetre Wavelengths. Cambridge University Press, 1950.Google Scholar
242.Sonnenberg, J. G. (1951). Radar and Electronic Navi gation. Geo. Newnes, 1951.Google Scholar
243.Southworth, G. C. (1945). Journal of the Franklin Institute, 239, p. 285, 1945.Google Scholar
244.Stanier, H. M. (1950). Nature, 165, p. 354, 1950.Google Scholar
245.Stanley, G. J. and Slee, O. B. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 234, 1950.Google Scholar
246.Stromgren, B. (1939). Astrophysics Journal, 89, p. 526, 1939.Google Scholar
247.Stromgren, B. (1948). Astrophysics Journal, 108, p. 242, 1948.Google Scholar
248.Theissing, , Caplan, and Stelle, (1955). Journal of the Optical Society of America, 45, p. 405, 1955.Google Scholar
249.Thomas, A. B. (1949). Australian Journal of Science, 11, p. 187, 1949.Google Scholar
250.Twiss, R. Q. (1954). Phil .Mag., 45, p. 249, 1954.Google Scholar
251.Van de Hulst, H. C. (1945). Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor Naturkunde, 11, p. 210, 1945.Google Scholar
252.Van de Hulst, H. C. (1953). The Sun. Chicago Univer sity Press, 1953.Google Scholar
253.Van de Hulst, H. C, Muller, C. A. and Oort, J. H. (1954). Bulletin of the Astronomical Institution of the Netherlands, 12, p. 117, 1954.Google Scholar
254.Van Vleck, J. H. (1947). Physical Review, 71, p. 413, 1947.Google Scholar
255.Van Vleck, J. H. (1947). Physical Rview, 71, p. 425, 1947.Google Scholar
256.Walsh, D. and Hanbury Brown, R. (1955). Nature, 175, p. 808, 1955.Google Scholar
257.Wesselink, A. J. (1948). Bulletin of the Astronomical Institution of the Netherlands, 10, p. 351, 1948.Google Scholar
258.Westerhout, G. and Oort, J. H. (1951). Bulletin of the Astronomical Institution of the Netherlands, 10, p. 323, 1951.Google Scholar
259.Whipple, F. L. and Greenstein, J. L. (1937). Proceedings of the. National Academy of Science, 23, p. 177, 1937.Google Scholar
260.Whipple, F. L. (1938). Proc. American Phil. Soc, 79, p. 499, 1938.Google Scholar
261.Whipple, F. L. (1940). Proc. American Phil. Soc, 83, p. 711, 1940.Google Scholar
262.Whipple, F. L. (1947). Proc. American Phil. Soc, 91, p. 189, 1947.Google Scholar
263.Whitehurst, , Mitchell, and Copland, (1956). Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Series II, 1, p. 265, 1956.Google Scholar
264.Whitehurst, and Mitchell, (1956). Astronomical Journal, 61, p. 192, 1956.Google Scholar
265.Whitehurst, and Mitchell, (1956). Proc. I.R.E., AA, p. 1879, 1956.Google Scholar
266.Wild, J. P. and Mccready, L. L. (1950). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, A3, p. 387, 1950.Google Scholar
267.Wild, J. P. (1952). Astrophysics Journal, 115, p. 206, 1952.Google Scholar
268.Williams, D. R. W. and Davies, R. D. (1954). Nature, 173, p. 1182, 1954.Google Scholar
269.Zwicky, F. (1942). Astrophysics Journal, 96, p. 28, 1942.Google Scholar